Alkali Environment Research Articles

Optimizing Cement Asphalt Mortar Mixtures for Bridge Expansion Joints in Tropical Climates: Performance and Durability Assessment

In this study, the suitability of various Cement Asphalt Mortar (CAM) mixtures for bridge expansion joint applications in tropical climates was quantitatively assessed. A comprehensive analysis encompassed key properties, including mixing stability, flowability, unconfined compressive strength, expansion characteristics, and resistance to acidic and alkali environments. The influence of high-temperature exposure on unconfined compressive strength and the microstructural features were also examined. The results revealed a discernible trend: lower cement content, in conjunction with anionic Asphalt Emulsion (AE) or epoxy resin, significantly enhanced mixing stability and flowability while contributing to improved unconfined compressive strength and chemical degradation resistance. Notably, epoxy resin emerged as a valuable component in mitigating high-temperature-induced strength reduction, indicating potential promise for CAM mixture design. SEM analysis visually supported these findings by highlighting the microstructural distinctions among CAM mixtures. Quantitatively, the findings indicated that CAM mixtures with a 25% cement content and 75% anionic AE exhibited an 11% improvement in mixing stability, along with a 13% enhancement in flowability, relative to the control mixture with 100% cement. Additionally, CAM mixtures incorporating epoxy resin (at various percentages) with anionic AE exhibited a significant 15% resistance to high-temperature-induced UCS reduction, surpassing other mixtures. The SEM micrographs visually confirmed the superior microstructural connectivity achieved with epoxy resin, further validating the observed enhancements. These quantitative results offer a robust foundation for tailoring CAM mixture compositions to optimize their suitability for rigorous infrastructure projects in tropical climates.

A composite based on hydroxyapatite biocrystal and poly(aniline-o-phenylenediamine) copolymer for efficient removal of anionic dyes from wastewater

BackgroundAcid dyes in any water source strongly impact its color, blocking sunlight and harming aquatic life. Herein, the technical applicability of a novel composite based on hydroxyapatite and poly(aniline-o-phenylenediamine) for removing dyes from synthetic wastewater was investigated using a batch method. MethodsIn this work, camel bones were used as a source of hydroxyapatite. Camel bones were pretreated in an alkali environment before extracting hydroxyapatite biocrystal (HAP). Subsequently, the extracted HAP was mixed with the poly(aniline-o-phenylenediamine) (PANI@PoPD) co-polymer. Different formulation methods were designed to optimize the tested composite samples' shape, size, structure and composition. Then, the optimized composite was further used as an adsorbent to remove orange G (OG) and thymol blue (TB) dyes from synthetic wastewater. The effects of the composite's dose, pH, dyes’ initial concentration and temperature on the overall performance of the composite were assessed. Statistical tests were then used to test the best experimental conditions to remove target dyes from wastewater. Significant findingsBy keeping the dye concentration constant at 50 mg/L for both OG and TB in wastewater at 25 °C, pH = 2 and 800 rpm of agitation speed in a batch reactor, it was found that the synthesized composite efficiently removes 99% of each dye at optimum dose of 0.5 or 1 g/L with a reaction time close to 30 or to 80 min for OG or TB, respectively. The predictive capacity of two-parameter models, including the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models, and three-parameter models such as the Redlich-Peterson, Sips and Toth models, was assessed to estimate the collected adsorption data. It was found that the statistical analysis was slightly better when the Temkin model was applied. This indicates that this equation was better suited to represent the experimental data of the adsorption of the OG dye. In contrast, the Redlich-Peterson and Toth models were in better agreement with the experimental results of the TB dye adsorption. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters associated with each dye adsorption demonstrated its feasibility, while the adsorption kinetic data were found to be better described with the pseudo-second-order kinetics. In addition, the regenerability performances of the tested composite were successfully assessed by reusing the spent composite five consecutive times.

