Sodium Bicarbonate Research Articles

Direct Aqueous Carbonation of Heat-Activated Lizardite; Effect of Particle Size and Solids Loading on Magnesite Yield

In this study, we investigated the effect of particle size and solids loading on the magnesite yield in the direct aqueous mineral carbonation of heat-activated lizardite. Experimentation was conducted under single-step reaction conditions (130 bar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 150 °C, with 0.64 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and 15 wt% solids) as developed by the Albany Research Center (ARC). The objective of the study was to enhance the understanding of the direct aqueous mineral carbonation process in heat-activated lizardite. Furthermore, we aimed to shed light on how variations in particle size could affect the reaction rate, yield, and the development of protective silica layers. Our experimental data suggest that the extraction of magnesium from finer particles (sub 20 µm) is marginally more effective than from the larger size fractions. This difference likely stems from the larger surface area of fine particles (sub 20 µm) in both low and high solids loading experiments. The highest magnesite yield was 50% after 60 min, and this was achieved for both solids loadings (5 and 15 wt%), demonstrating that the solids loading had no impact on the yield. Our findings indicate rapid heat-activated lizardite reaction within 20 min, which achieved 34% and 40% conversion for 5 wt% and 15 wt% solids loading, respectively. This is followed by declining rates with increasing solids loading.

Adverse Effects of Ultrasonic Instrumentation and Air Polishing on Dental Restorations: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies.

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic instrumentation and air polishing on surface roughness and marginal integrity of dental restorations, addressing their potential adverse impacts on various biomaterials. A search of five databases, supplemented by manual searches, identified relevant laboratory studies. Forty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, with data on surface roughness and marginal quality extracted for analysis. The RoBDEMAT tool was used to assess risk of bias. Ultrasonic instrumentation significantly increased roughness, particularly in resin-modified glass ionomer cements and resin-based composites, whereas zirconia and lithium disilicate were less affected. Air polishing, especially with sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate powders, also increased roughness. Erythritol and glycine powders were the least abrasive. Both ultrasonic scaling and air polishing negatively impacted marginal quality. The RoBDEMAT assessments revealed shortcomings in randomization, sample size justification, and blinding. Ultrasonic instrumentation and air polishing can adversely affect dental restorations, with the degree of impact varying by biomaterial and debridement method. Low-abrasive powders, such as erythritol and glycine, are recommended. Methodological refinements and clinical studies are needed to enhance the applicability of these findings to patient care. This review highlights the critical need to choose appropriate debridement methods to minimize iatrogenic damage to dental restorations. Low-abrasive air polishing powders, such as erythritol and glycine, are recommended for the removal of soft deposits and stains to preserve surface smoothness and marginal integrity.

Effectiveness of Aloe vera in the treatment of oral mucositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common complication of cancer patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of Aloe vera (AV) in the treatment of OM. The population included cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy, treated for OM with AV. A search following the PICOS strategy, with specific keywords, identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to September 2024. Seven RCTs involving 355 participants, 170 in the intervention (AV) groups (mean age 39.7 years, standard deviation 23.9 years) and 185 in control groups (mean age 39.0 years, standard deviation 23.5 years), were included. A significant difference in the improvement of severe mucositis cases (grades 3 and 4) was observed with the use of AV compared to control (placebo, sodium bicarbonate, or benzydamine) (odds ratio 0.32, 95% confidence interval 0.15-0.70, P = 0.004). Considering the moderate heterogeneity observed (I2 = 36%,P= 0.15), a subgroup analysis was conducted. A subgroup analysis showed significant improvement in grade 3 and 4 OM for AV versus placebo (odds ratio 0.22, 95% CI 0.11-0.44, P < 0.001), but not compared with sodium bicarbonate or benzydamine. The results suggest that AV may be beneficial for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy, leading to improvements in the more severe stages of OM.

Study of attenuation characteristics for novel neonatal head phantom in diagnostic radiology using Monte Carlo simulations and experiments.

