Alkyd Binders Research Articles

New Pro-ecological Alkyd Binder for Moulding Sands with Limited Solvent Content

New Pro-ecological Alkyd Binder for Moulding Sands with Limited Solvent Content

Oligomeric oxidovanadium(IV) phosphates as a promising alternative to cobalt-based driers and accelerators

This study reports promising catalytic activity of oxidovanadium(IV) dialkyl phosphates those can serve as primary driers for air-drying paints and as accelerators for room-temperature curing of unsaturated polyester resins. It describes an improved synthetic protocol giving title compounds at high yields and clarifies their molecular structure. The behavior in solution and in formulation of alkyd resin was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance. Strong catalytic activity is documented by standard tests on several commercial alkyd binders and one multipurpose unsaturated polyester resin.

Examining the Corrosion Behavior of The 6061-T6 Al Alloy Inside Seawater With Decorative Gold- And Silver-Color Coating

This study examined the corrosion resistance of the metallic paint-coated, uncoated, and damaged paint-coated form of the high-strength 6061 T6 Al alloy inside seawater. Solvent-based paint containing two different metallic pigments produced with an alkyd binder was produced and the coating of Al 6061 T6 alloy was made with this paint. To determine the course of corrosion electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method was used. Ecor and Rp values were calculated from potential and current change values. As a result, it was determined from the Ecor, Rp, SEM -EDX images, and Nyquist curves that the corrosion resistance of impact coatings was lower. The corrosion resistance of gold color paint substantially containing copper pigment was lower than that of silver color paint containing Al pigment was observed.

Multianalytical Assessment of Armour Paints—The Ageing Characteristics of Historic Drying Oil Varnish Paints for Protection of Steel and Iron Surfaces in Sweden

The characteristics of armour paints, historically used to protect ferrous industrial heritage, are explored. Amour paints contain lamellar and highly reflexive pigments of micaceous iron oxide (MIO) and metallic, leafing aluminium, bound in linseed oil and linseed oil–tung oil mixtures, on an inhibitive and soap-forming linseed oil primer (red lead). It is the first study of the binding media used for historical armour paints and investigates the chemical and physical ageing of armour paints using a multianalytical approach. Naturally aged examples are compared to accelerated aged replica armour paint, and to historical paints. The ageing and degradation reactions are assessed by complementary GC–MS and FTIR, together with measurements of wettability, hardness and surface colour. The historical paint formulations include linseed oils and alkyd binders. The results confirm that the leafing effect of aluminium pigments results in only a small concentration of binder at the surface: the paints studied reflect light and form a strong chemical and physical barrier. Linseed oils and tung oil mixtures have been proven to be suitable for the production of armour paints, but the evaluation of ageing and assessment of physical changes will require further investigation.

Modification of Alkyd and Alkyd-Melamine Binders with Imide-Containing Oligomers

Modification of Alkyd and Alkyd-Melamine Binders with Imide-Containing Oligomers

Helmet Phthalocyaninato Iron Complex as a Primary Drier for Alkyd Paints.

This study describes the catalytic performance of an iron(III) complex bearing a phthalocyaninato-like ligand in two solvent-borne and two high-solid alkyd binders. Standardized mechanical tests revealed strong activity, which appeared in particular cases at concentrations about one order of magnitude lower than in the case of cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, widespread used in paint-producing industry. The effect of the iron(III) compound on autoxidation process, responsible for alkyd curing, was quantified by kinetic measurements by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy and compared with several primary driers. Effect of the drier concentration on coloration of transparent coatings was determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy.

Исследование современных лакокрасочных покрытий автомобилей производства фирм «УАЗ» и «Volkswagen»