Low-temperature sintering of porous SiC ceramic membrane with industrial-grade sodium meta-aluminate as a sintering additive

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic membranes require high sintering temperatures (greater than 1800 °C), which consume substantial energy and increase the production costs. In this study, we report the successful preparation of a low-cost, high-performance SiC ceramic membrane at a low temperature of 800 °C using industrial-grade sodium meta-aluminate (NaAlO2) as a sintering agent. The effects of sintering temperature and NaAlO2 content on the microstructure, porosity, bending strength, pore size, and pure water permeability of the SiC membranes were investigated systematically. The results indicate that the optimal sintering temperature and NaAlO2 content are 800 °C and 10 wt%, respectively. The SiC membrane prepared under these conditions exhibited an average pore size of 2.57 μm, a porosity of 52.07%, a bending strength of 50.2 ± 0.41 MPa, and a very high pure water permeability of 103.3 m3 m−2 h−1 bar−1. Additionally, the SiC membrane prepared in this study also exhibited good chemical stability and could be used in acid and alkali environments for long periods. These results highlight the potential of SiC membranes in various applications, particularly in water treatment and filtration application. The findings of this study are useful to enrich membrane technology knowledge and guide future research and development of related technologies.

Construction of Poly(hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent)/Ethylcellulose Composite Films for Green Recyclable Tapes.

Constructing green recyclable cellulose-based tapes with high transparency, mechanical robustness, and strong wet adhesion using natural components is highly desirable but challenging. Herein, novel cellulose-based self-adhesive tapes were reported by coating a polymerizable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) on ethylcellulose followed by photopolymerization. The prepared ethylcellulose-based self-adhesive tape (ECSAT) exhibited an optical transmittance of up to ∼88% and could provide strong adhesion by interfacial intermolecular interactions without obstructing information. Due to the hydrophobic nature of the overall structure, ECSAT does not exhibit significant adhesive strength and mechanical degradation under water, acid, and alkali environments. Notably, ECSAT can be completely dissolved in the resultant DES and furthermore reused as a self-adhesive coating. The recycled ECSAT still maintained good optical transparency, mechanical strength, and wet adhesion. We believe that ECSATs with all-around performances have a wide range of applications in packaging and other engineering fields.

Titania-supported Cu Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical Reduction of Acetylene to Ethylene at Low-Concentrations with Suppressed Hydrogen Evolution.

Electrochemical acetylene reduction (EAR) is a promising strategy for removing acetylene from ethylene-rich gas streams. However, suppressing the undesirable hydrogen evolution is vital for practical applications in acetylene-insufficient conditions. Herein, weimmobilized Cu single atoms on anatase TiO2 nanoplates (Cu-SA/TiO2 ) for electrochemical acetylene reduction, achieving an ethylene selectivity of ∼97% with a 5vol.% acetylene gas feed (Ar balance). At the optimal Cu single atom loading, Cu-SA/TiO2 wasable to effectively suppress HER and ethylene over-hydrogenation even when using dilute acetylene (0.5vol.%) or ethylene-rich gas feeds, delivering a 99.8% acetylene conversion, providing a turnover frequency of 8.9 × 10-2 s-1 , which is superior to other EAR catalysts reported to date. Theoretical calculations showed that the Cu single atoms and the TiO2 support acted cooperatively to promote charge transfer to adsorbed acetylene molecules, whilst also inhibiting hydrogen generation in alkali environments, thus allowing selective ethylene production with negligible hydrogen evolution at low acetylene concentrations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Additive Manufacturing of Large-scale Metal Mesh with Core-shell Composite Structure for Transparent Electromagnetic Shielding/glass Heater

Transparent electromagnetic (EM) shielding glass with a metal mesh has significant potential for application in different fields of EM radiation and anti-EM interference light-transmitting observation windows. In particular, a transparent EM-shielding glass with a large-aspect-ratio metal mesh can effectively alleviate the contradictory problems of shielding effectiveness and light-transmission performance constraints. However, the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio metal meshes on glass substrates has problems such as high cost, complex processes, low efficiency, small area, and easy damage issues, which limit their application in the field of high-performance, transparent EM-shielding glass. Therefore, this paper proposes a composite additive manufacturing process based on electric-field-driven microjet 3D printing and electroplating. By fabricating metal meshes with an Ag-Cu core-shell structure on a glass substrate, EM-shielding glass with high shielding efficiency and light transmission can be manufactured without increasing the aspect ratio of the metal meshes. The prepared Ag-Cu composite metal mesh has excellent optoelectronic properties (period 250 μm, line width 10 μm, 90.1% transmission at 550 nm visible light, square resistance 0.21 Ω/sq), efficient electrothermal effect (3 V DC voltage can reach 189 °C steady-state temperature), stable EM-shielding effectiveness (average shielding effectiveness 23 dB at X-band), and acceptable mechanical and environmental stability (less than 3% change in square resistance after 150-times adhesion test and less than 6% and 0.6% change in resistance after 72 h in acid and alkali environments, respectively). This method provides a new solution for the mass production of high-performance large-area transparent electric heating/EM-shielding glass.