This study presents the design and validation of a neonatal head phantom using innovative heterogeneous composite materials customized to replicate the X-ray attenuation properties of neonatal cranial structures. Analysis of Hounsfield Unit (HU) data from 338 neonatal head CT scans informed the design of epoxy resin-based composites with additives such as sodium bicarbonate, fumed silica, and acetone to simulate bone, brain matter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and hyperdense abnormalities. The cranial bone substitute (60% epoxy resin, 40% sodium bicarbonate) achieved a density of 1.60 g/cm³, with HU values (574.67-608.04) closely matching clinical ranges. Brain matter (95% epoxy resin, 5% acetone) achieved HU values (35.27-43.61), aligning with clinical means, while the CSF-equivalent material (80% epoxy resin, 15% fumed silica, 5% acetone) matched neonatal CSF HU values (14.53-17.02). A mass substitute for hyperdense abnormalities exhibited HU values (56.16-61.07), enabling differentiation from normal brain. Validation included Monte Carlo simulations and experimental CT imaging, showing close agreement in linear attenuation coefficients, with deviations below 11% across energy levels. Mass attenuation coefficients from simulations and XCOM software were consistent, with deviations under 0.7%, confirming the materials dosimetric reliability. The phantom, with a cylindrical geometry (9 cm diameter, 10 cm length), provides accurate attenuation properties across 80-120 kVp energy levels, with deviations below 5% between experimental CT numbers and simulation data. This phantom offers a robust platform for neonatal imaging research, enabling impactful dose optimization and imaging protocol adjustment and supports improved diagnostic accuracy in pediatric imaging.

Stir-fried Semen Armeniacae Amarum Suppresses Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Nephrotoxicity and DNA Adducts.

To investigate the protective effects of stir-fried Semen Armeniacae Amarum (SAA) against aristolochic acid I (AAI)-induced nephrotoxicity and DNA adducts and elucidate the underlying mechanism involved for ensuring the safe use of Asari Radix et Rhizoma. In vitro, HEK293T cells overexpressing Flag-tagged multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) were constructed by Lentiviral transduction, and inhibitory effect of top 10 common pairs of medicinal herbs with Asari Radix et Rhizoma in clinic on MRP3 activity was verified using a self-constructed fluorescence screening system. The mRNA, protein expressions, and enzyme activity levels of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) were measured in differentiated HepaRG cells. Hepatocyte toxicity after inhibition of AAI metabolite transport was detected using cell counting kit-8 assay. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups according to a random number table, including: control (1% sodium bicarbonate), AAI (10 mg/kg), stir-fried SAA (1.75 g/kg) and AAI + stir-fried SAA (1.75 and 8.75 g/kg) groups, 6 mice in each group. After 7 days of continuous gavage administration, liver and kidney damages were assessed, and the protein expressions and enzyme activity of liver metabolic enzymes NQO1 and CYP1A2 were determined simultaneously. In vivo, combination of 1.75 g/kg SAA and 10 mg/kg AAI suppressed AAI-induced nephrotoxicity and reduced dA-ALI formation by 26.7%, and these detoxification effects in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). Mechanistically, SAA inhibited MRP3 transport in vitro, downregulated NQO1 expression in vivo, increased CYP1A2 expression and enzymatic activity in vitro and in vivo, respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Notably, SAA also reduced AAI-induced hepatotoxicity throughout the detoxification process, as indicated by a 41.3% reduction in the number of liver adducts (P<0.01). Stir-fried SAA is a novel drug candidate for the suppression of AAI-induced liver and kidney damages. The protective mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of transporters and metabolic enzymes.

Elucidating the Memory Effects of Magnetic Water Treatment via Precipitated Phase Changes of Calcium Carbonate

