Alkanolamide Research Articles

NON-CATALYTIC SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID ALKANOLAMIDES FROM PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE AND MONOETHANOLAMINE UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATION

The non-catalytic synthesis of fatty acid alkanol amide (FAA) from the amidation of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and monoethanolamine (MEA) under microwave irradiation has been investigated. Parameters of the molar ratio of PFAD to MEA, reaction time, and microwave power were determined using the response surface method and the Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimum conversion of FAA of 98.89% was obtained under reaction conditions of ratio molar PFAD to MEA of 1:1, a reaction time of 18.5 minutes, and a microwave power of 100%. The formation of FAA compounds was confirmed with FT-IR which showed stretching vibration of C-N groups at a wavenumber of 3301.89 cm-1 supported by the appearance of stretching vibrations of C-N-H and C-N at wavenumbers 1557.03 cm-1 and 1466.08 cm-1. The GC-MS spectrum showed the confirmation of the formation of FAA compounds where several alkanol amide derivatives are N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Octanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- Decanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Dodecanamide, N-(2- hydroxyethyl)-Hexadecanamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- Octadecanamide were identified to be formed.

The degree of filler dispersion, rheometric and mechanical properties of carbon black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber composites in the presence of alkanolamide

The degree of filler dispersion, rheometric and mechanical properties of carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites in the presence of alkanolamide (ALK) were investigated using a semi-efficient sulphur accelerated vulcanisation system. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin and diethanolamine and added into the CB-filled SBR composites at1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 parts per hundred rubber (phr). It was found that ALK decreased the scorch time, cure time and minimum torque of the CB-filled SBR composites. The ALK also increased the torque difference, tensile modulus, hardness, resilience and tensile strength; especially up to a 5.0 phr of loading. Due to its plasticising effect, ALK improved the degree of CB dispersion and increased the elongation at break of the CB-filled SBR composites. The crosslink density was increased by improving the degree of CB dispersion and rubber-filler interaction, respectively. The 5.0 phr of ALK was the optimum loading for CB-filled SBR composites which exhibited the highest values in tensile modulus, hardness, resilience and tensile strength.

Cure characteristics, crosslink density and degree of filler dispersion of kaolin-filled natural rubber compounds in the presence of alkanolamide

The effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, crosslink density and degree of filler dispersion of kaolin-filled natural rubber (NR) compounds were investigated. The kaolin filler was incorporated into NR compounds with a fixed loading, 30.0 phr. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS), a waste product of cooking oil production, and diethanolamine. The ALK is an oily material and added into the filled NR compounds as a rubber additive at different loadings, 0.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0. The kaolin-filled NR compounds with and without ALK were vulcanized using a semi-efficient vulcanization system. It was found that ALK decreased the scorch and cure times and improved filler dispersion of the kaolin-filled NR compounds. The higher the ALK loading, the shorter were the scorch and cure times. It was also found that ALK increased the crosslink density of kaolin-filled NR compound up to 5.0 phr of loading. Due to its oily properties, The ALK acted as an internal plasticizer which decreased the minimum torque and improved the degree of kaolin dispersion in NR phases. The higher the ALK loading; the lower the minimum torque and better the filler dispersion.

Effects of alkanolamide addition on crosslink density, mechanical and morphological properties of chloroprene rubber compounds

The effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on crosslink density, mechanical and morphological properties of unfilled polychloroprene rubber (CR) compounds were investigated. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine and -together with magnesium and zinc oxides-incorporated into the unfilled CR compounds. The ALK loadings were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 phr. It was found that ALK enhanced crosslink density, tensile modulus, tensile strength and hardness especially up to a 1.5 phr loading. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) proved that the 1.5 phr of ALK exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness, due to the highest degree of crosslink density and mechanical properties.