Application of PVA/TA-Fe3+ submerged superoleophobic hydrogel coating in oil-water separation

Super hydrophilic and submerged super oleophobic materials with special surface wettability are considered ideal materials in the field of oil-water separation. In this paper, PVA/TA-Fe3+ coating solution with uniform fluidity was prepared by adjusting the ratio of water and ethanol in the solvent system, and PVA/TA-Fe3+ coating was formed on the surface of stainless steel mesh by simple green soaking and ethanol solvent volatilization process, and this coated SSM shows excellent oil resistance underwater with an underwater oil contact angle of >150 ̊, while it has good water flux (6.2 × 104 L/m2·h) and high separation efficiency (>97%). In addition, the PVA/TA-Fe3+ coated SSM has self-cleaning ability and recyclability and also has good stability in acid and alkali environments, which is one of the ideal materials to solve the oil-water separation problem.

A flame-retardant corn straw brick (FRCSB): Thermal stability, flammability and flame-retardant mechanism

The use of corn straw in brick is significant for the utilization of agricultural waste and the improvement of brick’s properties. This research investigated the thermal stability, flammability, and the flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant corn straw brick (FRCSB). The results show that the FRCSB could stand the test of heat treatment, and has good flame retardant properties. The occurrence temperature of chemical reactions was rose, and the occurrence moment of chemical reactions was postponed due to the calcium carbonate barrier on the surface of FRCSB and the air untouchable corn straw fiber well covered with calcium hydroxide. The growth of crevices destroyed the FRCSB surface, leading to the pyrolysis of deeper corn straw fiber and calcium hydroxide, weight, dimensions, color changes, and promoting the thermal mass exchange between the FRCSB and the air. The strong alkali environment provided by calcium hydroxide enables the corn straw fiber to maintain its own characteristics for a long time, and then plays the role of support and connection, which promotes the performance of FRCSB during heat treatment.

Monolayer High-Entropy Layered Hydroxide Frame for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

High-entropy materials with tailored geometric and elemental composition provide a guideline for designing advanced electrocatalysts. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) is a most efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst. However, due to the huge difference in ionic solubility product, an extremely strong alkali environment is necessary to prepare high-entropy layered hydroxides (HELHs), which results in the uncontrollable structure, poor stability and scarce active sites. Here, wepresent a universal synthesis of monolayer HELH frame in a mild environment, regardless of the solubility product limit. Mild reaction conditions allow usto precisely control the fine structure and elemental composition of the final product. Consequently, the surface area of the HELHs is up to 380.5 m2 g-1 . The current density of 100mA cm-2 is achieved in 1M KOH at an overpotential of 259mV. And after 1000 hours operation at the current density of 20mA cm-2 , the catalytic performance shows no obvious deterioration. The high-entropy engineering and fine nanostructure control open opportunities to solve the problems of low intrinsic activity, very few active sites, instability, low conductance during OER for LDH catalysts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Multifunctional sodium alginate/chitosan-modified graphene oxide reinforced membrane for simultaneous removal of nanoplastics, emulsified oil, and dyes in water

Membrane technology is widely recognized as an efficient and advanced approach for wastewater treatment. However, the development of environmentally friendly and versatile membranes capable of effectively removing multiple contaminants remains a significant challenge. Inspired by natural magnets, we developed a heterostructured membrane using biomass materials to achieve the efficient removal of multiple contaminants from wastewater. Specifically, a bionic three-layer SA/GO/CS composite membrane was prepared by using sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS) to modify graphene oxide (GO), respectively, and then assembled to both sides of the glass fiber (GF) membrane. The composite membranes achieved 99.87 % and 97.10 % removal of NPs with particle sizes of 500 nm and 50 nm. Moreover, the membrane demonstrated superior separation performance for mixed wastewater, enabling effective treatment of a broad spectrum of contaminants. Additionally, the membrane exhibited excellent stability when exposed to strong acid and alkali environments and demonstrated good recyclability throughout the multiple contaminants removal process. The bionic membrane, prepared using a straightforward method proposed in this study, provides an effective approach for enhanced removal of multiple contaminants in water. These findings contribute to the advancement of eco-friendly and versatile wastewater treatment membranes, opening new possibilities for sustainable water purification technologies.