Research on the effects of magnetic fields on water and aqueous solutions has produced various findings, such as the suppression of scale formation in pipes and boilers, inhibition of metal corrosion, enhancement of concrete strength, and changes in properties like viscosity and electrical conductivity. However, the challenges in quantifying these effects, the issues with reproducibility affected by trace elements in the water used in the experiments, and the involvement of complex parameters and mechanisms have led to ongoing debates, with some questioning the very existence of magnetic field effects. The “memory effect”, where the impact of magnetic exposure persists for a certain period, further complicates explanations of these phenomena. To fully elucidate and enable practical applications of these effects, further research is essential. In this study, we aimed to investigate the magnetic field effects on water, including memory effects, where the quantification and elucidation potentially lead to various applications, including environmentally friendly solutions on scale suppression and life science issues. The results revealed that the vaterite phase precipitation ratio significantly increased in magnetically treated water, reaching up to 51%, from 26% without the treatment, which is high reproducibility; furthermore, a reduction in mean particle size was observed when using magnetically treated water, suggesting that it may help prevent scaling. Furthermore, when solutions of calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate were individually subjected to magnetic treatment, the most notable increase in the vaterite phase precipitation ratio was observed when calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solutions were magnetically treated separately and then reacted to precipitate calcium carbonate.

S-Denitrosylation counteracts local inflammation and improves survival in mice infected with K. pneumoniae.

Sepsis and septic shock remain are significant causes of mortality in the world. The inflammatory response should be at the basis of all organ dysfunction such as cardiovascular dysfunction, characterized by severe hypotension refractory to volume replacement and vasoconstrictor therapy. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as a key element in both inflammatory and cardiovascular components of sepsis. In addition to activating soluble guanylate cyclase and potassium channels, NO also modifies proteins post-translationally by reacting with protein thiol groups, yielding S-nitrosothiols (RS-NO), which can act as endogenous NO reservoirs. Besides its use in quantifying free sulfhydryl groups of proteins and non-protein thiols, DTNB [5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] has also been used as a pharmacological tool due to its specificity for oxidizing reactive sulfhydryl groups. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of DTNB in the inflammatory aspects of a sepsis model and to verify whether its effects can be attributed to S-denitrosylation. Anesthetized female Swiss mice were intratracheally injected with 1×108 CFU of K. pneumoniae. Twelve hours after pneumonia-induced sepsis, the animals were injected with vehicle (sodium bicarbonate 5%, s.c.) or DTNB (31.5, 63 and 126 μmol/kg, s.c.). Twenty-four hours post-sepsis induction, plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and lung tissues were collected for assays (protein, cell count, nitrite+nitrate levels (NOx), cytokine levels, and sulfhydryl groups). In addition, lung S-nitrosylated proteins were visualized by a modified tissue assay for S-nitrosothiols. Sepsis induced a significant vascular leakage in the lungs and elevated NOx levels in BAL, both reduced by DTNB. BAL leukocytosis and elevated IL-1β induced by sepsis were also reduced by DTNB, whereas it did not affect bacterial dissemination to liver, heart and BAL. Sepsis reduced free sulfhydryl groups in BAL and lung and DTNB did not change it. On the other hand, DTNB substantially reduced protein S-nitrosylation levels in the lung parenchyma and halved sepsis-induced mortality in septic mice. Our results show that the administration of DTNB 12 h after bacterial instillation reduced most of the local inflammatory parameters and, more importantly, decreased mortality. These beneficial effects may be due to S-denitrosylation of RS-NO pools carried out by DTNB. Since DTNB was effective in reducing the inflammatory process after its onset, this mechanism of action could serve as a valuable proof of concept for compounds that can be useful to interfere with sepsis outcome.

Sodium Bicarbonate as an Alternative to Heparin for Catheter Lock in Hemodialysis

Sodium Bicarbonate as an Alternative to Heparin for Catheter Lock in Hemodialysis

Effects of curcumin and sodium bicarbonate on the structure and gel properties of oxidation-induced beef myofibrillar proteins

Effects of curcumin and sodium bicarbonate on the structure and gel properties of oxidation-induced beef myofibrillar proteins

A novel green-technique for synthesis of carbon foam by using sodium bicarbonate as foaming agent at ambient pressure

A novel green-technique for synthesis of carbon foam by using sodium bicarbonate as foaming agent at ambient pressure

Effect of pre-soaking saturated limewater and sodium bicarbonate catalysis on carbonation of recycled fine aggregates

Effect of pre-soaking saturated limewater and sodium bicarbonate catalysis on carbonation of recycled fine aggregates

Sodium Bicarbonate Irrigation for Dissolving Obstructive Bronchial Clots in a Polytrauma Patient: A Case Report

