Alginic Acid Content Research Articles

Understanding the biocompatibility of microcapsules designed for islet cell transplantation

| 233 (score 1.02 ± 0.03). This difference in biocompatibility was significant (p < 0.001). Yet, alginate hydrophilicity was similar, as water droplets on dry films had contact angles of 38.7 ± 1.7° and 39.0 ± 1.3° for Alg I and Alg II, respectively. When PLL was added to the capsule membrane, the immune response was more severe (p < 0.01), as cell adhesion scores increased to 1.11 ± 0.11 for Alg I and to 1.55 ± 0.07 for Alg II. Similarly, the cell adhesion score increased to 0.49 ± 0.06 when PLO was added to Alg I capsules, indicating a non-significant increase in capsule immunogenicity. A comparison of contact angles of water on dry films containing polycations was not possible due to irregular surfaces and complete wetting. We are currently measuring the contact angles of air bubbles on hydrated films. conclusions: The guluronic acid content of alginate has a significant effect on its biocompatibility in vivo. Incorporating polycations into the membranes of alginate microcapsules lowers their biocompatibility. So far, these results cannot be explained by the hydrophilicity of the samples. Transplantation islet and pancreas No conflict of interest

Incidence of urinary tract infections and of genital infections in two T2DM populations cotreated with dapagliflozin and oral antidiabetics +/− insulin

| 233 (score 1.02 ± 0.03). This difference in biocompatibility was significant (p < 0.001). Yet, alginate hydrophilicity was similar, as water droplets on dry films had contact angles of 38.7 ± 1.7° and 39.0 ± 1.3° for Alg I and Alg II, respectively. When PLL was added to the capsule membrane, the immune response was more severe (p < 0.01), as cell adhesion scores increased to 1.11 ± 0.11 for Alg I and to 1.55 ± 0.07 for Alg II. Similarly, the cell adhesion score increased to 0.49 ± 0.06 when PLO was added to Alg I capsules, indicating a non-significant increase in capsule immunogenicity. A comparison of contact angles of water on dry films containing polycations was not possible due to irregular surfaces and complete wetting. We are currently measuring the contact angles of air bubbles on hydrated films. conclusions: The guluronic acid content of alginate has a significant effect on its biocompatibility in vivo. Incorporating polycations into the membranes of alginate microcapsules lowers their biocompatibility. So far, these results cannot be explained by the hydrophilicity of the samples. Transplantation islet and pancreas No conflict of interest

Efficacy of dapagliflozin in three populations of patients on different treatment regimens for various stages of T2DM

| 233 (score 1.02 ± 0.03). This difference in biocompatibility was significant (p < 0.001). Yet, alginate hydrophilicity was similar, as water droplets on dry films had contact angles of 38.7 ± 1.7° and 39.0 ± 1.3° for Alg I and Alg II, respectively. When PLL was added to the capsule membrane, the immune response was more severe (p < 0.01), as cell adhesion scores increased to 1.11 ± 0.11 for Alg I and to 1.55 ± 0.07 for Alg II. Similarly, the cell adhesion score increased to 0.49 ± 0.06 when PLO was added to Alg I capsules, indicating a non-significant increase in capsule immunogenicity. A comparison of contact angles of water on dry films containing polycations was not possible due to irregular surfaces and complete wetting. We are currently measuring the contact angles of air bubbles on hydrated films. conclusions: The guluronic acid content of alginate has a significant effect on its biocompatibility in vivo. Incorporating polycations into the membranes of alginate microcapsules lowers their biocompatibility. So far, these results cannot be explained by the hydrophilicity of the samples. Transplantation islet and pancreas No conflict of interest

Effects of Extraction Conditions on the Componential Extraction of Brown Seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida)

In order to improve the market competitiveness of the processed products of Undaria pinnatifida, various extraction conditions of Undaria pinnatifida were examined to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of its valuable components. The highest level of alginic acid content was detected after 90 min of typical extraction or after 20 min of pressure extraction, after which the levels decreased slightly. The concentrations of reducing sugar and crude protein were also high after 90 min of typical extraction. Both alginic acid and reducing sugar were extracted in greater amounts using pressure extraction. The reducing sugar content was 2.8～3.2 times higher using pressure extraction rather than typical extraction. Furthermore, the extraction results were superior with the pressure extraction method. The appropriate temperature and duration of extraction were found to be 120℃ for 20 min. The use of a single enzyme yielded better results during extraction compared to the use of a mixture of enzymes. 20 min of pressure extraction followed by the addition of 0.1% pectinase and 2 hr of further extraction at 50℃ yielded high contents of alginic acid and reducing sugar from Undaria pinnatifida.

