All-optical XOR Research Articles

Design of a Photonic Crystal Exclusive-OR Gate Using Recurrent Neural Networks

In this paper, a novel approach to design a photonic crystal exclusive-OR (XOR) gate with high performance using recurrent neural network (RNN) is proposed, integrating the principles of symmetry and asymmetry inherent in photonic structures. The proposed model realizes the nonlinearities and dispersion properties in photonic systems, optimizing the waveguide paths and interference patterns to improve the performance of the logic gate. Simulation results demonstrate that the presented RNN design not only achieves high fidelity in the logical operation but also significantly enhances the functionality of the all-optical gate. This integration of machine learning with photonic crystal technology opens a new era for developing compact, energy-efficient photonic circuits for high-speed optical computing. Finally, the performance of the designed all-optical gate is compared with other related methods, which shows that the proposed gate outperforms other works. The results show that the obtained output power of the proposed all-optical XOR gate is 0, 0.813, 0.82, and 1 × 10−7 in the logical states.

All-Optical 3-Input XOR Gate Design Using 4:1 Optical Multiplexer with the Proper Application of Nonlinear Kerr Switches

All-Optical 3-Input XOR Gate Design Using 4:1 Optical Multiplexer with the Proper Application of Nonlinear Kerr Switches

All-optical neuromorphic XOR and XNOR operation utilizing a photonic spiking neuron based on a passive add-drop microring resonator.

We propose a concise hardware architecture supporting efficient exclusive OR (XOR) and exclusive NOR (XNOR) operations, by employing a single photonic spiking neuron based on a passive add-drop microring resonator (ADMRR). The threshold mechanism and inhibitory dynamics of the ADMRR-based spiking neuron are numerically discussed on the basis of the coupled mode theory. It is shown that a precise XOR operation in the ADMRR-based spiking neuron can be implemented by adjusting temporal differences within the inhibitory window. Additionally, within the same framework, the XNOR function can also be carried out by accumulating the input power over time to trigger an excitatory behavior. This work presents a novel, to the best of our knowledge, and pragmatic technique for optical neuromorphic computing and information processing utilizing passive devices.

Development and analysis of all-optical multipurpose OR, XOR, NAND, AND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates in a single unit using silicon microring resonator

Development and analysis of all-optical multipurpose OR, XOR, NAND, AND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates in a single unit using silicon microring resonator

Evolution of Neuron-Like Spiking Response and Spike-Based All-Optical XOR Operation in a DFB With Saturable Absorber

Evolution of Neuron-Like Spiking Response and Spike-Based All-Optical XOR Operation in a DFB With Saturable Absorber

All-Optical XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR Logic Operations Based on M-Shaped Silicon Waveguides at 1.55 μm.

Silicon waveguides are essential to integrated photonics, which is where optical and electronic components are coupled together on a single silicon chip. These waveguides allow for the integration of signal processing and optical transmission, which advances data centers, telecommunications, and other optical applications. Thus, our study involves the simulation of essential all-optical logic operations, namely XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR, and utilizes M-shaped silicon optical waveguides at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. This simulation is conducted through Lumerical FDTD solutions. The suggested waveguide comprises four identical slots, configured in the shape of the letter 'M', and all of which are formed of core silicon and silica cladding. These logic operations work based on constructive and destructive interferences that are caused by phase changes in the input optical beams. The contrast ratio (CR) is employed to quantitatively and comparatively assess the degree to which the target logic operations are efficiently executed. The simulation results indicate that, compared to other reported designs, the considered logic functions constructed using the proposed waveguide can be implemented with higher CRs. The outcomes of this paper can be utilized regarding the implementation of optoelectronic combinational logic circuits of enhanced functionality.

Ultra-fast and compact optical Galois field adder based on the LPhC structure and phase shift keying.