The management of bronchial clots in polytrauma patients remains challenging, with limited efficacy of current methods. This case report details the successful use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) irrigation to dissolve obstructive bronchial clots in a 27-year-old male with ARDS secondary to trauma. Pre-intervention, the patient exhibited severe hypoxemia with a P/F ratio of 50, requiring FiO₂ 60% and PEEP 10 cmH₂O. Bronchoscopic irrigation with 8.4% NaHCO₃ dissolved organized clots resistant to saline lavage, facilitating their removal. Within 48 hours, oxygenation improved significantly, with a P/F ratio rising to 230. By day 11, the patient was successfully extubated and maintained stable respiratory parameters. This case highlights the potential utility of NaHCO₃ in addressing complex respiratory complications, warranting further research.

Sodium Bicarbonate Irrigation for Dissolving Obstructive Bronchial Clots in a Polytrauma Patient: A Case Report

The management of bronchial clots in polytrauma patients remains challenging, with limited efficacy of current methods. This case report details the successful use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) irrigation to dissolve obstructive bronchial clots in a 27-year-old male with ARDS secondary to trauma. Pre-intervention, the patient exhibited severe hypoxemia with a P/F ratio of 50, requiring FiO₂ 60% and PEEP 10 cmH₂O. Bronchoscopic irrigation with 8.4% NaHCO₃ dissolved organized clots resistant to saline lavage, facilitating their removal. Within 48 hours, oxygenation improved significantly, with a P/F ratio rising to 230. By day 11, the patient was successfully extubated and maintained stable respiratory parameters. This case highlights the potential utility of NaHCO₃ in addressing complex respiratory complications, warranting further research.

FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF GASTRO-RETENTIVE FLOATING TABLETS OF ENALAPRIL MALEATE AND LOSARTAN FOR ENHANCED BIOAVAILABILITY AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY

The objective of this study was to formulate and optimize gastro-retentive floating tablets of Enalapril Maleate and Losartan to enhance their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These drugs, commonly used in the management of hypertension and heart failure, suffer from limited solubility and rapid gastric emptying, which reduce their effectiveness. Gastro-retentive floating tablets were developed using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) and guar gum as release-controlling agents, with sodium bicarbonate and citric acid as effervescent agents to ensure buoyancy. Twenty formulations were prepared using the direct compression method and evaluated for critical parameters, including hardness, friability, swelling index, floating lag time, total floating time, and in-vitro drug release.Preformulation studies confirmed the compatibility of the drugs with excipients, with no chemical interactions detected using FTIR spectroscopy. The micrometric properties of the powder blends demonstrated excellent flowability and compressibility, ensuring suitability for tablet manufacturing. All formulations showed acceptable weight variation, hardness, and friability. The floating lag time ranged from 4.3 to 5.1 minutes, and total floating times exceeded 8 hours for all batches. Drug content ranged from 96.79% to 99.57%, reflecting uniformity and accuracy in dosing.In-vitro dissolution studies revealed sustained release profiles, with optimized formulations achieving over 90% cumulative drug release within 12 hours. Batch F7 demonstrated the best overall performance, with a high swelling index, minimal floating lag time, prolonged floating duration, and consistent drug release. These findings indicate that gastro-retentive floating tablets of Enalapril Maleate and Losartan can effectively address challenges associated with poor bioavailability and rapid gastric emptying, offering a promising approach for improved therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance.

Removing High-Velocity Oxyfuel Coatings Through Electrolytic Dissolution

High-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) coatings are used to protect components from corrosion and wear at higher temperatures and from wearing out after a certain period of time. Hence, to enhance the life of components, further recoating is required, but removing the older coating is a challenging task due to its high hardness. Thus, this research work studied the electrolytic dissolution process of removing WC-CoCr 86/10/4 HVOF coatings and found that at a voltage of 3 V, the coating was not removed, but at a slightly higher voltage of 6 V, the coating was removed completely. When the voltage was 12 V, the surface was damaged, and corrosion also occurred. A combination of tartaric acid (C4H6O6), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and water was used as an electrolyte. By using a combination of a voltage of 4.5 V, a current of 1.6 A, and an electrode distance of 55 mm, the coating was completely removed after 10 h, with negligible attacks on the base material. Where the corrosion of the base material is unacceptable, voltages in the range of 4 to 6 V are recommended. If parts have coatings on all surfaces, a voltage within the range of 6 to 12 V can be recommended. The coating from tab SB-002JI-5 TOOLOX-11 and hexagonal mandrel SB-00EA-1 160 TIS was also removed successfully.