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography determination of alginic acid in pharmaceutical formulations after treatment with alginate lyase and UV detection

A new highly specific and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method (electrokinetic chromatography with SDS) for the determination of the total alginic acid (AA) content in pharmaceutical formulations is described by means of capillary electrophoresis at 230 nm after treatment with alginate lyase [4.2.2.3] and separation of unsaturated products, Delta-oligomers (DeltaHexA-[HexA](n)), in particular, DP3 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA) and DP4 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA-HexA). Using a buffer constituted with 10 mM sodium borate and 50 mM SDS at pH 9.0, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was able to determine with very high resolution the AA Delta-oligomers produced by the action of the lyase (mainly DP3 and DP4) as one single species. The intra- and inter-day variations (CV%) were between 6.3 and 9.1 for migration time and between 2.5 and 5.7 for peak area, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity for the examined concentration range (60-360 ng) with an average correlation coefficient greater than 0.980. The lowest detection limit and the lowest quantitation limit of the method were 15 ng (0.25 mg/mL) and 40 ng (0.67 mg/mL), respectively. The intra- and inter-day variations in terms of CV% were 5.5 and 8.6%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day accuracy was estimated to range from 4.1 to 8.9%, while the percent recoveries of AA were calculated to be 102, 97 and 93% for different AA amounts. Variations in temperatures, voltage and buffer composition in comparison with adopted conditions within a 10% limit do not modify the electrophoresis results. The evaluation of AA was performed in both solid and liquid pharmaceutical formulations also in the presence of other ingredients, in particular, aluminium, sodium and potassium bicarbonate, and emulsifying and flavouring agents. The quantitative results obtained were 101.2+/-3.4% of AA content in tablets and 98.4+/-2.8% in liquid formulation, in total conformity with the label claims.

기장산과 완도산 건 다시마의 무기성분 및 생리활성 분석

This research was performed to determine the proximate compositions, mineral contents, alginic acid, antioxidative activities and amino acids of sea tangles collected from Gijang and Wando area. Crude protein and ash contents were higher in Gijang sea tangle, whereas carbohydrate and moisture were higher in Wando in general. Mineral contents of Gijang sea tangle were higher than Wando. Especially, Na and K was the most abundant in both Gijang and Wando sea tangles. Alginic acid content was almost similar in both sea tangles. The major free amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, proline and hydroxyproline in both Gijang and Wando sea tangles. Antioxidative activity of methanol extract of sea tangle was measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity were about 17% (40 ㎍/㎖) and 7% (5 ㎍/㎖) higher, respectively, in Wando sea tangle. When stimulate the macrophages RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibition of NO synthesis of the methanol extract was 11% higher in Wando sea tangle comparing with Gijang samples.

