Allamanda Cathartica Research Articles

Ontogenesis of the anastomosed laticifers of Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) and the chemical nature of the stem latex.

Laticifers are secretive structures with important roles in controlling abiotic and biotic stress through the external release of viscous and bioactive latex emulsions composed of alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, proteins, and mucilage. Allamanda cathartica is an attractive ornamental neotropical shrub that produces abundant latex with medicinal potential. The laticifers of this species, their origins, structural types, and distribution in the primary and secondary structures of the stem were investigated, and the chemical nature of latex was determined. Anatomical, histochemical, and ultrastructural evaluations of the stem apex were performed through light and electronic microscopy. Laticifers are abundant in the primary structure, being distributed in the cortex, outer primary phloem, and pith. Their branching, anastomosing structural type develops by the dissolution of the transverse and lateral walls of precursor meristematic cells, followed by protoplast fusion. The laticifers in the secondary structure are distributed amid the axial parenchyma cells of the phloem. The latex of A. cathartica is an emulsion composed mainly of mucilage and terpenes, and it is the first time that this laticifer system has been described.

Evaluating the suitability of Brazilian native species for riverbank stabilization and protection

In Brazil, soil and water bioengineering techniques have mainly been used for hydraulic stabilization, water course management and to re-establish the vegetation in fluvial environments. In these techniques plants are considered as an important structural component and their use requires adequate selection. The present study aimed to evaluate the root system and shoot development traits of the Allamanda cathartica L., Ludwigia elegans (Camb.) H. Hara and Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers species. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Laboratory of Soil Bioengineering at the Federal University of Santa Maria. The following variables were evaluated after 120 days: the survival rate, average height, average root collar diameter, average number and sum of shoot length per plant, average number of primary roots and the sum of primary root length, length of the largest root and root dry mass per plant. The percentage of fine roots and coarse roots and distribution of root dry mass percentage in soil depth were also evaluated. The results confirm the suitability of the L. elegans, S. virgata and A. cathartica species for riverbank stabilization and protection in soil and water bioengineering works.

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of In Vitro Antimitotic Activity of Allamanda cathartica Methanolic Extract

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of In Vitro Antimitotic Activity of Allamanda cathartica Methanolic Extract

Computational and in-vitro Investigation of Phytochemicals from Allamanda cathartica as a Potential Candidate for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disease, has become a severe health problem worldwide. According to the latest data from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), there were 537 million diabetic mellitus (DM) patients worldwide in 2021, expected to increase to 783 million by 2045. Over 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is driven by socio-economic, demographic, environmental, and genetic factors. Diabetes is still a major global health issue, with prevalence rates rising all across the world. This not only imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems but also impacts the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. Therefore, there is a continuous high demand worldwide to develop novel, more effective, and easily affordable medications against diabetes. This paper illustrates the in-vitro antidiabetic activity and probable binding mechanism prediction of phytoconstituents of Allamanda cathartica against type 2 diabetes molecular targets. Through the application of bioactivity score prediction, molecular docking, and ADMET prediction approach, the potential and selective phytoconstituents with the highest binding affinity and lower toxicity were gained from the curated datasets. Further molecular dynamics simulations and DFT calculations were carried out to identify the favorable binding conformations when the top-scored phytoconstituents bind with the PPAR[Formula: see text] receptors compared to the rosiglitazone. Compound AC2 interacts with the PPAR[Formula: see text] proteins by forming seven hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residues Phe282, His449, Tyr327, His323, and Ser289. The ligand was bound to the protein during the simulation since none of the complex conformations was unstable, and no unfolding or folding occurred. Our results provided an approach to further design and optimize the natural product-inspired small druglike molecules as potential antidiabetic agents. This study highlighted that the phytoconstituents of Allamanda cathartica have antidiabetic potential through the binding of PPAR[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]-amylase and [Formula: see text]-glucosidase proteins that can be further explored for novel antidiabetic drug development.