The article presents the results of a study of samples of factory paint and varnish coatings of cars of the "UAZ" and "Volkswagen" model series in accordance with the methods of studying paint and varnish coatings of vehicles in force in the system of forensic departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. When carrying out the study, a set of recommended methods for studying paint and varnish coatings was used - optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, electron scanning microscopy with X-ray spectral microanalysis. In the course of the work, the morphological features of the investigated each layer of the studied paint and varnish coatings were determined, and the infrared spectra of these layers were also recorded and interpreted. Based on the analysis of infrared spectra, the qualitative molecular composition of the main components of soils, enamels and varnishes of paint and varnish coatings was determined. Electronic images of cross-sections of paint-and-lacquer coatings of UAZ and Volkswagen vehicles were obtained, as well as X-ray spectra of each layer. The data obtained made it possible to generalize and compare the characteristic features of paint and varnish coatings of each manufacturer. So, for paint and varnish coatings manufactured by Volkswagen, the following characteristics have been determined: the first primers of the samples are made on the basis of a polyester binder containing titanium dioxide in the mineral part, the second primers (fillers) are made on the basis of an acryl-urethane or polyacrylate binder with various modifiers, containing barium sulfate, titanium dioxide and other fillers, the lacquer layers are made on the basis of an acrylic-urethane binder modified with styrene and melamine. The paint and varnish coatings produced by "UAZ" were characterized by the following features: the first primers were made on the basis of an epoxy-ester binder containing various fillers. In the manufacture of the second primers (fillers), an alkyd binder modified with melamine can be used. The available lacquer layers are made on the basis of a polyacrylate binder modified with styrene and melamine. The identified groups of features make it possible to differentiate the paint and varnish coatings of cars of the UAZ and Volkswagen model lines within the framework of the examination of materials, substances and products.

Oxidovanadium(V) dithiocarbamates as driers for alkyd binders

A series of oxidovanadium(V) dithiocarbamates were synthesized by the conventional synthetic procedure and characterized by analytical methods. Structures of two representatives were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis on single crystals. The initial screening of catalytic alkyd drying, performed on a commercial solventborne alkyd resin of medium oil length, revealed a promising activity of oxidovanadium(V) dithiocarbamates, which was further proved on several alkyd formulations including slow-drying high-solid binders. Kinetic behavior of the catalyzed autoxidation process, investigated by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy on a thin alkyd film, was found to be very different from commercial cobalt carboxylates. Appearance of oxidovanadium(IV) species upon the curing process was evidenced by EPR spectroscopy. Oxidovanadium(V) dithiocarbamates were established as primary driers for solventborne and high-solid alkyd formulations. The kinetic behavior of the catalyzed autoxidation process, investigated by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy on a thin alkyd film, was found to be different from commercial cobalt carboxylates. Appearance of oxidovanadium(IV) species upon the curing process was evidenced by EPR spectroscopy.

Performance of Manganese(III) Acetylacetonate in Solvent-Borne and High-Solid Alkyd Formulations.

This paper reports a strong drying activity of manganese(III) acetylacetonate. It is documented on several solvent-borne and high-solid alkyd binders. Solubility problems, which often appear upon application of new primary driers, were overcome by use of dimethyl sulfoxide. Interestingly, intense coloration of the drier does not influence the transparent paint films due to in situ reduction to manganese(II) as evidenced by colorimetric measurements. Kinetics of the autoxidation process was investigated by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. For selected formulation, the effect of film thickness on through drying was estimated by infrared spectroscopy using attenuated total reflection sampling technique.

The Canned Vegetables Research in the Forensic Commodity Examination

The course of a forensic analysis of long-term storage food products (canned vegetables) has been reviewed. The significance of the stage of external inspection, examination of the label is shown. The expertise objects are finished products of the canning industry in factory package (vegetable marinades and first courses). The objects were examined for compliance with the appropriate GOST requirements and technical specifications for organoleptic characteristics, net weight, mass fraction of ingredients.As a result of determining the organoleptic properties of canned vegetables “Pickled beetroot” the presence of individual pieces with black firm beet tissue has been detected which indicates violation of technological patterns of production. The presence of a particle of an outside impurity has also been detected that is a particle of paint coating based on alkyd binder and containing calcium carbonate as a filler which is unacceptable. The deviation of the canned vegetables net contents from the nominal amount indicated on the label meets the requirements of the regulations. For individual cans from the sample provided for analysis the experts have found non-compliance with the technical specifications for the rate “Mass fraction of vegetables from the total mass of canned goods”.When examining the canned good “First courses. Borsch with fresh cabbage” it has been identified that the samples have various labels on the consumer containers which indicates the presence of samples from different shipments.