시판 미역의 영양성분 및 생리활성 분석

시판되는 기장산, 진도산 및 완도산 미역 완제품(가닥미역과 실미역)의 일반성분, 미량금속, 유리아미노산 함량, 알긴산 함량, 항산화 효과와 항염증 효과를 조사하여 산지별 미역의 생리활성을 비교, 분석하였다. 수분, 조지방, 조단백질, 탄수화물의 함량과 칼로리에서 큰 차이가 없었으나, 회분의 경우, 기장산 실미역은 32.5%, 완도산 실미역은 26.6%로 나타나 기장산 실미역이 다소 높은 함량을 보였다. 조지방의 경우, 기장산 가닥미역은 0.53%, 진도산 가닥미역은 1.47%로 나타나 진도산 가닥미역의 조지방 함량이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. 가닥미역의 주요 유리아미노산은 hydroxyproline, alanine, glutamic acid, proline 그리고 asparagine이었으며, 실미역은 유리아미노산 함량이 현저히 낮아 미역 가공 공정에 따라서 많은 유리아미노산이 소실되는 것으로 나타났다. 4종류의 주요금속원소(Na, K, Ca, Mg)과 3종류의 미량금속원소(Fe, Zn, P)의 농도를 비교한 결과, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg 그리고 P의 함량은 기장산 가닥미역과 실미역에 비해 완도산 가닥미역과 실미역의 함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 알긴산의 함량은 가닥미역의 경우 제품별 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 실미역의 경우 완도산 실미역(26.0% )이 기장산 실미역(21.0% )에 비해 다소 높은 값을 나타내였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 기장 및 진도산 가닥미역의 메탄올 추출물 <TEX>$40\;{\mu}g/ml$</TEX> 농도에서 측정한 결과, 각각 45.5% 및 33.5%로 기장산 가닥미역에서 라디칼 소거능이 높게 나타났으며, 기장 및 완도산 실미역의 경우 각각 37.0%와 27.0%로 기장산 실미역의 라디칼 소거효과가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. SOD 유사활성을 측정 결과, 추출물 농도가 증가할수록 항산화 효과가 증가하였고, 기장 및 진도산 가닥미역의 메탄올 추출물(10 mg/ml)의 SOD 유사활성은 각각 66.1%와 72.5%였으며, 기장 및 완도산 실미역의 메탄올 추출물(10 mg/ml) SODA 유사활성은 각각 63.0% 및 71.4%로 분석되었다. LPS에 의하여 유도된 NO 합성은 미역의 methanol 추출물을 <TEX>$200\;{\mu}g/ml$</TEX>농도로 처리하였을 때, 기장 및 완도산 실미역의 NO 활성은 각각 44.2%와 35.7%로 나타났으며 가닥미역의 경우는 기장 및 진도산이 각각 40.7%와 28.6%로 나타나 산지에 따른 차이를 보였다. 특히 가공과정에 따라 생리활성 성분이 소실되는 것으로 나타났다. This research was performed to determine the proximate compositions, mineral contents, alginic acid, antioxidative activities and amino acids of sea mustards (Miyeok: Undaria pinnatifida) collected from Gijang and Wando area. Ash content was higher in Gijang samples, whereas carbohydrate and moisture were higher in Wando Sil Miyeok. General compositions of dried sea mustard showed different contents as manufacture's company and places. The major free amino acids were hydroxyproline, alanine, glutamic acid and asparagine in Gijang samples. Both Gijang and Wando Sil Miyeok showed lower contents comparing with Gijang Gadak Miyeok. Major mineral content was Na, K, Ca, Mg and P, and especially, Na and K were the most abundant in both Gijang and Wando sea mustards. Alginic acid content was almost similar in both sea mustards. Antioxidative activity of methanol extract of sea mustards was measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity was 45.5% <TEX>$(40\;{\mu}g/ml)$</TEX> in Gijang Gadak Miyeok and 37.0% and 26.0% <TEX>$(40\;{\mu}g/ml)$</TEX> in Gijang and Wando Sil Miyok, respectively. SOD-like activity of Gijang and Wando Sil Miyok was 63% and 71% <TEX>$(10\;{\mu}g/ml)$</TEX>, respectively. These results show that biological activities depend on Miyeok manufacture's process. When stimulated macrophages RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibition of NO production in Gijang Sil Miyeok (44.2%) was 9% high comparing with that of Wando Sil Miyeok (35.7%).

Characterization of the polyurethane foam using alginic acid as a polyol

In this study, polyurethane foams (PUF) were prepared using alginic acid, glycerin, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as polyols, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as a diisocyanate, and water as a foaming agent by one-shot process. Their structura, mechanical, and water-absorbing properties were investigated. The amount of alginic acid was varied up to 30 wt%. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis showed that urethane linkage was formed by the reactions between −NCO groups of diisocyanate and −OH groups of all polyols used. Also urea linkage was formed by the reactions between −NCO groups of HDI and water or −COO− groups of alginic acid. The reaction times for cream forming increased with increasing alginic acid but foam structures were not formed when alginic acid content in polyols was above 30 wt%. The optical micrographs showed that the average cell size of PUF slightly increased with increasing alginic acid. However, the density of PUF decreased with alginic acid content. The compressive modulus of PUF decreased with increasing alginic acid content. In the mean time, the water absorbency of PUF increased with increasing alginic acid content.

Algae polysaccharides. 55. Polysaccharide composition of some brown Kamchatka algae

A new spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the quantitative determination of fucoidan and alginic acid and used for their analysis in extracts from biomass of 17 species of brown algae collected in coastal waters of the Kamchatka peninsula. In addition, neutral monosaccharides and mannitol were determined in the hydrolysis products of the alga biomass samples. The polysaccharide composition was shown to substantially depend on the algal species. The alginic acid content was maximal in the Alaria marginata blades; all the other representatives of the order Laminariales are also useful sources of the polysaccharides. At the same time, the fucoidan content is rather low in Laminariales. The highest content of fucoidan was found in Saundersella simplex, but Chordaria flagelliformis and Fucus evanescens are more practical fucoidan sources; the available supplies and the sugar composition make the latter alga the most suitable for the complex processing to prepare mannitol, fucoidan, and alginic acid.