Identification and molecular characterization of two novel viruses from Allamanda cathartica in China.

Allamanda cathartica is an ornamental medicinal plant that grows widely in the tropics. In the present study, two novel viruses, Allamanda chlorotic virus A (AlCVA) and Allamanda chlorotic virus B (AlCVB), were identified in an A. cathartica plant with interveinal chlorosis by ribosomal RNA-depleted total-RNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons confirmed that AlCVA and AlCVB belong to the families Closteroviridae and Betaflexiviridae, respectively. Long, flexuous, filamentous virus particles approximately 12 nm in diameter and 784-2291 nm in length were observed using transmission electron microscopy. A specific RT-PCR assay was used to demonstrate a consistent association of viral infection with symptoms.

Antioxidant Capacity Variation Across Different Parts of <em>Allamanda cathartica</em> (Golden Trumpet) Plant

Allamanda cathartica is a herbal plant in the Apocynaceae family, often known as "Wel Rukaththana" in Sinhala, "Thimble Lady," or "Golden Trumpet" in English. Traditional medicine has utilized this plant's leaves, roots, stems, blossoms, and entire plant to cure a variety of illnesses since ancient times. Even though A. cathartica is a commonly used herb, the literature review indicated that there is a scarcity of published scientific evidence about its therapeutic usefulness. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the comparison of antioxidant activity of fresh leaves, roots, stems and flowers of this pant by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Fresh plant materials were collected from the Colombo district and authenticated. Hot aqueous extracts of fresh leaves (AEFL), roots (AEFR), stems (AEFS) and flowers (AEFF) were prepared with 3 g/mL concentrations. In-vitro antioxidant activity of the concentration gradients of each extract was evaluated by using a DPPH assay. Ascorbic acid (6.25 μg/mL- 25 μg/mL) was used as a positive control. The radical scavenging activity of test samples was expressed as an EC50. The hot aqueous extract showed antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 10.92 μg/mL, 22.10μg/mL, 23.76 μg/mL and 27.38 μg/mL for leaves, flowers, roots and stems respectively while the ascorbic acid showed an EC50 value of 13.40 μg/mL. In conclusion, the results showed that AFEL has a significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant potential than AEFR, AEFS and AEFF. Hence, fresh leaves of A. cathartica have been identified as the most potential part for antioxidant activity among tested plant parts.

Distribution and Conservation Status of Plants’ species in the Botanical Garden and Arboretum domiciled in University of Uyo, Nigeria

This research assessed the plant species composition, distribution and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation status of plants in University of Uyo botanical garden and arboretum using systematic sampling technique. The species were sampled in 10 x 10 m quadrats spaced at least regular intervals of 20 m from each quadrat. Thirty-one and thirty-eight species were encountered in the arboretum and botanic garden respectively. In terms of the frequency, Chromolaena odorata and Nauclea diderichii had the highest values (75%), while Acanthus montanus, Anthocleista djalonensis, Anthonotha macrophylla, Baphia nitida, Barteria nigritiana, Carpolobia lutea, Ceiba pentandra, Cnestis ferruginea, Entandrophragma utile, Hura crepitans, Lonchocarpus griffoneonus, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Senna siamea, Tamarindus indica, Tectona grandis and Treculia africana had the least frequency (25% each). For the density, Nauclea diderichii had the value of 250±15.30 st/ha. In the botanic garden, Ageratum houstonianum, Alchornea cordifolia, Chromolaena ordorata and Croton hirtus had the highest frequency (100%) while Allamanda cathartica, Asystasia gangetica, Bambusa vulgaris, Caladium bicolor, Centrosema virginianum, Cnestis ferruginea, Culcasia scandens, Cyathula prostrata, Desmodium scorpiurus, Emilia sonchifolia, Heliconia psittacorum, Ipomea involucrata, Lagenaria sphaerica, Mimosa pudica, Nephrolepis bisserata, Panicum sp., Pentaclethra macrophylla, Plumeria rubra, Polyalthia longifolia, Pteridium aquilinum, Scoparia dulcis, Senna siamea, Sesamum radiatum and Sida acuta had the least frequency (33.33%). The vegetation of both sites indicated variation in composition of trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers and ferns. These heterogeneities may be a pointer to their varying adaptation levels and differential responses of plant species to pedological and anthropogenic influences.