Effect of primary driers on oxidative drying of high-solid alkyd binder: Investigation of thickness effects by mechanical tests and infrared spectroscopy

Catalytic activity of four primary driers was investigated in high-solid alkyd binder modified with tall oil fatty acids. The drying activity was established by mechanical tests. Infrared spectroscopy was used for detailed investigation of chemical changes during the autoxidation process. Due to strong thickness effect, the infrared study was performed using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique, which measures spectra of a thin layer from the interface sample/ATR crystal (down surface of the sample). Coatings of 30 μm-wet thickness were found to be enough thin to be considered as a homogenously dried bulk with negligible effect of oxygen diffusion. It makes the 30 μm-layers very suitable for determination of kinetic parameters of the autoxidation process. For the first time, ATR-IR experiments on several samples of the same composition but different film thickness were used for detailed investigation of the thickness effect.Two well-distinguished modes of film-formation were observed in studied drier/binder systems. Front front-forming drying occurs when the autoxidation is fast and air-oxygen diffusion is slower than its consumption. In extreme case, the film-formation process is practically ceased because impermeable skin is formed and the coating is not through-dried for very long time. The second mode, homogenous drying, is observed when autoxidation is slow and oxygen consumption is not fast enough to establish oxygen gradient in the coating.

Comparative impact of doping nano-conducting polymer with carbon and carbon oxide composites in alkyd binder as anti-corrosive coatings

This study concentrated on producing anticorrosive coating depending on alkyd resin blended with polyaniline-carbon allotropes composites as filler. Polyaniline (PANI) and its composites were produced by doping of PANI with the carbon allotropes (graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) and carbon-oxide allotropes (graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes oxide) in different ratios through in situ chemical polymerization. The morphology of PANI and its composites were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM), which proved that PANI composites appeared as a shell layer in core/shell structure with various overlay thickness depending on the adsorption type for polyaniline. The performance of the prepared coatings in cabinet salt agrees with electrical conductivity values where the best PANI/composite in conductivity value is the most efficient as an anti-corrosive coating.

Autoxidation of alkyd resins catalyzed by iron(II) bispidine complex: Drying performance and in-depth infrared study

Abstract A new iron(II) bispidine complex with increased solubility in various organic solvents has been prepared and characterized by the spectroscopic methods and the X-ray crystallography. In-depth infrared study together with mechanical tests demonstrated the excellent catalytic performance of the iron compound in autoxidation process and established it as the potent drier suitable for solvent-borne alkyd binders. This study further reports the 2D-correlation analysis of the time-resolved infrared spectra, which was used for the first time for detailed analysis of the autoxidation process mechanism.

Elasticity of Moulding Sands – a Method of Reducing Core Cracking

Abstract This paper focuses on mechanical properties of self hardening moulding sands with furfuryl and alkyd binders. Elasticity as a new parameter of moulding sands is investigated. With the use of presented testing equipment, it is possible to determine force kinetics and deformation of moulding sand in real time. The need for this kind of study comes from the modern casting industry. New foundries can be characterized with high intensity of production which is correlated with high level of mechanization and automatization of foundry processes. The increasingly common use of manipulators in production of moulds and cores can lead to generation of new types of flaws, caused by breakage in moulds and cores which could occur during mould assembly. Hence it is required that moulds and cores have high resistance to those kinds of factors, attributing it with the phenomenon of elasticity. The article describes the theoretical basis of this property, presents methods of measuring and continues earlier research.

Influence of surface modified nano silica on alkyd binder before and after accelerated weathering

Introduction of nano fillers in exterior wood coatings is not straight forward. Influence on aging of polymer binder needs to be taken into account along with possible benefits that nano fillers can provide immediately after application. This study shows the influence of two differently modified hydrophobic nano silica on an alkyd binder for exterior wood coatings. One month after application, the highest strength and energy required to break the films was obtained with addition of 3% disilazane modified silica. Changes in tensile properties were accompanied with a small increase in glass transition temperature. However, the highest stability upon accelerated weathering, measured by ATR-IR and DMA, was for nano composites with the highest amount of nano filler. The reasons for the observed changes are discussed together with the appearance of a feature that is possibly a secondary relaxation of alkyd polymer.