Studies on cure index, swelling behaviour, tensile and thermooxidative properties of natural rubber compounds in the presence of alkanolamide

The studies on cure index, swelling behaviour, tensile and thermo-oxidative properties of unfilled natural rubber (NR) compounds in the presence of alkanolamide (ALK) were carried out. As a rubber additive, the ALK was added into the NR compounds at various loadings (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 phr). It was found that the cure indexes of NR compounds with ALK were higher than that of NR compound without ALK (control compound). It was also found that ALK exhibited higher tensile modulus and tensile strength up to 0.6 phr of loading and then decreased with further increases in the loading. The swelling test revealed that 0.6 phr of ALK in the unfilled NR compound exhibited the highest degree of crosslink density which correlated to the highest tensile modulus and tensile strength of the NR vulcanisates. The ALK increased the heat aging resistance of the NR vulcanisates.

Effects of alkanolamide loading on swelling, rheometric and tensile properties of chloroprene rubber compounds

The effects of Alkanolamide (ALK) addition on swelling, rheometric and tensile properties of unfilled chloroprene rubber (CR) compounds were investigated. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin and diethanolamine and -together with magnesium and zinc oxides- incorporated into the CR compounds. The ALK loadings were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 phr. It was found that ALK enhanced the cure rate and torque difference of the CR compounds. ALK also enhanced the tensile modulus and tensile strength; especially up to a 1.5 phr loading. The swelling test proved that the 1.5 phr of ALK exhibited the highest degree of crosslink density which caused the highest in tensile modulus and tensile strength.

Synthesis of Water-Soluble Antimony Sulfide Quantum Dots and Their Photoelectric Properties

Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has been applied in photoelectric devices for a long time. However, there was lack of information about Sb2S3 quantum dots (QDs) because of the synthesis difficulties. To fill this vacancy, water-soluble Sb2S3 QDs were prepared by hot injection using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixture as anionic-cationic surfactant, alkanol amide (DEA) as stabilizer, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as dispersant. Photoelectric properties including absorbing and emission were characterized by UV-Vis-IR spectrophotometer and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopic technique. An intensive PL emission at 880 nm was found, indicating Sb2S3 QDs have good prospects in near-infrared LED and near-infrared laser application. Sb2S3 QD thin films were prepared by self-assembly growth and then annealed in argon or selenium vapor. Their band gaps (Egs) were calculated according to transmittance spectra. The Eg of Sb2S3 QD thin film has been found to be tunable from 1.82 to 1.09 eV via annealing or selenylation, demonstrating the good prospects in photovoltaic application.

Cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of carbon black-filled Natural Rubber (NR)/Chloroprene Rubber (CR) blends in the presence of alkanolamide

The cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of carbon black (CB)-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends in the presence of alkanolamide (ALK) were investigated. The NR/CR blends were prepared at 50/50 blend ratio. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine and added into the CB-filled NR/CR blends as a rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the CB-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength up to 5.0 phr of ALK and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling test proved that the 5.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the CB-filled NR/CR blends.

Effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, crosslink density and tensile properties of carbon-black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds

By using a semi-efficient sulphur vulcanisation system, the effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, crosslink density and tensile properties of carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds were investigated. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin and diethanolamine and added into the CB-filled SBR compounds. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK decreased the scorch and cure times of the CB-filled SBR compounds. ALK also improved the tensile modulus and tensile strength; especially up to a 5.0 phr of loading. The crosslink density measurement proved that the 5.0 phr of ALK exhibited the highest degree of crosslink density which caused the highest in tensile modulus and tensile strength. Due to its plasticity effect, ALK increased the elongation at break of the CB-filled SBR vulcanisates.

The effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) / chloroprene rubber (CR) blends

Effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends were investigated. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine, and incorporated into the silica-filled NR/CR blends as a non-toxic rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the silica-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength at a 1.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling measurement proved that the 1.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the silica-filled NR/CR blends.

