PWM Algorithm Research Articles

Progressive decrement PWM algorithm for minimum mean square error inverter output voltage

The paper proposes two modulation techniques for the power inverter. These new techniques are named progressive decrement PWM algorithm (PDPA) and progressive increment PWM algorithm (PIPA). Both techniques take the determined original pulse-width of an inverter operation and split it to many pulses. In the PDPA technique, the largest width is given to the middle pulse and the width of the boundary pulses is reduced progressively starting from the first boundary-pulse toward the last boundary-pulse. In the PIPA technique, there is a gradual increment instead of decrement. The two techniques have been proved that it can maintain the original pulse-width of the inverter operation. The new approach PDPA extends the central pulse and shrinks the exterior pulses, leading to an inverter output cycle close to the sinusoidal form of fewer harmonic contents. Simulation results are performed to evaluate the performances of the proposed techniques: PDPA and PIPA and to compare them with the well known methods. The main contribution of the proposed PDPA technique is that it provides a better performance for the most harmonic orders compared to the well established sinusoidal PWM technique.

Direct torque control of induction motor based on advanced discontinuous PWM algorithm for reduced current ripple

In recent years several discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) methods are reported to improve the performance of AC drives at high modulation indices. It is proved that the performance of the popular PWM methods is modulation index dependent and no single DPWM method provides satisfactory performance over the entire high modulation range. Two popular existing DPWM methods renowned with the names DPWMMIN, DPWMMAX clamp each phase for 120° duration in every cycle of its fundamental voltage. It is observed that only the zero state is different in these two sequences. In this paper, it is proposed that, utilizing these two DPWM sequences and by changing the zero state at any spatial angle γ, where γ is between 0° and 60°, an infinite number of DPWM sequences including the existing DPWM methods and advanced DPWM (ADPWM) methods can be generated which are categorized as “continual clamping” and “split clamping” sequences. Using these ADPWM techniques an optimal split clamping sequence-based DTC of induction motor is proposed. With the proposed DTC method it is shown that steady state line current distortion at higher line side voltages is reduced significantly compared with the CDTC as well as conventional SVPWM (CSVPWM)-based DTC.

Analysis and Implementation of Multiphase Multilevel Hybrid Single Carrier Sinusoidal Modulation

This paper proposes a hybrid single carrier sinusoidal modulation suitable for multiphase multilevel inverters. Multiphase multilevel inverters are controlled by hybrid modulation to provide multiphase variable voltage and a variable frequency supply. The proposed modulation combines the benefits of fundamental frequency modulation and single carrier sinusoidal modulation (SC-SPWM) strategies. The main characteristics of hybrid modulation are a reduction in switching losses and improved harmonic performance. The proposed algorithm can be applied to cascaded multilevel inverter topologies. It has low computational complexity and it is suitable for hardware implementations. SC-SPWM and its base modulation design are implemented on a TMS320F2407 digital signal processor (DSP). A Complex Programmable Logic Device realizes the hybrid PWM algorithm and it is integrated with a DSP processor for hybrid SC-SPWM generation. The feasibility of this hybrid modulation is verified by spectral analysis, power loss analysis, simulation and experimental results.

A simple on‐line harmonics elimination PWM algorithm for a three‐phase voltage source inverter based on quadratic curve fittings

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an on‐line algorithm to calculate the switching angles of the harmonics elimination pulse‐width modulation (HEPWM) scheme that can be suitably implemented using a simple microprocessor/microcontroller. It is to be used for three‐phase voltage source inverter (VSI).Design/methodology/approach – Approximate equations for the HEPWM angles are obtained by performing quadratic curve fittings of the trajectories of the exact HEPWM angles. This paper aims to obtain approximate equation that can be programmed on‐line using microprocessor/microcontroller.Findings – The main feature of the algorithm is simplicity, whereby only addition and multiplications functions are required. It shall be shown that the proposed scheme allows for an efficient real‐time computation with acceptable error margins. The workability of the algorithm is validated with hardware results.Practical implications – Since the algorithm allows for on‐line changes of the number of harmonics to be...

DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATED FEEDBACK CONTROL COOLING SYSTEM FOR SWIR LINEAR IMAGE SENSOR APPLICATION

Our novel automated feedback temperature controlled cooling system consists of a temperature measurement circuit, a TE cooler, a thermistor, a microcontroller, and a digital-to-analog converter and PWM algorithms. The measurement accuracy of this temperature controlled TE system was better than 0.1°C and can be used for maintaining an instrument's isothermal applications. The experimental results of SWIR linear image shows that the temperature can be stably maintained at −20°C, the dark output current can be reduced almost 80 mV (Integration time: 100 ms) and the SNR of pixel can be improved from 48 dB to 83 dB as well.