Optimum preparation and thermal conductivity of novel glossy paint prepared from waste of palm oil fly ash composite

The optimum preparation and the thermal conductivity of environmental-friendly glossy paint that was prepared from the waste of Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) were investigated. For optimum pigment preparations, the aqueous precursor of 45 % wt POFA mixed with 25% wt sulphur, 20% wt calcium and 10% wt fine graphite was sintered at 900oC to produce a complete crystalline product. The sintered product was milled to become a grayish fine powder pigment. From the SEM images, the grain size was approximately 0.404 μm. The pigments were mixed with a binder, solvent and additives and grinded to become a paint and was then tested (Glossy test, hardness test, adhesion test and thermal conductivity test). From the results, the optimum compositions of a paint are 22% wt POFA pigment, 29% wt alkyd binder, 39% wt polyurethane thinner and 10% wt mix additives (cobalt 10%, lead 32% and N.C Solution). It was also discovered that the paint is a good insulator with thermal conductivity of approximately 78.95 Wm-2

Mechanical characteristics of alkyd binder reinforced by surface modified colloidal nano silica

Abstract Performance and longevity of wood as a building material is dependent on the appropriate protection for the desired application. Alkyd based coatings have been in use for decades in order to protect wood. This study reports the influence of two differently modified colloidal nano silica on static and dynamic mechanical properties on a water-borne alkyd binder. An important aspect was to utilize Raman spectroscopy to ensure that all the composites are tested at the same state of cure. Increases of storage modulus and glass transmission temperature are reported together with changes in tensile properties. The tensile specimens were observed using SEM to obtain information on failure modes for the pure polymer and nano composites and difference in roughness of fracture surfaces is discussed. A beta relaxation of the alkyd binder was also found and was not hindered by the presence of nanoparticles.

A promising drying activity of environmentally friendly oxovanadium(IV) complexes in air-drying paints

Abstract Oxovanadium(IV) compounds, [VO( O , O -R 1 COCHCOR 2 ) 2 ] (R 1 = R 2 = Me; R 1 = Me, R 2 = Ph; R 1 = R 2 = Ph), were established as a new class of environmentally friendly primary driers for solvent-borne alkyd binder. The performed experiments clearly show that the catalytic activity of oxovanadium compounds is, in some terms, considerably higher than observed for commercial cobalt-based drier ( Co-Nuodex ). The detailed study of the drying process reveals several differences in mechanism of autoxidation. The enhanced activity at low concentrations together with very low overall toxicity imply the oxovanadium compounds as promising catalysts of autoxidation reactions implying a great perspective in paint-producing industry.

Ian Fairweather and water-based emulsion house paints in Australia 1950–64

A study of 13 paintings dating between 1950 and 1964 by artist Ian Fairweather (1891–1974) is used to explore the painting materials available to the artist in the 1950s and early 1960s in Australia. Research explores the key dates of 1939, when Fairweather acknowledged he had an allergy to oil paint (turpentines) and thus discontinued its use, and the date of 1958, when he is first recorded as using water-based synthetic polymer emulsion house paints. Research into release dates of water-based commercial paints through the 1950s and early 1960s is presented, and discussed in relation to preliminary analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (PyGCMS). In Fairweather’s paintings, oil-modified alkyd binders are found throughout the 1950s, despite the artist’s own assertions that he stopped using solvent-based paint in 1939. Discussion includes the possibility that the oil-modified alkyds found in paintings from the 1950s were oil in water emulsions. Poly vinyl acetate binders have been found on Fairweather’s paintings from 1958 and this aligns with release dates of water-based synthetic polymer paints in Australia.

The effect of [(η3-C3H5)(η5-C5H5)Mo(CO)2] on drying of solvent-borne alkyd paints

Allyl molybdenum complex [(η3-C3H5)(η5-C5H5)Mo(CO)2] (Mo-A) was examined as a new drier for solvent-borne alkyd binder. The drying activity of pure Mo-A and the of combinations of Mo-A with cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Co-Nuodex) was examined using standard methods for measurements of the drying time and hardness development of the alkyd film. The detailed study of the drying process was studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy on ethyl linoleate as well as on thin coating of alkyd binder.