Rotavirus infections in the pediatric population: a comparative study of pre-COVID and COVID-19 pandemic periods

BackgroundThis study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and clinical outcomes of rotavirus infections in the pediatric population.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted at the Pediatrics Clinic of Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, analyzing data from the pre-COVID-19 period (January 1, 2017 – January 1, 2020) and during the COVID-19 pandemic period (March 11, 2020 – August 31, 2022). Patient data, including demographic characteristics, presenting complaints, laboratory results, and hospitalization status, were collected from hospital records. Statistical comparisons were made to evaluate changes in rotavirus infection patterns between the two examined periods.ResultsThe data of a total of 3,915 pediatric patients with diarrhea were included, with 468 (6.8%) testing positive for rotavirus. Three hundred and forty of these cases (72.6%) were detected during the COVID-19 pandemic period, while 128 cases (27.4%) were detected before the pandemic period. The median age of the patients was 2 years, while 62.7% were under 2 years of age. Significant differences were found between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods in terms of the number of emergency department visits (p = 0.003), the duration of emergency observations (p = 0.001) and the rates of patient visits from urban or rural centers (p = 0.001). Laboratory parameters, including blood sodium levels (p = 0.02), neutrophil counts (p = 0.02), base excess (p = 0.03), and bicarbonate levels (p = 0.05), also showed significant differences. Factors influencing hospitalization were found to be emergency department observation time (hours) with an OR of 0.91, 95% CI (0.867–0.974) (p = 0.005), blood glucose levels with an OR of 1.03, 95% CI (1.02–1.05) (p = 0.002), serum potassium levels with an OR of 2.36, 95% CI (1.14–4.87) (p = 0.02), and CRP levels with an OR of 1.02, 95% CI (1.01–1.03) (p = 0.006).ConclusionThe results of this study emphasize the need for targeted interventions to manage rotavirus infections, particularly in the context of ongoing public health challenges. Understanding the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects on rotavirus epidemiology is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate severe outcomes in vulnerable pediatric populations.

Standard Versus Reduced Hydration to Improve Elimination of High-Dose Methotrexate in Pediatric Patients: A Controlled Crossover Trial.

Hydration and urine alkalinization are the mainstays for the prevention of methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Current oncology protocols recommend pediatric patients who are administered high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) to be aggressively hydrated with an alkaline solution, which may lead to overhydration. This pilot study sought to determine whether reduced posthydration results in a shorter time to methotrexate elimination without increasing adverse effects. A prospective randomized controlled crossover study design of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia was performed. Patients were randomized to begin with standard or reduced volume intravenous fluids. Over the course of four cycles of HDMTX, patients alternated between the standard rate of 125mL/m2/h and a reduced volume rate of 62.5mL/m2/h. The primary endpoint was the time from the start of HDMTX to a serum methotrexate concentration less than 0.1µmol/L. Data from 37 HDMTX courses were analyzed in 10 patients aged 1-17 years. The median time to methotrexate elimination was similar between the standard and reduced hydration regimens at 71.7 h (60.8-115.6 h) versus 72.9 h (59.9-132 h, p value = 0.6539). There was no difference in the change from baseline to maximum creatinine (10%vs. 18.9%, p value = 0.6566), maximum weight gain (0.7kg vs. 0.4kg, p value = 0.0967), or rates of severe mucositis between hydration regimens. Reduced posthydration appeared to be safe and provided similar time to HDMTX elimination. A multicenter study is indicated to confirm the use of reduced hydration to optimize supportive care in pediatric patients administered HDMTX. NCT03964259.