In this study, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, all-optical Galois field (AOGF) adder that utilizes logic all-optical XOR gates. The design is founded on optical beams' constructive and destructive interference phenomenon and incorporates the phase shift keying technique within a two-dimensional linear photonic crystal (2D-LPhC) structure. The suggested AOGF adder comprises eight input ports and four output ports. We employ the finite difference time domain (FDTD) procedure to obtain the electric field distribution in this structure. The FDTD simulation results of the proposed AOGF adder demonstrate that the minimum and maximum values of the normalized power at ON and OFF states (P 1,min, P 0,max) for the output ports are 95% and 1.7%, respectively. Additionally, we obtain different functional parameters, including the ON-OFF contrast ratio, rise time, fall time, and total footprint, which are measured at 17.47dB, 0.1ps, 0.05ps, and 147µm 2, respectively.

Dual-Band All-Optical Logic Gates by Coherent Absorption in an Amorphous Silicon Graphene Metasurface.

The dual-band polarization-independent all-optical logic gate by coherent absorption effect in an amorphous silicon (a-Si) graphene metasurface is investigated theoretically and numerically. Taking the substrate effect into consideration, the coherent perfect absorption condition of the a-Si graphene metasurface is derived on the basis of the Cartesian multipole method. The coherent nearly perfect absorption of the a-Si graphene metasurface is realized by the interference of multipole moments and the interband transition of monolayer graphene, achieving peak values of 91% and 92% at 894.5 nm and 991.5 nm, respectively. The polarization independence of the coherent absorption is revealed due to the center symmetry of the structure of the a-Si graphene metasurface. The dual-band polarization-independent all-optical XOR and OR logic gates are implemented at 894.5 nm and 991.5 nm by the a-Si graphene metasurface based on the coherent nearly perfect absorption, which has the opportunity to be utilized in all-optical computing, all-optical data processing, and future all-optical networks.

Harnessing XPM effects in non-linear directional couplers for 4-bit gray code conversion and even parity verification

Abstract The all-optical switching phenomena in the non-linear directional coupler using cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect have been proposed. It is designed to generate an all-optical XOR functionality, considering the XOR logic gates as a basic module the design and analysis of an efficient all-optical 4-bit binary to gray code converter and 4-bit even parity checker circuit is proposed. The design methodology includes the switching of a weak continuous-wave (CW) signal, which is controlled by the combination of two controlled pump signals. In this paper, mathematical analysis of the coupled mode theory associated with optical directional couplers has been discussed. The switching characteristics of XPM effect based All-optical directional couplers have been examined for appropriate values of the controlled pump signals. Appropriate values of extinction ratio and corresponding controlled pump signal levels are investigated for an efficient generation of XOR logic gates. Further, the detailed analysis of layout generation and design aspects of All-optical 4-bit binary to gray code converter and 4-bit even parity checker circuits have been carried out. The proposed methodology is verified by the appropriate simulation results, which include the transmittivity, extinction ratio (Xratio) curve variation and dynamic time domain plot associated with proposed units.

All-optical XOR and NXOR logic gate implementation method based on dual-parallel phase modulators

We proposed a new and simple scheme to implement exclusive OR (XOR) and not exclusive OR (NXOR) logic operations in the optical domain enabled by a dual-parallel phase modulator (PM). Both the intensity and phase of the optical signal are utilized to represent the four different states of two binary inputs, and direct detection is used to map the four states to the corresponding binary output. Through numerical analysis, two PMs with phase offsets were adjusted to π / 2, and the phase shifter between the two PMs was controlled atπ / 2; thus, the NXOR logic gate was successfully carried out. Two PMs with phase offsets were adjusted to π / 2, and the phase shifter between the two PMs was controlled atπ; thus, the XOR logic gate was successfully carried out. Simulations were successfully carried out at the speed of 10 Gb/s.

Photonic encryption by optical activity in Kerr-like carbon-based nanofluids with plasmonic nanoparticles

Herein is presented an all-optical XOR logic gate assisted by laser-induced polarization rotation of optical waves. Optical activity and third-order optical nonlinearities were explored in silver nanoparticles functionalized carbon nanotubes in an ethanol suspension. The dynamic of the hybrid nanostructures in the fluid was analyzed as a probabilistic profile in concentration function. The stability and evolution of the nanofluids were evaluated to define the variables employed to implement a probabilistic quantum system. Fractional diffusion effects were analyzed in order to describe the nanofluids dynamics. An XOR logical operation was designed by opposite angular rotation of polarization of optical signals in a standard two-wave mixing experiment. This work highlights the use of hybrid nanomaterials for developing optical and quantum encryption applications simultaneously assisted by optical activity and nonlinear optics.