Nonlinear optical and photostability studies of Allamanda Cathartica extract dye

In this work, we report the linear and nonlinear optical properties of a natural dye extracted from the flowers of the tropical plant Allamanda Cathartica. PVA films containing the dye in varying concentrations were prepared using the drop-casting technique. The functional groups of the major pigment in the dye were verified using FTIR spectroscopy. UV–visible spectroscopy was carried out to confirm the presence of various carotenoid pigments in the dye. Nonlinear optical characterization was performed by employing the z-scan technique using Nd: YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm and 9 ns pulse duration. The dye exhibited significant optical limiting properties due to reverse saturable absorption, thus making them potential candidates for optical limiting. The photostability of the dye was studied using photodegradation rate kinetics to determine its reliability. The dye provides an environmentally friendly and economical alternative to the standard synthetic materials used as optical limiters.

Allamanda cathartica (Linn.) leaf extract-encapsulated phytoemulsions: formulation, characterization and in vitro–in vivo biological evaluations

The work highlights that Allamanda cathartica (Linn.) leaf extract-encapsulated phytoemulsions exhibited potential antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial effects with improved solubility, permeability, stability, and biosafety.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Allamanda Cathartica Linn

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Allamanda Cathartica Linn

Studi Kepustakaan Pengendalian Infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminth Pada Ruminansia Di Lahan Kering Nusa Tenggara Timur Secara Kimia Dan Non-Kimia

Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) is an intestinal nematode which in its life cycle requires soil for the maturation process. STH infection is classified as neglected disease, which is an infection that is not noticed and is chronic in nature because it does not cause typical clinical symptoms and the effects are only seen in the long term. The purpose of this study was to determine chemical and non-chemical control of STH infection on ruminants in dry land of NTT. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the chemical control of STH infection on ruminants in the dry land of NTT is from the benzimidazole group because it is easy to obtain, easy to apply and has good effectiveness, some of which are albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, piperazine, pyrantel pamoate, and tiabendazole. Meanwhile, non-chemical effective control of STH infection can use several types of plants, including Putri malu extract (Mimosa pudica Linn.), katuk leaf extract, basil leaf extract (Ocimum americanum Linn.), soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.), alamanda leaf extract (Allamanda cathartica L.), mango arumanis (mangifera indica L.), and moringa leaf (Moringaoleifera L.) which have been studied contain chemical compounds that are beneficial such as anthelmintics, namely saponins, mimosin and tannins.

Comparative study of antifungal potential of various extracts of leaves of Carissa carandas Linn., Nerium oleander Linn. and Allamanda cathartica Linn. against human fungal pathogen Candida albicans

Comparative study of antifungal potential of various extracts of leaves of Carissa carandas Linn., Nerium oleander Linn. and Allamanda cathartica Linn. against human fungal pathogen Candida albicans

Development of Cutting Propagation Technique for Ornamental Plant <em>Allamanda cathartica</em> (Rukkathana)

