Alginate Research Articles

Bio-inspired circular soft actuators for simulating defecation process of human rectum.

Soft robots have found extensive applications in the medical field, particularly in rehabilitation exercises, assisted grasping, and artificial organs. Despite significant advancements in simulating various components of the digestive system, the rectum has been largely neglected due to societal stigma. This study seeks to address this gap by developing soft circular muscle actuators (CMAs) and rectum models to replicate the defecation process. Using soft materials, both the rectum and the actuators were fabricated to enable seamless integration and attachment. We designed, fabricated, and tested three types of CMAs and compared them to the simulated results. A pneumatic system was employed to control the actuators, and simulated stool was synthesized using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Experimental results indicated that the third type of actuator exhibited superior performance in pressure generation, enabling the area contraction to reach a maximum value of 1. The successful simulation of the defecation process highlights the potential of these soft actuators in biomedical applications, providing a foundation for further research and development in the field of soft robotics.

Highly sensitive and structure stable polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel sensor with tailored free water fraction and multiple networks by reinforcement of conductive nanocellulose

The wearable composite hydrogel sensors with high stretchability have attracted much attention in recent years, while the traditional hydrogels have weak molecular (chain) interaction and contain a lot of free water, leading to poor mechanical properties, unstable environmental tolerance and sensing ability. Herein, a novel ice crystal extrusion-crosslinking strategy is used to obtain polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel with conductive nanocellulose-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (CNC-PEDOT) as skeleton network, sodium alginate (SA) and Ca2+ as tough segment of multi-bonding network. This strategy synergistically enhanced the interaction of hydrogen bonds and calcium (Ca2+) ion chelation within the hydrogel, building highly sensitive and stable multiple tough-elastic networks. Therefore, the optimal hydrogel sensor (PVA/SA-CP45) shows good structural stability, robust mechanical performance, excellent compress (Sensitivity = 68.7), stretching sensitivity (Gauge factor = 4.16), ultra-wide application range (−105–60 °C), fast response/relaxation time and outstanding dynamic durability with 6000 stretching-releasing cycles. Especially, it can give good sensing performance for omnidirectional monitoring of human motion and weak signals. Moreover, it was also designed into multifunctional sensing systems for gait guidance of model training and real-time monitoring ammonia gas for food preservation and public environmental safety, demonstrating great potential in flexible sensors devices for health monitoring.

Sodium Alginate/MXene-Based Flexible Humidity Sensors with High-Humidity Durability and Application Potentials in Breath Monitoring and Non-Contact Human-Machine Interfaces.

Flexible humidity sensors (FHSs) with fast response times and durability to high-humidity environments are highly desirable for practical applications. Herein, an FHS based on crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) and MXene was fabricated, which exhibited high sensitivity (impedance varied from 107 to 105 Ω between 10% and 90% RH), good selectivity, prompt response times (response/recover time of 4 s/11 s), high sensing linearity (R2 = 0.992) on a semi-logarithmic scale, relatively small hysteresis (~5% RH), good repeatability, and good resistance to highly humid environments (negligible changes in sensing properties after being placed in 98% RH over 24 h). It is proposed that the formation of the crosslinking structure of SA and the introduction of MXene with good conductivity and a high specific surface area contributed to the high performance of the composite FHS. Moreover, the FHS could promptly differentiate the respiration status, recognize speech, and measure fingertip movement, indicating potential in breath monitoring and non-contact human-machine interactions. This work provides guidance for developing advanced flexible sensors with a wide application scope in wearable electronics.