Temperature response of all-optical XOR logic function based on different semiconductor optical amplifiers

A critical area of research is studying the performance of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) at high temperatures. In this paper, the performance of all-optical exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gate is investigated at high operating temperatures (TOP) using different SOAs technologies such as conventional SOAs, carrier reservoir (CR)-SOAs, reflective SOAs (RSOAs), and photonic crystal (PC)-SOAs, for the first time to our knowledge. The time-dependent differential equations of SOAs, CR-SOA, RSOAs, and PC-SOAs at different operating data rates have been solved. The performance of the XOR logic gate is evaluated by calculating the quality factors and plotting the eye diagrams for each amplifier. Besides, the dependence of the key operating parameters on the TOP is examined and assessed for each scheme. The results showed that the RSOAs perform better at high temperatures than other proposed SOA technologies.

Design and simulation of the all-optical XOR logic gate by XPM mechanism using photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier based on Mach–Zehnder interferometer

In the presented structure, the performance of the all-optical XOR logic gate (AO-XOR-LG) is investigated. The XOR-LG is designed and simulated using a photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier (PC-SOA) based on Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) nonlinear mechanism. The input optical pulse train used in this simulation is the type of RZ (Return-to-Zero). The finite difference method (FDM) has been used to solve the rate and propagation equations. The effect of input signal energy, bias current, and group refractive index on the output signal and gain of the XOR-LG is studied. The optimal mode is obtained for the XOR-LG with a bit rate of 80 Gbps. Furthermore, for the first time, the effects of quality factor (QF), conversion efficiency (CE), extinction ratio (ER), pattern effect (PE), and gain recovery are simultaneously analyzed in the simulation to increase PC-SOA performance. According to the results, PC-SOA has a more reasonable logic performance than conventional SOA, and due to its much shorter length than SOA, it can be a much better choice for integrated optical circuits.

Optimized design of an all-optical XOR gate with high contrast ratio and ultra-compact dimensions

In this work, an optimized structure for an all-optical XOR gate with high contrast ratio and extremely compact dimension is proposed based on a photonic crystal platform. The above structure employs silicon rods in a hexagonal lattice configuration. The design works purely on linear interference effect between the incoming light signals without utilizing any non-linear materials. To study the propagation of light within the structure and to generate the bandgap diagram, the Finite Difference Time Domain technique and Plane Wave Expansion methods are utilized. After optimization of the various design parameters, a contrast ratio of 31.76 dB is attained by the proposed structure along with a response time of 0.46 ps and a footprint of 42.24 μm2. The device can be operated in the C Band with optimum performance at 1550 nm, which is the telecommunication wavelength. The operating bit rate for the proposed structure is 2.17 Tbps. The all-optical XOR gate plays a crucial role as the building blocks of various sequential and combinational logic designs suitable for application in optical computing and telecommunication systems.

High performance integrated photonic circuit based on inverse design method

The basic indexes of all-optical integrated photonic circuits include high-density integration, ultrafast response and ultra-low energy consumption. Traditional methods mainly adopt conventional micro/nano-structures. The overall size of the circuit is large, usually reaches hundreds of microns. Besides, it is difficult to balance the ultrafast response and ultra-low energy consumption problem, and the crosstalk between two traditional devices is difficult to overcome. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an approach based on inverse design method to realize a high-density, ultrafast and ultra-low energy consumption integrated photonic circuit with two all-optical switches controlling the input states of an all-optical XOR logic gate. The feature size of the whole circuit is only 2.5 μm × 7 μm, and that of a single device is 2 μm × 2 μm. The distance between two adjacent devices is as small as 1.5 μm, within wavelength magnitude scale. Theoretical response time of the circuit is 150 fs, and the threshold energy is within 10 fJ/bit. We have also considered the crosstalk problem. The circuit also realizes a function of identifying two-digit logic signal results. Our work provides a new idea for the design of ultrafast, ultra-low energy consumption all-optical devices and the implementation of high-density photonic integrated circuits.