Allamanda cathartica is an indigenous, widely distributed plant in Sri Lanka and is identified as Rukkathana. It is cultivated for large yellow flowers which have numerous medicinal and ornamental values. The propagation of Allamanda cathartica through conventional cuttings has limitations since the sprouting process is very slow and the success rate is remarkably low. Therefore, with the objective of developing a suitable cutting propagation technique for Allamanda cathartica plants an experiment was carried out in a two factor factorial manner at the University of Colombo Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences, Hambantota, Sri Lanka. Different types of stem cuttings: hardwood, semi-hardwood, softwood and shoot tips were tested in different potting media of pure sand, pure coir dust and sand and coir dust at the ratio of parts by volume 1:1 under controlled environmental conditions. There were twelve treatment combinations and four replications each containing three units and those were arranged in a Complete Randomized Design manner. Survival, rooting, shoot length, number of roots and root weight were recorded and statistical analysis was done by SAS 9.1.3 package. The study revealed that shoot tips exhibited better survival in a mixture of sand:coir dust and sand only media, as well as in coir dust and a mixture of sand:coir dust for hardwood cuttings. However, the lowest survival was in semi hardwood planted in sand only compared to all other treatments. Shoot tips showed superior rooting and shoot length in pure coir dust and a mixture of sand:coir dust media, while other cuttings showed the lowest rooting when planted in sand only media. The highest root weight was observed in shoot tips planted in sand:coir dust media, followed by shoot tips in pure coir dust, while the lowest root weight was recorded in softwood, semi hardwood, and hardwood planted in sand only, as well as in softwood cuttings planted in sand:coir dust media. The results suggest that the choice of growth media should be based on the type of cutting to improve rooting and growth performance. Higher aeration in growth media was found to be crucial for improving root initiation and stimulating metabolic processes. It can be concluded that, shoot tips planted in sand with coir dust can be recommended for mass multiplication of Allamanda cathartica.

First report of Colletotrichum siamense causing leaf spot on Celtis sinensis in China.

Celtis sinensis Pers., a deciduous tree, is widely cultivated in China for its ornamental value (Yang et al. 2022). In July 2020, leaf spot symptoms were observed on Ce. sinensis plants at the campus of Jiangxi Agricultural University (28°45'56″N, 115°50'21″E) in Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China. The disease incidence was estimated to be above 15%. The early symptoms were small spots on the edge or tip of the leaves. The spots gradually expanded and became grayish brown, eventually developing large irregular lesions. Leaf pieces (5 × 5 mm) from the lesion borders were surfaced and sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 2% NaOCl for 1 min, and then rinsed three times with sterile water. Tissues were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C. Pure cultures were obtained by monosporic isolation, and the representative isolates, JPS-4, JPS-9, and JPS-13 were used for morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses. Colonies on PDA medium of the three isolates were white to gray with cottony mycelia and grayish-white on the undersides of the culture. Conidia were single-celled, straight, hyaline, cylindrical, clavate, and measured 14.3-18.2 ×4.3-6.9 µm (15.8 ± 1.1 × 5.3 ± 0.4 µm, n = 100). Appressoria were brown to dark brown, ovoid to clavate, slightly irregular to irregular, and ranged from 5.6-9.4 × 4.5-6.8 µm (7.6 ± 0.1 × 5.4 ± 0.2 µm, n=100). Morphological features were similar to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (Weir et al. 2012). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), β-tubulin 2 (TUB2), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, CL1/CL2, T1/Bt2b, CHS-79F/CHS-354R and GDF/GDR (Weir et al. 2012), respectively. All sequences were deposited into GenBank (ITS, ON207804 - ON207806; ACT, ON239113 - ON239115; GAPDH, ON239122 - ON239124; TUB2, ON239125 - ON239127; CHS-1, ON239119 - ON239121; CAL, ON239116 - ON239118). A maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probability analyses using IQtree v. 1.6.8 and Mr. Bayes v. 3.2.6 with the concatenated sequences placed JPS-4, JPS-9, and JPS-13 in the clade of C. siamense. Based on the multi-locus phylogeny and morphology, three isolates were identified as C. siamense. To confirm pathogenicity, nine 6-year-old Ce. sinensis plants (three leaves each, n=27) grown outdoors were pin-pricked with a sterile needle and inoculated with 100 μL spore suspension per leaf (106 conidia per mL). Another 27 healthy leaves were inoculated with sterile water as the control. All the inoculated leaves were covered with plastic bags to keep a high-humidity environment for 2 days. The experiment was repeated three times. All the inoculated leaves showed similar symptoms to those observed in the field, whereas control leaves were asymptomatic for 8 days. Colletotrichum siamense was reisolated from the lesions, whereas no fungus was isolated from control leaves. Colletotrichum siamense can cause leaf diseases in a variety of hosts, including Allamanda cathartica (Huang et al. 2022), Osmanthus fragrans (Liu et al. 2022), and Crinum asiaticum (Khoo et al. 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing leaf spots on Ce. sinensis worldwide. This work provided crucial information for epidemiologic studies and appropriate control strategies for this newly emerging disease.