Encapsulation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus by Extrusion Method to Access the Viability in Saffron Milk Dessert and Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of probiotics in delivering health benefits may be associated with their capacity to maintain a minimum concentration of 106 CFU/g during food storage and to successfully colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GI). Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LR) is a probiotic that does not exhibit adequate stability under harsh conditions. To enhance the survival capacity of LR during gastrointestinal storage, alginate (ALG) was used as a primary encapsulating layer through extrusion microencapsulation. Subsequently, camelina seed mucilage (CSM) and camelina seed protein (CSP) were applied as secondary layers at varying concentrations (0%–4%). Among the tested formulations, ALG‐CSM‐CSP (1.5%, 4%, 4% w/w) exhibited significantly higher encapsulation efficiency (94.15%) and provided appropriate LR encapsulation in SEM image. Three saffron milk desserts (SMD) containing free LR (FLR), microencapsulated LR (MLR), and a control (C) were prepared, followed by physicochemical and microbiological assessments of the samples. The result showed that at the end of storage, SMD had the lowest pH (6.21), the highest acidity (30°D), and maintained the permissible limit of probiotic bacteria (6.7 log cfu/mL) among the samples. In GI, the MLR and FLR survival rates were 43% and 45.4%, respectively on the 14th day of storage, respectively. The MLR hardness (313.70 g), adhesiveness (2.01 mJ), chewiness (9.36) and gumminess (58.8) had the greatest values among the samples. Moreover, SEM images showed a relatively denser structure for MLR. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of CSM and CSP to protect probiotics, offering valuable insights for developing new functional foods with improved survival during storage and GI.

Composition of Sodium Alginate Films Containing Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Aqueous Extract of Turnera subulata Sm and Evaluation of Their Healing Potential In Vivo

ABSTRACTSodium alginate is used in wound care because of its hydrogel‐forming properties and ability to protect the wound. Copper nanoparticles have properties that inhibit the growth of microorganisms and mediate the production of essential biomolecules for the healing process, making them an excellent choice for constructing nanocomposites for wound treatment. This work aimed to synthesize copper nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Turnera subulata Sm. and incorporate them into sodium alginate to obtain films with healing potential. The proposed system was characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), x‐ray crystallography, and biocompatibility verified by hemolysis test. The UV–vis analysis showed that CuO NPs absorb at 280 and 404 nm. The FTIR spectra revealed stretching and folding modes of the functional groups present in the aqueous extract of T. subulata responsible for the reduction/stabilization of the copper ion, as well as signals at 780 and 618 cm−1 originating from the CuO bond. Size estimation using DLS revealed 564.5 and 394.2 nm. AFM data showed that adding copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) changed alginate roughness, and surface imaging revealed a material with a uniform appearance. The hemolysis test showed hemocompatibility of CuO NPs at all tested concentrations. Histology showed that CuONP‐loaded alginate films accelerated the healing process.

Biomimetic Nanozyme-Decorated Smart Hydrogel for Promoting Chronic Refractory Wound Healing.

Chronic refractory wounds have become a serious threat to human health and are characterized by prolonged inflammation, recurrent bacterial infections, and elevated ROS levels. However, current therapeutic strategies usually target a unilateral healing function and are unable to tackle the complexity and sensitivity of chronic refractory wound healing. This study fabricated a biomimetic nanozyme based on rhein (Cu-rhein NSs), which effectively mimics the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) for scavenging various free radicals. Additionally, zinc oxide microspheres (ZnO MSs) were prepared to enhance the antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of the modified hydrogel. Cu-rhein NSs and ZnO MSs were comodified onto an extracellular matrix-mimetic dual-network smart hydrogel constructed from oxidized sodium alginate, gelatin, and borax via dynamic borate and Schiff base bonds. The smart hydrogel presented the good biocompatibility and targeted the unique acidic microenvironment with high oxidative stress of chronic refractory wounds, intelligently releasing bionic nanozymes to effectively eliminate bacteria, reduce inflammatory responses, and scavenge multiple free radicals for reducing ROS. In vivo experiments on the rat model based on diabetic infection showed that the smart hydrogel could effectively eliminate bacteria, promote vascular regeneration and collagen deposition, reduce inflammatory response, and accelerate the healing of diabetic-infected wounds (almost complete healing within 14 days). The advantages of an intelligent, biomimetic tissue regeneration cascade management strategy against diabetic infected wound healing are highlighted.