Effects of alkanolamide and epoxidation in natural rubber and epoxidized natural rubbers compounds

The effects of alkanolamide (ALK) loading and epoxidation on cure characteristics, crosslink density and mechanical properties of unfilled natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) compounds have been investigated. The NR, ENR-25 and ENR-50 having 0, 25 and 50 mol % of epoxidation were utilised. It was found that the cure and scorch times decreased with increasing ALK loading. At similar ALK loading, ENR-50 possessed the lowest scorch and cure times followed by ENR-25 and NR compounds. Compared to the control compound (without ALK), the mechanical properties of the three rubbers have been enhanced by the ALK addition. However at a similar ALK loading, the mechanical properties viz. tensile modulus, tensile strength and hardness of ENR-50 vulcanisates were the highest followed by ENR-25 and NR vulcanisates. The superiority in mechanical properties of ENR-50 was due to its highest degree of crosslink density.

The effects of the addition of alkanolamide on carbon blacks filled natural rubber compounds

The effects of the addition of alkanolamide (ALK) on cure characteristics and filler dispersion of the two types of carbon black (CB) filled natural rubber (NR) compounds were investigated. The N-550 and N-220 types of CB were utilised, and each of them was incorporated separately into NR compound with a fixed loading, 30.0 phr. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin and diethanolamine; and incorporated into the CB filled NR compounds as an additive ingredient. The ALK loadings were 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 phr. It was found that ALK could function as a secondary accelerator and also an internal plasticiser. As a secondary accelerator; ALK decreased the scorch and cure times of the N-550 and N-220 CBs filled NR compounds. The higher the ALK loading, the shorter the scorch and cure times. As an internal plasticiser; ALK decreased the minimum torque and improved the dispersions of both types of CB in NR phases. At a similar ALK loading; N-220 exhibited higher cure rate, minimum and maximum torques and torque difference values. However, degree of filler dispersion of N-220 was poorer.

The effect of alkanolamide addition on cure and tensile properties of unfilled natural rubber compounds

Effect of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure and tensile properties of unfilled natural rubber (NR) compounds was investigated. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine, and incorporated into the unfilled-NR compound as a new rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 phr. It was found that the addition of ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the unfilled NR compounds. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength of up to 0.6 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that 0.6 phr loading of ALK in the NR compounds exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness which correlated to a higher tensile strength of the NR compound.

Alkanolamide as a novel accelerator and vulcanising agent in carbon black-filled polychloroprene rubber compounds

A feasibility study was carried out on the utilisation of Alkanolamide (ALK) as a novel accelerator and vulcanising agent in Carbon Black (CB)-filled polychloroprene rubber (CR) compounds. The functions of the ALK were compared with those of conventional accelerator and vulcanising agents for CR, ethylene thiourea (ETU), and a combination of magnesium and zinc oxides. The ALK was incorporated into the CB-filled CR compounds at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 phr. By replacing ETU, it was found that increasing the ALK loading decreased the scorch and cure times of the CB-filled CR compounds with magnesium and zinc oxides. The incorporation of up to 3.0 phr of ALK increased the torque differences, and tensile and hardness properties; and decreased those properties with further increases of ALK loadings. It was also found that ALK was able to vulcanise the CB-filled CR compound. The 3.0 phr ALK–CR compound without the ETU, magnesium and zinc oxides showed a higher tensile strength than that of the control compound, which was cured by ETU, magnesium and zinc oxides.

The effect of the addition of alkanolamide on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L) compounds cured using various curing systems

The properties of carbon black (CB)-filled natural rubber (SMR-L) compounds, with and without the addition of Alkanolamide (ALK), based on various curing systems such as efficient, semi-efficient and conventional vulcanisation systems were investigated. The ALK loading was fixed at 5.0 phr. It was found that ALK gave improvements to the cure rate, torque difference, crosslink density, filler dispersion, rubber–filler interaction and reinforcing efficiency of CB. ALK also enhanced the tensile modulus, hardness, resilience, tensile strength and elongation at break of CB-filled SMR-L vulcanisates for each curing system. The degree of improvement of cure characteristics and mechanical properties depended on the level of sulphur and the ratio of accelerator to sulphur in each system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that the CB-filled SMR-L vulcanisates with ALK for each curing system displayed a greater matrix tearing line and surface roughness due to greater rubber–filler interaction.