Epoxy resin/2-imidazole coated carbonyl iron powder: Synthesis, structure and corrosion performance

Magnetic metal absorbers are susceptible to strong corrosion in acid, alkali and salt fog environments, resulting in strong limitations of their applications. Therefore, it is urgent to develop magnetic absorber with enhanced anti-corrosion and microwave absorption. In this paper, carbonyl iron powder (CIP) coated with 2-methylimidazole/epoxy (2-MI/EP) composites were prepared by in-situ polymerization. The CIP@2-MI/EP composites showed better microwave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of −54.11 dB at 9.69 GHz with 2 mm thickness. The electrochemical test results show that the corrosion current density of the composites decreases by two orders of magnitude and the corrosion potential is positively shifted to −0.1. In addition, the presence of 2-MI/EP layer can enhance the oxidation resistance of this composite. Considering the corrosion resistance, electromagnetic properties and oxidation resistance of this composite material, it provides an opportunity for valuable addition at commercial level.

Construction of β-galactosidase-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers through biomimetic mineralization for lactose degradation

Herein, β-galactosidase (β-Gal) was successfully encapsulated in Cu3(PO4)2-based hybrid nanoflowers through biomimetic mineralization to prepare immobilized enzyme β-Gal@Nanoflower. The catalytic activity of β-Gal was detected using o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate. Compared with free β-Gal, β-Gal@Nanoflower possessed superior catalytic activity and stability, even in harsh conditions (e.g., high temperature, acidic or alkali environment and in the presence of metal ions). More importantly, β-Gal@Nanoflower exhibited favourable long-term storage stability and reusability, with catalytic activity remaining at 74.8% and 70.1% after being stored at 25 °C for 5 weeks or repeatedly used for 15 cycles. Finally, β-Gal@Nanoflower was successfully applied in the decomposition of lactose, with substrate conversion of 82.0% in the first cycle. Taken together, β-Gal@Nanoflower showed excellent catalytic activity, high stability and reusability, providing an effective platform to facilitate the application of immobilized β-Gal in the industrial production of lactose-free dairy products.

One-Step Hydrothermal Strategy for Preparation of a Self-Cleaning TiO2/SiO2 Fiber Membrane toward Oil-Water Separation in a Complex Environment

Oil pollution caused by a large number of industrial activities and oil spill accidents has posed serious harm to the environment and human health. However, some challenges remain with the existing separation materials, such as poor stability and fouling resistance. Herein, a TiO2/SiO2 fiber membrane (TSFM) was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method for oil-water separation in acid, alkali, and salt environments. The TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully grown on the fiber surface, endowing the membrane with superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity. The as-prepared TSFM exhibits high separation efficiency (above 98%) and separation fluxes (3016.38-3263.45 L·m-2·h-1) for various oil-water mixtures. Importantly, the membrane shows good corrosion resistance in acid, alkaline, and salt solutions and still maintains underwater superoleophobicity and high separation performance. The TSFM displays good performance after repeated separation, demonstrating its excellent antifouling ability. Importantly, the pollutants on the membrane surface can be effectively degraded under light radiation to restore its underwater superoleophobicity, showing the unique self-cleaning ability of the membrane. In view of its good self-cleaning ability and environmental stability, the membrane can be used for wastewater treatment and oil spill recovery and has a broad application prospect in water treatment in complex environments.