Effect of alginate concentration on the physicochemical characteristics and entrapment efficiency of bioactive compounds in microencapsulated bekasam extract

Bekasam extract functions as an effective agent for reducing cholesterol and hypertension levels. One of the practical methods to utilize this extract is through microencapsulation. During the manufacturing of consumables, microcapsules can be incorporated into foods and beverages as functional additives. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate microencapsulation methods of bekasam extract, specifically by using ionic gelation with sodium alginate as a coating at varying concentrations of 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, and 1.25%. The results showed that the diameter of the microcapsules produced ranged from 3.71-3.92 mm, and the yield was 21.83-40.47%. The microcapsules contained 6.3-10.08% peptides and 37.89-46.39 ppm of Lovastatin with an entrapment efficiency of 17.31- 27.69% and 59.08-72.76%, respectively. The microcapsules made with alginate (1.25%) had higher levels of Lovastatin and peptides.

Highly conductive and sensitive alginate hydrogel strain sensors fabricated using near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing process

Hydrogel flexible sensors have attracted considerable attention because of their wearability, biocompatibility, and precision signal transmission capability. However, the hydrogel strain sensors fabricated by conventional printing or hand-injection methods have difficulty balancing their mechanical strength and sensing characteristics, limiting the application of hydrogel strain sensors. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylamide were loosely crosslinked with sodium alginate through chemical cross-linking. Subsequently, MXene nanosheets were introduced for doping, the crosslinked hydrogel conductive network was constructed, and the hydrogel strain sensors were fabricated using the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing method. The ions in the EHD-printed hydrogel undergo directional movement under an externally enhanced electric field, causing the formation of more uniform and dense porous conductive networks inside the hydrogel, and high electrical conductivity (0.49 S m−1) is obtained. These hydrogel strain sensors have excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength: 0.17 MPa at 787 % strain), high sensitivity (gauge factor: 1.54 at 0–100 % strain), and low detection limits (1 % strain). Furthermore, demonstrations of real-time Morse code tapping information transmission, handwriting recognition during writing, and human physiological behavior monitoring demonstrations using the fabricated sensors indicate that the EHD-printed hydrogel strain sensor method has significant potential for wearable devices and human-computer interaction applications.

Fabrication and Characterisation of Oral Fast-Dissolving Film of Metoprolol Succinate

Introduction: Oral, fast-dissolving films are an excellent alternative. The purpose of adopting the solvent casting approach was to create a compelling oral film. Methodology: HPMC E15 and sodium alginate polymers were chosen based on their compatibility. The produced films were evaluated in terms of organoleptic characteristics, weight, thickness, folding durability, tensile strength, drug content homogeneity, surface pH, disintegration time, and in-vitro dissolution kinetics. Results: Among the formulations, F2 had a disintegration time of 14.2 seconds and a phenomenal drug release of 98% in 5 minutes. As a result, formulation F2 emerged as the best option, demonstrating promising qualities for effective drug delivery. Conclusion: These films are made of thin strips and are easily applied to the tongue or oral mucosal tissue. When they come into contact with saliva, they quickly hydrate and attach, resulting in rapid medicine administration. Fast-dissolving oral films are an excellent alternative for patients who have difficulty swallowing traditional drugs, such as pediatric, geriatric, bedridden, or developmentally impaired people. These films are made of thin strips and are easily applied to the tongue or oral mucosal tissue. When they come into contact with saliva, they quickly hydrate and attach, resulting in rapid medicine administration. other: Nil

Multidentate Polymer-Stabilized Buried Interface for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells.

Buried interface engineering is crucial to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Although coordination materials have been widely used for buried interface modification, they are generally engineered on one surface of the interface through monodentate or bidentate molecules. Here, we propose that a multidentate polymer, sodium alginate (SA), acts with both surfaces via numerous C═O groups to reinforce buried interfaces. SA effectively reduces buried interface defects, adjusts the energy level alignment, and refines carrier dynamics. Notably, it also induces the growth of a perovskite film that is less tensile stressed and free of voids. Consequently, the champion device efficiency after SA treatment increased from 23.05% to 24.98%, along with significant improvements in both light and thermal stability. This work offers insights into efficiency and stability improvement from the perspective of multidentate polymer anchoring.