Pengembangan Formula Sabun Cair Anti Keputihan dari Ekstrak Daun Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.) dan Uji Aktivitasnya terhadap Candida albicans

<p><em>This study aimed to formulate an anti-leucorrhoea liquid soap containing Allamanda cathartica L. leaf extract and to test its activity against Candida albicans. The maceration method was used to extract Allamanda cathartica L. leaves using 96% ethanol. The extract was used as a replacement for synthetic active ingredients in the anti-leucorrhoea liquid soap. After testing for minimum inhibitory concentration, the Allamanda cathartica L. leaf extract was formulated into formulas I, II, and III. The results of the organoleptic evaluation, pH, viscosity, foam stability, and microbial contamination showed that all three formulas met the predetermined requirements. The antifungal activity test on the preparation with 20% Allamanda cathartica L. leaf extract concentration showed the best results in formula III, with a inhibition diameter of 18.36 ± 0.38 mm against Candida albicans. The results of hedonic testing using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis showed that overall, the panelists rated the shape, fragrance, and astringent impression positively, while on the parameter of foaminess, the panelists gave a negative rating.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: anti-leucorrhoea liquid soap, Allamanda cathartica L. leaf extract, Candida albicans, antifungal activity.</em><em></em></p>

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles Using Different Plant Sources

This research aimed at exploring eco-friendly green synthesis of CuNPs using different plant species used for research purpose were Nyctanthes arbor-tristris (Night jasmine), Gardenia jasminoides (Cape jasmine), Tabernaemontana divartica (Crape jasmine), Cascabela thevetia (Yellow oleander), Clerodendrum inerme (Glory bower), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose) and Allamanda cathartica (Allamanda) for synthesizing CuNPs. Out of seven ornamental plant species CuNPs were synthesized from three species viz. Night jasmine, Yellow oleander, Allamanda which were confirmed through UV-VIS spectrophotometer in wavelength 250-450 nm. The SPR peak was recorded at 301.00 nm, 300.50 nm and 300.00 nm for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night jasmine respectively that confirmed the formation of CuNPs. FTIR analysis of CuNPs showed different functional groups such as O−H, N−H, S−H, O=C=O, C≡C, C=O, N−O, C−H, M−O for Allamanda, O−H, N≡N, N−H, C−Cl for Yellow oleander and O−H, C−N, −C≡C−, =C−H, N−O for Night jasmine. DLS study revealed the average size of CuNPs as 125 nm, 120 nm and 100 nm for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night jasmine respectively. Zeta potential recorded for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night jasmine were -13.7 mV, -10.03 mV and -12.6 mV respectively. TEM micrograph clearly indicated that all the green synthesized CuNPs were spherical in morphology and the average size were 14.05 nm, 16.96 nm and 11.58 nm for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night Jasmine respectively.