Scalar PWM algorithms for four-switch three-phase inverters

Four-switch three-phase inverters (FSTPIs) have been proposed to be used in low-cost applications because of the reduced number of semiconductor devices, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) techniques have also been introduced to control FSTPIs. However, high-performance controllers are needed to implement complicated SVPWM algorithms, which limits their low-cost applications. To simplify algorithms and reduce the cost of implementation, an equivalent scalar method for SVPWM of FSTPIs is proposed. SVPWM for FSTPIs is actually a sine PWM by modulating two sine waves of 60° phase difference with a triangle wave, so such a special sine PWM can be used to control FSTPIs. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

The Development and Operation of Thermostatic Oscillator with Network Monitoring

This paper introduces a method of thermostatic oscillator data transmission system which is based on embedded TCP/IP technology, while most thermostatic oscillator products don't have such a system of network data communication. The TCP/IP technology is used to achieve remote monitoring. It also uses the algorithm of PID and PWM for temperature and speed control, involving hardware and software design.

Noise reduction strategies for a light metro rail traction system

Inside the paper the vibro‐acoustic characterization of a light rail vehicle is presented, with special reference to the traction noise emission identification. As a first step , on board measurements and pass by measurements, were performed in order to separate traction noise from rolling noise; these test revealed the electrical engine, as the most relevant sources at low speed. The electrical engine has then been characterized during specific laboratory test and innovative noise control solution were proposed to be tested. The first one could be a modification of inverter algorithm; this trying to reduce the influence of most relevant acoustic tones. This approach is essentially based on a software modification of the PWM algorithm through which modify the engine's spectral response. The second possible tested approach involved the enclosure of the engine in a sort of semi‐active skin panels co‐located at short distance from the engine; it has been demonstrated that this approach, by the merging of passive and active peculiarities, potentially lead to a wide frequency range application area. Following laboratory tests, the PWM solution was also decided to be implemented during "on board" test; a wide set of experimental results will be presented and discussed.

Simplified space vector PWM algorithm for five-level inverter

In this work, we present an algorithm for the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) applied to five-level diode clamped inverter. In this algorithm, the space vector diagram of the five-level inverter is decomposed into six space vector diagrams of three-level inverters. In turn, each of these six space vector diagrams of three-level inverter is decomposed into six space vector diagrams of two-level inverters. This idea allows us to generalize the two-level SVPWM algorithm into the case of five-level inverter.

A General Space Vector PWM Algorithm for Multilevel Inverters, Including Operation in Overmodulation Range

This paper proposes a simple space vector pulsewidth modulation algorithm for a multilevel inverter for operation in the overmodulation range. The proposed scheme easily determines the location of the reference vector and calculates on-times. It uses a simple mapping to generate gating signals for the inverter. A five-level cascaded inverter is used to explain the scheme. The scheme can be easily extended to a n-level inverter. It is applicable to neutral point clamped topology as well. Experimental results are provided for five-level and seven-level cascaded inverters

A study on energy saving algorithm of electro-pneumatic regulator with modified PWM driven method

The development of an accurate and energy saving electro-pneumatic regulator that may be applied to a variety of practical pressure control applications is described in this paper. A novel modified pulse width modulation (MPWM) valve pulsing algorithm allows the electro-pneumatic regulator to become energy saving system. A comparison between the system response of conventional PWM algorithm and that of the modified PWM (MPWM) algorithm shows that the control performance is almost the same, but energy saving is greatly improved by adopting this new MPWM algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is demonstrated through experiments with various reference trajectories.

Carrier PWM algorithm with optimised switching loss for three-phase four-leg multilevel inverters

A novel approach to analyse a four-leg multilevel inverter as a model of two simple inverters in series is presented and a carrier-based SVPWM method is proposed. To obtain the optimised switching loss, the zero sequence function is controlled by redundant parameters. The PWM analysis is simplified, and the use of complicated three-dimensional SVPWM concepts is avoided.

Novel three-phase current-regulated digital PWM and its behavioral analysis

There have been various studies of PWM algorithms for a three-phase voltage-source AC/DC power converter since the analog modulation scheme based on a triangular carrier wave was proposed in the 1960s. The PWM algorithm can be considered the heart of electronic power conversion. With progress in digital technology, there is an increasing need for gate signals to be generated directly by digital ICs, such as MPU, DSP, or FPGA/CPLD. This paper analyzes quantitatively the precision of current control of digital PWM taking account of both the sampling period and the delay time (the latter is inevitably accompanied by a digital procedure). The delay time is shown to have a double effect on the current error. In addition, the paper theoretically derives the conditions for digital PWM to meet the PPCR (Pulse Polarity Consistency Rule, that is, the next gate command moves only to the adjacent ones or commands). So far as the authors know, no paper has presented the mathematical requirements for PPCR taking account of the effect of the delay time of digital PWM. The derived theoretical results are summarized as digital PWM design criteria for a three-phase PWM converter in order to facilitate practical implementation of the theory, guaranteeing PPCR behavior as well as quantitative accuracy of current regulation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 62–77, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10330

Space vector pulse width modulation of three-level inverter extending operation into overmodulation region

Multilevel voltage-fed inverters with space vector pulse width modulation have established their importance in high power high performance industrial drive applications. The paper proposes an overmodulation strategy of space vector PWM of a three-level inverter with linear transfer characteristic that easily extends from the undermodulation strategy previously developed by the authors for neural network implementation. The overmodulation strategy is very complex because of large number of inverter switching states, and hybrid in nature, that incorporates both undermodulation and overmodulation algorithms. The paper describes systematically the algorithm development, system analysis, DSP based implementation, and extensive evaluation study to validate the modulator performance. The modulator takes the command voltage and angle information at the input and generates symmetrical PWM waves for the three phases of an IGBT inverter that operates at 1.0 kHz switching frequency. The switching states are distributed such that the neutral point voltage always remains balanced. An open loop volts/Hz controlled induction motor drive has been evaluated extensively by smoothly varying the voltage and frequency in the whole speed range that covers both undermodulation and overmodulation (nearest to square-wave) regions, and performance was found to be excellent. The PWM algorithm can be easily extended to vector-controlled drive. The algorithm development is again fully compatible for implementation by a neural network.