Evaluation of the excellent adsorption performance for lead ions of (sodium alginate/ waste para-aramid)-based polymer composite functionalized by ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)

Evaluation of the excellent adsorption performance for lead ions of (sodium alginate/ waste para-aramid)-based polymer composite functionalized by ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)

A Highly Sensitive, Conductive, and Flexible Hydrogel Sponge as a Discriminable Multimodal Sensor for Deep‐Learning‐Assisted Gesture Language Recognition

AbstractFlexible multimodal sensors have gained increasing popularity for applications in healthcare and extreme environment operations owing to their all‐around environmental perception and data acquisition capabilities. However, fabricating a magnetism‐mechanics‐humidity multimodal sensor that possesses high sensitivity without signal overlapping while in a facile methodology remains a great challenge. Herein, a highly sensitive, conductive, and flexible hydrogel sponge sensor with discriminable magnetism, mechanics, and humidity sensing capability is proposed, which shows stable pore size (19.30 µm) and satisfactory mechanical properties based on the synergistic hydrogen bonding among sodium alginate, poly(vinyl alcohol) and glycerol. The proposed sensors can not only display favorable humidity sensing ability with rapid response/recovery time (2.5/4 s) but also possess enhanced sensitivities (a gauge factor of 0.46 T−1 for magnetic field, −1.16 kPa−1 for pressure), superior stability and durability (over 8000 cycles). Benefiting from the separated capacitive and resistive response signals, the sensors can precisely distinguish the magnetic, mechanical, and humidity stimuli without cross‐talk. Further, the sensor arrays assisted by the deep learning algorithm are developed to realize gesture language recognition with a high accuracy of 99.17%. It can be believed that this high‐performance sensor will have good prospects in future soft electronics and human‐machine interaction systems.

Alleviating rheumatoid arthritis with a photo-pharmacotherapeutic glycan-integrated nanogel complex for advanced percutaneous delivery

The prospective of percutaneous drug delivery (PDD) mechanisms to address the limitations of oral and injectable treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasing. These limitations encompass inadequate compliance among patients and acute gastrointestinal side effects. However, the skin’s intrinsic layer can frequently hinder the percutaneous dispersion of RA medications, thus mitigating the efficiency of drug delivery. To circumvent this constraint, we developed a strontium ranelate (SrR)-loaded alginate (ALG) phototherapeutic hydrogel to assess its effectiveness in combating RA. Our studies revealed that this SrR-loaded ALG hydrogel incorporating photoelectrically responsive molybdenum disulfide nanoflowers (MoS2 NFs) and photothermally responsive polypyrrole nanoparticles (Ppy NPs) to form ALG@SrR-MoS2 NFs-Ppy NPs demonstrated substantial mechanical strength, potentially enabling delivery of hydrophilic therapeutic agents into the skin and significantly impeding the progression of RA. Comprehensive biochemical, histological, behavioral, and radiographic analyses in an animal model of zymosan-induced RA demonstrated that the application of these phototherapeutic ALG@SrR-MoS2 NFs-Ppy NPs effectively reduced inflammation, increased the presence of heat shock proteins, regulatory cluster of differentiation M2 macrophages, and alleviated joint degeneration associated with RA. As demonstrated by our findings, treating RA and possibly other autoimmune disorders with this phototherapeutic hydrogel system offers a distinctive, highly compliant, and therapeutically efficient method.

Construction and Performance Study of an Injectable Dual-Network Hydrogel Dressing with Inherent Drainage Function.

With the widespread utilization of moist wound dressings, the extended healing time and increased risk of wound infection caused by excessively moist environments have garnered significant attention. The development of hydrogel dressings that can effectively control the wound moisture level and promote healing is very important. Inspired by the pore-opening perspiration effect of the skin, this study constructed an injectable dual-network hydrogel, CMCS-OSA/AG/MXene, by the composition of a dynamic covalent network of carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized sodium alginate based on the Schiff base and hydrogen bond network of the thermosensitive low-melting-point agar with the advantage of the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) effect. Under near-infrared (NIR) light stimulation, the CMCS-OSA/AG/MXene hydrogel shows characteristics conducive to rapid removal of wound exudate while maintaining an appropriate moist environment for the wound and excellent antibacterial effects with its photothermal responses. The excellent conductivity of the hydrogel can also promote cell proliferation under external electrical stimulation (ES). Further validation through animal experiments on a full-thickness skin defect model demonstrates the excellent capability of CMCS-OSA/AG/MXene in accelerating wound healing. This work provides an innovative approach to the development of injectable hydrogel dressing materials with inherent drainage functionality and shows a new avenue to wound moisture control and wound healing promotion.