Phytochemical, Medicinal, and Green Approaches of Allamanda cathartica L.: A Mini Review

Abstract: Allamanda cathartica L. belongs to the family Apocynaceae and is a traditionally valuable medicinal plant that has been commonly used in the traditional medicinal system and contributes to the native healthcare system in various parts of the world. This plant is renowned for its antibacterial and anticancer effects and its usage in the treatment of jaundice, diabetes, hypertension, and polio. All of the economically and medicinally essential plant parts of this species are used in the preparation of a potent cathartic. This review focused on and intended to highlight the most current knowledge about A. cathartica, including its important ethnomedicinal, modern medicinal, and phytochemical potential along with its green approaches. This plant has been extensively used in herbal medicine and has various important phytopharmacological properties. The modern green technological approaches of this plant enhance agricultural productivity when its various nanoparticles are applied in fields that perform antimicrobial, antipathogenic activities. Nanoparticles serve as carriers for the delivery of drugs and as disease targets in contemporary medicine. This plant has recently been involved in modern medicine as a threat to cancer, which is a significant accomplishment for modern medical science. Hence, A. cathartica is an important plant that can be useful to cure various ailments and could be useful in modern science with its green approaches. We must further investigate this plant's bioactivities to determine the mode of action.

Phytochemical and Biological Study of Trophic Interaction between Pseudosphinx Tetrio L. Larvae and Allamanda Cathartica L.

In this article, we propose to explore the chemical interaction between Pseudosphinx tetrio L. and Allamanda cathartica L. using different analytical methods, including an innovative electrochemical approach (called electrochemical ecology) and multivariate analysis, and we investigate the potential antimicrobial effects (antibacterial and antifungal activities) of this interaction in order to gain a better understanding of their specific interaction. The analytical study presents a similar chemical profile between the leaves of healthy and herbivorous A. cathartica and the excretions of the caterpillars. The similar analytical profile of the leaves of A. cathartica and the excretions of P. tetrio, and the difference with the caterpillar bodies, suggests a selective excretion of compounds by the caterpillar. The measured antimicrobial activities support the physicochemical tests. The natural products found selectively in the excretions (rather than in the body) could explain the ability of P. tetrio to feed on this toxic Apocynaceae species.

Efficacy of Ethanol Extract of Botanicals in Controlling Wheat Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae triticum in vitro

The present research work was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of eight fresh botanicals namely Azadirachta indica (Neem leaf), Allium cepa (Onion bulb), Allium sativum (Garlic), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Allamanda cathartica (Allamanda leaf), Nigella sativa (Black cumin) and Aloe vera (Aloe vera) against Magnaporthe oryzae triticum (MoT) and solvent, ethanol (95%) was used for the phytochemical extraction of various plant parts. Three concentrations namely 1:1 (w/v), 1:0.50 (w/v) and 1:0.25 (w/v) of plant parts and ethanol were used for botanical extraction. The antifungal activity of botanicals against a virulent MoT isolate CHMoT07 was evaluated in-vitro using poison food technique. The lowest mycelia growth was recorded with Aloe vera (Aloe vera leaf) extracts and Nigella sativa (Black cumin seeds) extracts @ 1:1 w/v and @ 1:0.25 w/v with growth rate of 3.00 mm and 3.33 mm respectively at 7 days after inoculation, whereas the highest mycelia growth rate of MoT isolates was recorded in control plates both at 7 DAI and 14 DAI under in-vitro condition.

Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Preference Host Plant and Food Plant in North Borneo

The presence of butterflies in an area has a carrying capacity of habitat, a component of host plants and food crops. This study aims to identify the types of host and food plants in the Research Forest area of the University of Borneo Tarakan and Orchid Gardens. The research was conducted using an exploratory with the descriptive method, which systematically describes the facts that exist through direct observation in the field. Sampling of host plants and food plants was conducted from July to September 2019. The results found five species of plants from 4 families as host plants for butterflies. The family of host consist of Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, and Dipterocarpaceae. Meanwhile, there are six families of food plants, namely Rubiaceae, Malvaceae, Apocynaceae, Melastomataceae, Cyperaceae, and Asteraceae, which consist of 6 different species including Ixora sp, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Allamanda cathartica, Melastoma sp, Cyperus rotundus, and Ageratum conyzoides.