Novel Three-Phase Current-Regulated Digital PWM and its Behavioral Analysis

With respect to PWM algorithm for a three-phase voltage-source ac/dc power converter various studies have been executed and their results have been published since the analog modulation scheme based on triangular carrier wave was proposed in 1960's. PWM algorithm can be considered the heart of the electronic power conversion.Along with progress and evolution of digital technology gate signals are increasingly requested to be generated directly by digital IC, e.g. MPU, DSP or FPGA/CPLD. The paper analyzes quantitatively the precision of the current controllability of digital PWM taking into account of both the sampling period and the delay time the latter of which is inevitably accompanied by digital procedure. The delay time is pointed out to affect the current error double. In addition the paper derives theoretically the condition for digital PWM to accomplish PPCR (Pulse Polarity Consistency Rule, i.e. the next gate command moves only to the adjacent ones). In so far as the authors know no paper offers the mathematical requirements to execute PPCR taking account of the effect by the delay time with digital PWM. The derived theoretical results are summarized as the digital PWM design criteria for a three-phase PWM converter in order to facilitate practical implementation of the theory, which guarantee the PPCR behavior as well as the quantitative preciseness of the current regulation.

A high-performance generalized discontinuous PWM algorithm

In this paper, a generalized discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (GDPWM) method with superior high modulation operating range performance characteristics is developed. An algorithm which employs the conventional space-vector PWM method in the low modulation range, and the GDPWM method in the high modulation range, is established. As a result, the current waveform quality, switching losses, voltage linearity range, and the overmodulation region performance of a PWM voltage-source inverter (PWM-VSI) drive are optimized online, as opposed to conventional modulators with fixed characteristics. Due to its compactness, simplicity and superior performance, the algorithm is suitable for most high-performance PWM-VSI drive applications. This paper provides detailed performance analysis of the method and compares it to the other methods. The experimental results verify the superiority of this algorithm to the conventional PWM methods.

A Novel Voltage Modulation Technique of the Space Vector PWM.

In this paper, a novel voltage modulation scheme is described. With the effective voltage concept, the actual switching times for each inverter arm are deduced directly as a simple form. With the help of the presented zero sequence voltage allocation algorithm, the proposed PWM method has the high performance voltage generation capability exactly same as the conventional space vector PWM method with reduced effort. As well as giving a detailed explanation of the new PWM algorithm, the paper presents the comparison results with the conventional method such as space vector PWM and sinusoidal PWM method. In the proposed PWM method, the execution time can be reduced more than 25% as compared with the conventional space vector PWM method, and memory size will be minimized to 15% of the conventional PWM method.

Theory and design of a space‐vector modulator for ac‐ac matrix converter

AbstractA new PWM algorithm for AC‐AC matrix converter derived by a vectorial analysis is presented. In addition to the development of the basic principles, the paper includes simulation results that confirm the validity of this analysis. This new Space‐ Vector PWM strategy can be generated on‐line in real time using a simple microprocessor software algorithm which is discussed. The resulting Space‐ Vector PWM is also representing a unified model for Space‐Vector Modulation strategies suitable for the particular situations of either voltage‐ or current‐source inverters or rectifier bridge.

Program-controlled soft switching PRDCL inverter with new space vector PWM algorithm

A soft switched space vector PWM inverter is developed using new parallel resonant DC-link (PRDCL). This PRDCL can operate on variable DC-link pulse position and width resulting in enhanced PWM capability, which is superior to other resonant DC-links. A new space vector algorithm is presented suitable for this PRDCL inverter. The suggested algorithm is able to eliminate narrow PWM pulses that impede DC-link operation. This PWM control, however, requires complex and precise timing sequences in relation to PRDCL operation, which is nicely solved by adopting a new programmed controller with a buffer and a programmable timer.

Reduced harmonics PWM controlled line-side converter for electric drives

The concept for a reduced-harmonics PWM modulator, as applied for the control of a line-side power converter for a variable speed AC motor drive, is described. The PWM algorithm determines the on-state duration of each switching vector based on the observation of the time-variable voltage reference vector. Since there is no reference made to a constant-frequency carrier signal, the generated pulse patterns become asynchronous. It is the essential property of this method to produce a quasicontinuous harmonic spectrum in which all frequency components have more or less equal magnitudes. This is an advantage as compared with carrier-based PWM control schemes that exhibit high-amplitude carrier and side-band components in their harmonic spectra. The emission of acoustic noise radiated from the AC filter inductor is reduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>