Reusable Immobilized Lactobacillus futsaii CS3 for Enhanced GABA Synthesis using Low-Cost Substrates in Fermenter-Scale Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentations

On the industrial scale, the cost of commercial culture media for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a very important factor. This study employed a low-cost substrates and by-product from agri-food industry for GABA synthesis by Lact. futsaii CS3 at the fermenter-scale. Lact. futsaii CS3 cells were immobilized in 3 % (w/v) sodium alginate and employed for GABA synthesis in the optimal modified MRS medium (3.48 % (w/v) cane sugar, 3.84 % (w/v) tuna condensate waste and 10.77 % (w/v) monosodium glutamate (MSG)) with the initial pH medium of 5, fermentation temperature at 37 °C and agitation speed at 30 rpm. During the 60th h of batch fermentation without pH control, immobilized Lact. futsaii CS3 efficiently transformed MSG into the highest GABA of 19.05 g/L, achieving the volumetric productivity of 0.32 g/L/h with a bioconversion rate of 29.01 %. To further enhance GABA production, MSG (7.5 % w/v) was fed into the fermenter during the 48th h of fed-batch fermentation, aiming to amplify GABA synthesis. The maximum GABA (26.28 g/L) was synthesized at 84 h of fed-batch fermentation, and the volumetric productivity and a bioconversion rate of 0.31 g/L/h and 23.59 %, respectively, were obtained. Fed-batch fermentation significantly outperformed batch fermentation, resulting in a 37.95 % increase in GABA production. Moreover, immobilized Lact. futsaii CS3 cells could be reused in 2 batch cycles. In the 1st reusability, the maximum GABA synthesis reached 25.94 g/L, and the volumetric productivity and a bioconversion rate of 0.31 g/L/h and 23.29 %, respectively, were achieved at 84 h of fed-batch fermentation. While in the 2nd reusability, GABA synthesis decreased to 23.29 g/L, with the volumetric productivity and a bioconversion rate of 0.28 g/L/h and 20.91 %, respectively, at 84 h of fed-batch fermentation. HIGHLIGHTS GABA production utilizing agri-food industry by-product. GABA production was enhanced by cane sugar and tuna condensate waste. Immobilized futsaii CS3 produced GABA 19.05 g/L (batch). Immobilized futsaii CS3 produced GABA 26.28 g/L (fed-batch). Immobilized futsaii CS3 could be reused in 2 batch cycles on GABA production. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

3D Coaxial Printing of Small‐Diameter Artificial Arteries

As a treatment for the widely spread cardiovascular diseases (CVD), bypass vascular grafts have room for improvement in terms of mechanical property match with native arteries. A 3D‐printed nozzle is presented, featuring unique internal structures, to extrude artificial vascular grafts with a flower‐mimicking geometry. The multilayer‐structured graft wall allows the inner and outer layers to interfere sequentially during lateral expansion, replicating the nonlinear elasticity of native vessels. Both experiment and simulation results verify the necessity and benefit of the flower‐mimicking structure in obtaining the self‐toughening behavior. The gelation study of natural polymers and the utilization of sacrificial phase enables the smooth extrusion of the multiphase conduit, where computer‐assisted image analysis is employed to quantify manufacturing fidelity. The cell viability tests demonstrate the cytocompatibility of the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/sodium alginate grafts, suggesting potential for further clinical research with further developments. This study presents a feasible approach for fabricating bypass vascular grafts and inspires future treatments for CVD.

PH-Responsive Alginate/Chitosan Gel Films: An Alternative for Removing Cadmium and Lead from Water.