Performance evaluation of all-optical NOT, XOR, NOR, and XNOR logic gates based on 2D nonlinear resonant cavity photonic crystals

Performance evaluation of all-optical NOT, XOR, NOR, and XNOR logic gates based on 2D nonlinear resonant cavity photonic crystals

Proposal of a Cascade Photonic Crystal XOR Logic Gate for Optical Integrated Circuits with Investigation of Fabrication Error and Optical Power Changes

A compact and simple structure is designed to create an all-optical XOR logic gate using a two-dimensional, photonic crystal lattice. The structure was implemented using three waveguides connected by two nano-resonators. The plane wave expansion method was used to obtain the photonic band gap and the finite-difference time-domain method was used to investigate the behavior of the electromagnetic field in the photonic crystal structure. Examining the high contrast ratio and high-speed cascade, all-optical XOR on a chip, the effects of fabrication error and the changes in the input optical power showed that the structure could be used in optical integrated circuits. The contrast ratio and data transfer rate of the cascade XOR logic gate were respectively obtained as 44.29 dB and 1.5 Tb/s. In addition, the designed structure had very small dimensions at 158.65 μm2 and required very low power to operate, which made it suitable for low-power circuits. This structure could also be used as a NOT logic gate. Therefore, an XNOR logic gate can be designed using XOR and NOT logic gates.

All optical XOR logic gate formed by unsupervised optical neuron networks

We propose a design for an all-optical logic exclusive-OR (XOR) gate in terms of intensity-modulation or phase-modulation approaches. In this study, the unsupervised optical neuron networks (ONNs) are based on reservoir computing (RC) and the echo state networks (ESNs). Thanks to the optical interfering effect in the directional coupler, it provides a nonlinear function for the reservoir computing. By scanning the phase through the phase shifter in our optical neuron networks, we find the optimized results and demonstrate the relationship between the input and output signals. The simulated results match the truth logic table in XOR gate. We also demonstrate the bit error ratio (BER) of the all-optical logic XOR gate. The BER for intensity-modulation approach is 1.55% at 90 degree, and the phase-modulation approach is 1.78% at 91 degree. Thus, the simulated results also indicate that the optical neuron network has potential to achieve an optical integrated circuit. If this idea could be fabricated as an optical logic device, the processing rate in the ONN is in light frequency. It will help us to process the binary data sequence more efficiently.

Non-MZI all-optical XOR gate using cross-gain modulation in quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier at 2 Tb/s without filter

Non-MZI all-optical XOR gate using cross-gain modulation in quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier at 2 Tb/s without filter

Experimental demonstration of pyramidal neuron-like dynamics dominated by dendritic action potentials based on a VCSEL for all-optical XOR classification task

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate an approach to optically reproduce a pyramidal neuron-like dynamics dominated by dendritic Ca 2 + action potentials (dCaAPs) based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for the first time. The biological pyramidal neural dynamics dominated by dCaAPs indicates that the dendritic electrode evoked somatic spikes with current near threshold but failed to evoke (or evoked less) somatic spikes for higher current intensity. The emulating neuron-like dynamics is performed optically based on the injection locking, spiking dynamics, and damped oscillations in the optically injected VCSEL. In addition, the exclusive OR (XOR) classification task is examined in the VCSEL neuron equipped with the pyramidal neuron-like dynamics dominated by dCaAPs. Furthermore, a single spike or multiple periodic spikes are suggested to express the result of the XOR classification task for enhancing the processing rate or accuracy. The experimental and numerical results show that the XOR classification task is achieved successfully in the VCSEL neuron enabled to mimic the pyramidal neuron-like dynamics dominated by dCaAPs. This work reveals valuable pyramidal neuron-like dynamics in a VCSEL and offers a novel approach to solve XOR classification task with a fast and simple all-optical spiking neural network, and hence shows great potentials for future photonic spiking neural networks and photonic neuromorphic computing.