The effect of alkanolamide loading on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds

The effect of Alkanolamide (ALK) loading on properties on three different types of carbon black (CB)-filled rubbers (SMR-L, ENR-25, and SBR) was investigated. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK gave cure enhancement, better filler dispersion and greater rubber–filler interaction. ALK also enhanced modulus, hardness, resilience and tensile strength, especially up to 5.0 phr of loading in SMR-L and SBR compounds, and at 1.0 phr in ENR-25 compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that each optimum ALK loading exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness due to better rubber - filler interaction.

The comparison of alkanolamide and silane coupling agent on the properties of silica-filled natural rubber (SMR-L) compounds

Alkanolamide (ALK) and Aminopropyltriethoxy Silane (APTES) were incorporated separately into silica-filled SMR-L compounds at 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that compounds with both ALK and APTES exhibited cure enhancement, better filler dispersion and greater rubber-filler interaction. Both additives also produced modulus and tensile enhancements in the silica-filled SMR-L compounds, especially up to a 5.0 phr loading. At a similar loading, ALK exhibited higher reinforcing efficiency of silica than APTES.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALKANOLAMIDA TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT UJI TARIK VULKANISAT KARET ALAM BERPENGISI KAOLIN

By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, Alkanolamide (ALK) was incorporated into kaolin-filled natural rubber compound at 1.0; 3.0; 5.0 and 7.0 parts per hundred rubber (phr). An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ALK on tensile properties of the kaolin filled-natural rubber compound. It was found that ALK exhibited higher tensile modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break up to 5.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increasing of ALK loading. Crosslink density measurement proved that 5.0 phr loading of ALK in the kaolin-filled natural rubber system exhibited greatest tensile properties due to its highest crosslink density formation.

Alkanolamide as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds

A feasibility study was carried out on the utilization of Alkanolamide (ALK) on silica reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) by using a semi-efficient cure system. The ALK was incorporated into the NR compound at 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 phr. An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ALK on the cure characteristics and properties of NR compounds. It was found that ALK gave shorter scorch and cure times for silica-filled NR compounds. ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus, tensile strength, hardness and crosslink density of up to 5.0 phr of ALK loading, and then decreased with further increases of ALK loading. The resilience increased with increased ALK loading. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs proved that 5.0 phr of ALK in the silica-filled NR compound exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness due to higher reinforcement level of the silica, as well as better dispersion and cure enhancement.

Study on the Preparation of Micro-Emulsified Diesel Oil and its Influencing Factors

In this experiment, the micro-emulsified diesel oil is prepared by using alkanol amide from the reaction between oleic acid and ethanolamine and the mixture of them and with its by-products as the surfactant and alcohols with different carbon chain lengths and molecular structures as the co-surfactant. The experiment explores the effect of the proportion and dosage of the surfactant on the water solubilization, studies the influence of the category, construction and dosage of the co-surfactant on the water solubilization and its stability, and also discusses the impact of concentration of the electrolyte on the micro-emulsion. The experimental result shows that the no1-ionic surfactant can be used to prepare the W/O micro-emulsified diesel oil when this is satisfied: m (oleic acid): m (ethanol amine) =10:1 and that 1-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, benzyl alcohol can all be used as its co-surfactant. The co-surfactant of benzyl alcohol or 1-pentanol helps to ensure its mechanical and temperature stability, and to prepare the micro-emulsified diesel oil with no1-ionic surfactant from the reaction between oleic acid and ethanolamine as surfactant, one of the best formulation should be like this: room temperature(20°C），ω（0 # diesel oil）=70.6%, ω（surfactant）=9.2%, ω（benzyl alcohol）=5.0%, ω（inorganic salt solution）=15.2%.