Biosorption, a non-expensive and easy method for removing potentially toxic metal ions from water, has been the subject of extensive research. In this context, this study introduces a novel approach using sodium alginate and chitosan, versatile biopolymers that have shown excellent results as biosorbents. The challenge of maintaining high efficiencies and reuse is addressed by developing alginate/chitosan-based films. These films, prepared using solvent casting and crosslinking methods, form a hydrogel network. The alginate/chitosan-based films, obtained using the eco-friendly polyelectrolyte complex method, were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC. The study of their swelling pH response, adsorption, and desorption behavior revealed promising results. The adsorption of Pb was significantly enhanced by the presence of both biopolymers (98%) in a shorter time (15 min) at pH = 6.5. The adsorption of both ions followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm model. The desorption efficiencies for Cd and Pb were 98.8% and 77.6% after five adsorption/desorption cycles, respectively. In conclusion, the alginate/chitosan-based films present a highly effective and novel approach for removing Cd and Pb from water, with a promising potential for reuse, demonstrating their strong potential in potentially toxic metal removal.

Preservation of chicken breast meat by ginger extract and ginger essential oil

The study aims to extend the shelf-life of chicken breast meat by different treatments, including: (i) ratio of ginger: water = 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20; (ii) ginger essential oil 6%, 10% and 14%; (iii) edible coatings formula (sodium alginate combined with ginger extract or ginger essential oil). The research evaluated the effect of these treatments on the physicochemical parameters (pH, color, shear force, drip loss) and microbiological indicators (E. coli and aerobic plate count) of chicken breast meat during the cooling storage. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters of chicken breast meat were not affected by different treatments, these parameters were well maintained during cooling storage (4 ± 1°C). Moreover, the ginger extract 70%, ginger essential oil 10% and the combination of ginger with an edible coating positively inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The total aerobic and E. coli plate count of samples, which were treated by these treatments, decreased within 7-10 days of cooling storage. Moreover, the chicken breast meat was treated with sodium alginate-ginger essential oil 10% had E. coli and the aerobic microbial plate count was within Vietnamese National Standards (TCVN 12429- 3:2021) during ten days of cooling storage.

Research Progress on Polysaccharide Composite Films and Coatings with Antioxidant and Antibacterial Ingredients to Extend the Shelf Life of Animal-Derived Meat

Animal-derived meat is rich in proteins and other nutrients, but is prone to spoilage during storage, including microbial contamination and fat oxidation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find effective solutions to extend the shelf life of animal-derived meat. Polysaccharides are natural macromolecules containing multi-hydroxyl structures and functional groups, which have good solubility, film-forming properties, etc., and can form edible films. Polysaccharide films can be combined with biopolymers, nanoparticles, and natural active agents to improve their properties and enhance the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the films. This review summarizes the various sources of polysaccharides, such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, sodium alginate, carrageenan, starch, and pullulan polysaccharides and their combination with different substances to extend the shelf life of animal-derived meat. This review may serve as a reference for further development of polysaccharides in animal-derived meat preservation.

Efficient Elimination of Inorganic/Organic Pollutants by Fe3O4/biochar@sodium Alginate Gel Beads.

The magnetic composite gel bead (Fe3O4-C@SA GB) adsorbent was prepared by sodium alginate (SA) crosslinking with pitaya peel-derived porous carbons (PPDPCs) and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). The adsorption effects of Fe3O4-C@SA GBs on heavy metal ions (HMIs) and 17 β-estradiol (E2) in water are evaluated by classical kinetic models and isotherm models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model shows that Fe3O4-C@SA GBs have maximum adsorption capacities of 9.62, 7.50, and 13.61 mg/g for Cu (II), Cd (II), and Pb (II), respectively. Meanwhile, the highest adsorption performance of the synthesized gel beads to E2 is of ca. 276.3 mg/g. In addition, the Fe3O4-C@SA GBs can still maintain a high level of adsorption efficiency after five adsorption cycles, displaying economic efficiency and reusability. Hence, this work provides useful insights into the efficient adsorption elimination of pollutants in sewage and the corresponding adsorption mechanisms.