Molecular characterization and DNA methylation analysis of carbonic anhydrase (Sp-CA) in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain: Its potential osmoregulation role under carbonate alkalinity stress

Saline–alkali water represents a huge underdeveloped resource due to its harsh properties of high pH, high salinity, and complex ionic composition. In our previous research, the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain could adapt to the saline–alkali environment, which may bring dual benefits to high-quality aquaculture and the utilization of saline–alkali water. Yet, no systematic study related to S. paramamosain's ability to carbonate alkali, the key gene responsible for adaptation to the harsh environment, has been reported. In this study, we investigated the mud crab's response to a wide range of carbonate–alkali waters, verifying the specific gill tissue with the highest carbonic anhydrase (CA) expression. Afterward, we cloned the CA gene in S. paramamosain (Sp-CA) for the first time. The cDNA sequence is 1085 bp, with a 55-bp 5′-untranslated region (UTR) and 214-bp 3′-UTR. The open reading frame (ORF) of 816-bp nucleotides encodes a polypeptide of 271 amino acids (AAs). In silico analysis and phylogenetic analysis of crustacea's CAs were performed, elucidating the unique function and evolutionary relation of Sp-CA. We also conducted short-term and long-term stress experiments with mud crabs in a saline–alkali environment, with the relative mRNA expression and DNA methylation profile of Sp-CA under such stress having been clarified, bringing new insight into the understanding of mud crabs' adaptation and tolerance to a saline–alkali environment.

The adaptive evolution of Leuciscus waleckii in Lake Dali Nur and convergent evolution of Cypriniformes fishes inhabiting extremely alkaline environments.

Leuciscus waleckii is widely distributed in Northeast Asia and has high economic value. The population in Lake Dali Nur can adapt to extremely alkaline-saline water with bicarbonate over 50 mmol/L (pH 9.6), thus providing an exceptional model for exploring the mechanisms of adaptive evolution under extreme alkaline environments. Here, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for L. waleckii from Lake Dali Nur. Based on the resequencing of 85 individuals from divergent populations, the historical population size of L.waleckii in Lake Dali Nur dramatically expanded in a thousand years approximately 13,000 years ago, and experienced a cliff recession in the process of adapting to the alkaline environment of Lake Dali Nur approximately 6,000 years ago. Genome scans between freshwater and alkaline populations further revealed the significant selective sweep regions from Lake Dali Nur, which harbour a set of candidate genes involved in hypoxia tolerance, ion transport, acid-base regulation and nitrogen metabolism. 5 alkali population-specific nonsynonymous mutations were identified in CA15 gene copies. In addition, two sites with convergent amino acid mutation were detected in the RHCG-a gene among several alkali environment adapted Cypriniformes fish. Our findings provide comprehensive insight into the genomic mechanisms of L. waleckii and reveal their adaptative evolution under extreme alkaline environments.

Rhizosphere Microbiota Promotes the Growth of Soybeans in a Saline-Alkali Environment under Plastic Film Mulching.

The rhizosphere microbiota plays a critical and crucial role in plant health and growth, assisting plants in resisting adverse stresses, including soil salinity. Plastic film mulching is an important method to adjust soil properties and improve crop yield, especially in saline-alkali soil. However, it remains unclear whether and to what extent the association between these improvements and rhizosphere microbiota exists. Here, from a field survey and a greenhouse mesocosm experiment, we found that mulching plastic films on saline-alkali soil can promote the growth of soybeans in the field. Results of the greenhouse experiment showed that soybeans grew better in unsterilized saline-alkali soil than in sterilized saline-alkali soil under plastic film mulching. By detecting the variations in soil properties and analyzing the high-throughput sequencing data, we found that with the effect of film mulching, soil moisture content was effectively maintained, soil salinity was obviously reduced, and rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities were significantly changed. Ulteriorly, correlation analysis methods were applied. The optimization of soil properties ameliorated the survival conditions of soil microbes and promoted the increase in relative abundance of potential beneficial microorganisms, contributing to the growth of soybeans. Furthermore, the classification of potential key rhizosphere microbial OTUs were identified. In summary, our study suggests the important influence of soil properties as drivers on the alteration of rhizosphere microbial communities and indicates the important role of rhizosphere microbiota in promoting plant performance in saline-alkali soil under plastic film mulching.