Seasonal variation in the chemical constituents of the brown algae Macrocystis integrifolia and Nereocystis luetkeana

Ash, mannitol, alginate content, and inclusion levels of 27 inorganic elements in the brown algae Macrocystis integrifolia and Nereocystis luetkeana were monitored monthly over a period of 2 years. In addition, the composition and viscosity of the alginate were determined. Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were the major elements present. Others, in decreasing amounts, included iodide, strontium, boron, iron, arsenic, aluminum, zinc, barium, manganese, copper, and cobalt. Some of these elements were accumulated to high concentrations in the thallus when compared with their concentrations in seawater. Marked seasonal variations were observed for potassium and phosphate, with high levels in winter and low levels in summer. Boron and iodide showed a reverse trend. Among the major elements, sodium, calcium, and magnesium showed no seasonal variations. Most of the inorganic elements, except potassium, were more abundant in the blade compared with the stipe. Leaching experiments with organic and inorganic solvents suggested that the alkali metals, sodium and potassium, were present mostly as inorganic salts, while divalent cations, calcium, magnesium, and strontium, were probably bound to alginic acid. Organic solvents did not leach appreciable quantities of the inorganic elements. The ash content in both algae was minimum (24%) in summer and maximum (49%) during winter, mainly because of the higher concentration of potassium in winter. Nereocystis showed higher values of ash than Macrocystis, and ash content was slightly higher in the stipe than in the blade tissues. The mannitol content ranged from 2 to 16% and alginate content from 19 to 31% of dry weight, both compounds showing higher values during the summer. Far more mannitol was present in the blade than in the stipe tissue, whereas the alginic acid content was slightly higher in the stipe than in the blade tissue. The mannuronate–guluronate ratio of alginate varied between 1.2 and 1.7 and the viscosity between 800 and 2000 cps.

ナガコンブの成分 ＩＶ アルギン酸

Following the previous paper, the alginic acid content of Naga-kombu, L. longissima, was determined in the base, central, and top parts of the blades of dried specimens harvested in May and July after two years of growth at Kushiro, Hokkaido. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The content of alginic acid in Sei-kombu, mature L. longissima, was nearly equal to those in other tangle species, but lower than that in Saomae-kombu, immature L. longissima. The sorus parts of Sei-kombu contained less alginic acid than the remainder parts. The analytical values of Sei-kombu were between those of the sorus parts and those of the remainder; the values were similar in the cases of the general components, the inorganic elements, and the tasty substances. These results indicate that the chemical composition of Sei-kombu may be influenced by the mixture ratio of the sorus or the fertile parts in the sample.

Solution properties of sodium alginate from brown seaweeds living along the coast of Japan. II. Alginic acid contents.

A determination method for alginic acid with high accuracy and rapidity was devised by modifying the method of MCCREADY et al. Various brown seaweeds found along the coast of Japan were analyzed for alginic acid content by means of the new method. The results showed that there is a clear correlation between the alginic acid content and the yield of alginic acid, regardless of the species of seaweed. On the other hand, no clear correlation was found between the molecular weight of the alginic acid prepared and the alginic acid content or its yield, regardless of the species.

Ion‐exchange properties of some brown seaweeds from the indian coast

AbstractIon‐exchange properties of five marine algal species, viz. Sargassum tenerrimum J. Ag., S. swartzii (Turner) C. Ag., Cystoseira indica (Thivy et Doshi) Mairh, Tur‐binaria conoides (Kuetz) and Padina pavonica (L) (Thivy et Taylor) have been studied and compared with those of alginic acid. The ion‐exchange property of these samples is found to be due mainly to their alginic acid and fucoidin content. Uptake of calcium ions from different solutions and pH titration studies have revealed that the ionogenic groups present in the samples are dissociated to the extent of 35–50% even in neutral media. When subjected to continuous use, the ion‐exchange capacity of the weeds at first decreases but attains a constant value after a few cycles. The rate of exchange (H+→Na+ and H+→Ca2+) on these samples has also been investigated. Distribution coefficients (Kd) of some of the metal ions for the said species have also been determined and the affinity sequence of the metal ions for each of the samples has been given. Na+→Ca2+ and Na+→Mg2+ exchange equilibria gave abnornal exchange isotherms. However the separation factor 7alpha;Ca2+ is found to be an exponential function of the concentration ratio of the Na+/Ca2+ in the solution.