Implementation of Fuzzy Logic on Adding Sodium Bicarbonate and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) Concentrations to the Texture of Wet Noodles

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify appropriate concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and CMC in order to produce wet noodles with textures preferred by consumers. The steps used in this study are to conduct a literature study to obtain data in the form of input variables, namely sodium bicarbonate and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), and output, namely texture. The input variables are fuzzified, and then the fuzzy rules and inference are determined by Mamdani and defuzzification methods. Data processing using the Mamdani method is carried out with the help of the Matlab application. The result of this study is the formulation of sample 1 with the addition of 0.6% sodium bicarbonate and 0.2% CMC and sample 2 with the addition of 0.6% sodium bicarbonate and 0% CMC, which are recommended to consumers because they produce the preferred texture of wet noodles.

Acid-Neutralizing Omeprazole Formulation for Rapid Release and Absorption

Background/Objectives: Omeprazole undergoes degradation in acidic conditions, which makes it unstable in low pHs found in the gastric environment. The vast majority of already marketed omeprazole formulations use enteric polymer coatings to protect the drug from exposure to acidic pH in the stomach, allowing for drug release in the small intestine where the pH is higher. This study aimed to explore the technical aspects of using stomach acid neutralizers as an alternative to polymeric coatings for omeprazole. Methods: After evaluating various neutralizers, magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate were chosen to be incorporated into capsules containing omeprazole, which then underwent in vitro dissolution testing to assess their ability to maintain optimal pH levels and ensure appropriate dissolution kinetics. Hygroscopicity and chemical stability of the selected formulation were tested to prove pharmaceutical quality of the product. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the omeprazole–sodium bicarbonate formulation in providing faster absorption in humans. Results: Sodium bicarbonate was selected as the most suitable antacid for ensuring omeprazole stabilization. Its quantity was optimized to effectively neutralize stomach acid, facilitating the rapid release and absorption of omeprazole. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of the formulation to neutralize gastric acid within five minutes. In vivo studies indicated that maximum concentrations of omeprazole were achieved within half an hour. The product met the requirements of pharmaceutical quality. Conclusions: An easily manufacturable, fast-absorbing oral formulation was developed as an alternative to enteric-coated omeprazole.

Limited reactivity of pyroxene and plagioclase in batch experiments with supercritical CO2 in the presence of NaCl and NaHCO3 in the context of CO2 sequestration via carbonation.

One-step high-pressure and high-temperature direct aqueous mineral carbonation of tailings derived from mining of Platinum Group Metals in South Africa requires a fundamental understanding of the reactivity of the most dominant mineral phases, i.e. pyroxene and plagioclase (66 wt. % and 12 wt. % of the bulk rock respectively) that are typically found in these tailings. The silicate minerals pyroxene and plagioclase were sampled from a pyroxenite footwall mined with the ore-bearing UG2 and from the Merensky Reefs outcropping in the eastern limb of the Bushveld Complex. These pyroxene and plagioclase grains were concentrated by gravity separation from the orthopyroxenite bulk rock and batch-reacted in a sodium chloride (NaCl) brine saturated with pure carbon dioxide (CO2) gas-only or seeded with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; as an additional CO2 source) for 13days at 100°C and 10MPa. Pyroxene dissolved slightly but no weathering features were observed in plagioclase. Analyses of the filtrates obtained from the pyroxene sample in the absence of NaHCO3 showed an increased concentration of magnesium and calcium ions in the solution. However, they had also reached a cation saturation sealing. On the other hand, liquid samples from reactions where both CO2 gas and NaHCO3 were added to the solution exhibited a pronounced decrease in dissolved magnesium and calcium ions. XRD patterns of some of the post-reaction solids collected from the cation-depleted solution aliquots showed peaks of newly formed secondary magnesite and vermiculite. Moreover, the presence of magnesite was further confirmed by Raman shift analysis of the dried solid products. The formation of secondary magnesite was observed only in the experiments seeded with NaHCO3, specifically where the pre-reaction solid was pyroxene rich. Some of the resultant fluid chemistry was corroborated by the geochemical model that simulated the reaction parameters using the Geochemist Work Bench (GWB) software. Overall, the results indicate low pyroxene dissolution, which leads to limited carbonation. These findings suggest that the carbonation of PGM tailings may be constrained under the evaluated physicochemical conditions.