Carriers of Healing Agents in Biological Self-Healing Concrete

Concrete is the most widely used material in civil engineering, but due to its inherent brittleness, the generation of cracks easily occurs. Crack healing is an effective method for restoring the mechanical properties of concrete and improving its durability. Of all the current concrete crack healing methods, microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation technology is an incredibly promising crack self-healing strategy that has received widespread attention in the field of concrete crack repair. As the biological self-healing agent has difficulty resisting the high alkali and high calcium environment in concrete, protection is required when it is used in concrete cracks.

Remediating petroleum hydrocarbons in highly saline–alkali soils using three native plant species

Phytoremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) contamination is a process that uses the synergistic action of plants and rhizosphere microorganisms to degrade, absorb and stabilize pollutants in the soil, and has received increasing attention in recent years. However, this technology still has some challenges under certain conditions (e.g., highly alkaline and saline environments). The present study was selected three native plant species (alfalfa, tall fescue, and ryegrass) to remediate petroleum pollutants in greenhouse pot experiments. The results indicate that TPH contamination not only inhibited plant growth, soil chemical properties and soil fertility (i.e. lower plant biomass, chlorophyll, pH, and electrical conductivity), but also increased the malondialdehyde, glutathione, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and polyphenol oxidase). Further, correlation analysis results illustrated that TPH removal was strongly positively correlated with chlorophyll, soil fertility, and total organic carbon, but was negatively correlated with dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, pH, and electrical conductivity. The highest TPHs removal rate (74.13%) was exhibited by alfalfa, followed by tall fescue (61.79%) and ryegrass (57.28%). The degradation rates of short-chain alkanes and low rings polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were substantially higher than those of long-chain alkanes and high rings PAHs. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into petroleum decontamination strategies in the highly saline - alkali environments.

A novel binder prepared from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and phosphogypsum

At present, the recycling technology for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) and phosphogypsum (PG) is not yet mature, and they are mostly disposed of in open piles or in situ landfills, taking up a lot of land resources and harmful to the environment. A novel binder was developed from MSWIFA and PG in this study. Firstly, the feasibility of using MSWIFA to activate slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) for a ternary binder MGF was investigated. Subsequently, based on the optimal mix proportions of MGF, 5%–15% PG was used to substitute GGBS for a quaternary binder MGFP. The results revealed that without PG, the alkali environment provided by MSWIFA can effectively activate GGBS and FA, achieving a compressive strength of 14.0 MPa at 3 d and 25.7 MPa at 28 d when MSWIFA: GGBS: FA = 3: 6: 1. The strength of the ternary binder MGF was further improved by the addition of 5% PG due to the fact that the SO42− from PG reacts with the intermediate product [Al(OH)6]3- generated during MSWIFA activation of GGBS-FA to form ettringite which optimizes the microstructure of the hardened matrix. However, excessive PG over 5% was found to cause reduction in compressive strength, attributed to the dilution of the hydration products and the formation of cracks induced by excessive ettringite. The developed binders presented excellent ability in stabilization and solidification of heavy metals and the heavy metal leaching results meet the Chinese Standard GB18598-2019. The results obtained in this study provide technical support for the application of MSWIFA and PG in construction and building materials.

Heavy metals immobilization of ternary geopolymer based on nickel slag, lithium slag and metakaolin

To solve heavy metals leaching problem in the utilization of various industrial solid wastes, this work investigated the heavy metals immobilization of ternary geopolymer prepared by nickel slag (NS), lithium slag (LS), and metakaolin (MK). Compressive strength was measured to determine the optimum and appropriate mix proportions. The leaching characteristics of typical heavy metals (Cu (Ⅱ), Pb (Ⅱ), and Cr (Ⅲ)) in acid, alkali, and salt environments were revealed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). The heavy metals immobilization mechanism was explored by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) tests. The experimental results show that the group with a mass ratio of NS, LS and MK of 1:1:8 exhibits the highest compressive strength, which reaches 69.1 MPa at 28 d. The ternary geopolymer possesses a desirable capacity for immobilizing inherent heavy metals, where the immobilization rates of Cu and Pb reach 96.69 %, and that of Cr reaches 99.97 %. The leaching concentrations of Cr and Pb increase when the samples are exposed to acidic and alkaline environments. Cu and Pb are mainly physically encapsulated in geopolymer. Additionally, immobilization of Cr mainly involves physical encapsulation and chemical bonding.