Changes in Mannitol and Alginic Acid Contents of Turbinaria ornata (TURNER) J. AGARDH in Relation to Growth and Fruiting

Article Changes in Mannitol and Alginic Acid Contents of Turbinaria ornata (TURNER) J. AGARDH in Relation to Growth and Fruiting was published on January 1, 1972 in the journal Botanica Marina (volume 15, issue 1).

Composition of some brown algae as influenced by seasonal variation

An investigation of the effect of seasonal variation on the composition of three brown algae showed that Cystoseira was richer in its mannitol content (10·7%) than Sargassum (6·7%). In all three species, laminarin ranged from 2·24% to 4·42% during most months but was absent in June. Alginic acid content (30–32%) was at its maximum in August for the two Cystoseira species but was high both in April and August in S. linifolium. The uronic acid composition of alginic acid as well as the fucose and galactose contents of the algal species showed definite seasonal variation.

Variations in Alginic Acid Content with Growth Stages in Two Species of Sargassum

Variations in Alginic Acid Content with Growth Stages in Two Species of Sargassum

アルギン酸製造に関する基礎的研究-I

The results obtained through investigation of various methods for the determination of alginic acid in brown algae are as follows: 1) JENSEN's method gives higher values in alginic acid content in some species of brown algae. 2) Titrimetric method gives lower values in alginic acid content in some species of brown algae. This may due to imperfect extraction of alginic acid in algae. 3. JENSEN's method is modified, and this modified method gives reliable values. The procedure is as follows; organic acids and carbonates in brown algae are extracted at first by alkali ethanol, and then by hydrochloric acid, and alginic acid in the extraction residue is determined by decarboxylation method. 4) In order to shorten the time for the determination of alginic acid in brown algae, decomposition method by caustic alkali is adopted. The results obtained by this method agree with those of the modified JENSEN's method, and the time for the determination of this method is reduced to about one-third of that of the modified JENSEN's method.

Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in Tasmanian Waters

An account is given of the taxonomy and distribution of Macrocystis in Australian waters, the development of the plant is outlined, and beds on the east coast of Tasmania are described. Measurements of growth indicate that the most rapid elongation of the stipe takes place near the apex, and that a stipe may increase in length at a rate of at least 3.4 cm per day. The life of a stipe is estimated at between 7 and 10 months. Experiments show that the apical blade with a portion of the stipe may sometimes continue growth when severed from the holdfast. It is found that decrease in length of a blade caused by decay of tissue at the apex is for a time made good by meristematic activity near the base of the blade, but that finally meristematic activity ceases and decay eventually removes the whole blade. Harvesting of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in selected areas over 2 yr gave no indication that beds are adversely affected by cutting the stipes 3 ft. below the surface at approximately 4-monthly intervals. The average yield obtained in three localities over 2 yr was 4 tons/ac, and on this basis the area surveyed could be expected to yield approximately 355,000 tons of wet weed or 35,000–44,000 tons of air-dried weed per year. Analyses of monthly samples of Macrocystis show an average alginic acid content of approximately 21 per cent. and an average mannitol content of approximately 8.7 per cent. on a dry-weight basis.

The seasonal variation in weight and chemical composition of the common British Laminariaceae

The seasonal variations in the total ash, crude proteins, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid contents are given for monthly samples of the Laminariaceae,L. cloustoni, L. digitataandL. saccharinafrom November 1946 to October 1948, samples ofL. digitataandL. saccharinahaving been taken at different localities to determine the effect, if any, of the degree of exposure on the chemical composition.The results agree favourably with those of the first 2 years examined and indicate that, with only a few exceptions, results might be reproducible in the corresponding season of any year, and it should be possible, therefore, to predict the approximate composition in subsequent years.As before, the marked seasonal variations in chemical constitution occur in the fronds, where the bulk, if not all, of the photosynthesis occurs. The stipes undergo some variation parallel to that in the fronds, but within narrower limits, while laminarin is absent throughout the year.

Seasonal variation in chemical composition of some of the littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part II. Fucus serratus. Fucus Vesiculosus. Fucus spiralis and pelvetia canaliculata

AbstractIn previous communications,1,2,3 the seasonal variation over a period of two years in the ash, iodine, crude protein, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid contents of the Laminariaceae common to Scotland, has been reported, while in. a later paper,4 the variations in the above constituents were given for the common littoral seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. The work has now been extended to include the other common littoral algae, namely, Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus spiralis and Pelvetia canaliculata and the results have been correlated with the depth of immersion of these algae.