Aldehyde Compounds Research Articles

Rapid adsorption of some heavy metals using extracted chitosan anchored with new aldehyde to form a schiff base.

A new aldehyde 2,2’-[propane-1,3-diylbis(oxy)] dibenzaldehyde was synthesized from refluxing 2-hydroxy acetophenone and 2-hydroxy 1,3-dichloropropanean in an alcoholic medium. The compositions and properties of the new aldehyde compound were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. The extracted chitosan was made to react with a new aldehyde to form a Schiff base by a suitable method. The effects of initial concentration of metal ions, exposure time, imine weight, and pH on the adsorption of Cu(II), Cr(III), and Zn(II) metal ions were examined. An adsorption batch experiment was conducted. The adsorption process followed a second-order reaction and Langmuir model with qe 25 mg/g, 121 mg/g, and 26.31 mg/g for Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cr(III) respectively. The Gibbs free energy showed a negative value and the adsorption/desorption tests provided a high value 5 times.

Glow Discharge Plasma Processing for the Improvement of Pasteurized Orange Juice’s Aroma and Off-Flavor

Orange juice is one of the most popular juices sold in the world. Although very popular, most orange juice sold in the market is pasteurized, presenting off-flavor compounds and aromas different from the freshly squeezed juice. This study investigated how green chemistry, through the application of glow discharge plasma, can help improve the aroma and mitigate off-flavors of pasteurized orange juice. Orange juice was processed at different plasma flow rates (10 to 30 mL/min) for 10 to 30 min. Glow discharge plasma processing induced several chemical reactions enabling positive changes in the volatile profile of pasteurized orange juice. Chemical pathways were proposed and correlated to the changes in aroma and mitigation of off-flavor compounds. Glow discharge plasma increased the concentration of terpenoid and aldehyde compounds that give the orange juice its fresh-like characteristics and reduced the off-flavor compound concentration by 61%.

The volatile compound profile in the meat of chickens raised in a free-range system varies with sexual maturity

This study aimed to characterize and evaluate the profile of volatile compounds found in the meat of chickens raised in a free-range system as a function of their sex and sexual maturity. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, and 90 birds were categorized as immature males, mature males, immature females or mature females. Samples of breast and drumstick cuts were analyzed. The volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the compounds were identified by mass spectrometry and the Kovats index. Ninety-six volatile compounds were identified. Aldehydes, terpenes, and alcohols composed the highest numbers of identified volatile compounds. There was a stronger relationship between aldehyde, ketone, terpene, furan and sulfur compounds with drumstick meat from mature males compared with the other samples. Ester compounds were more strongly associated with chicken meat from immature females in breast cut. In breast meat, the alcohol group was negatively correlated with immature chickens in both sexes and increased with sexual maturity. Compounds such as aldehydes, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, and pyrazines were more strongly related to the breast meat of mature females. There was a difference in the profile of volatile compounds between mature and immature chickens according to sex and cut. Male and female chickens demonstrated compounds that could change the taste of chicken meat, indicating that the influence of sexual maturity was a common factor.

Comparative study of phytochemicals, antioxidant activities and chromatographic profiling of different parts of Lycium ruthenicum Murr of Trans-Himalayan region

BackgroundLycium ruthenicum is one of the high values yet lesser explored medicinal plant of trans-Himalayan region of India. The local traditional medicine system (Amchi system) has immense interest in powerful biological activity of its fruits (black Goji berries). Lycium ruthenicum used for treatment of many health problems like abnormal menstruation, vision problem, heart disease, enhance liver and kidney function, as well as nutraceutical supplements. Purpose: In this study, we aim to have investigated, the comparative analysis of phenolics content, flavonoid, tannin, anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and chromatographic profiling (GC–MS,LC-MS) of different parts (leaf, stem and berry) extracts of Lycium ruthenicum. MethodsTotal Phenolic Content, flavonoids, tannins and Anthocyanin content were spectrophotometrically measured and the antioxidant activity was investigate using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and reducing power assay method. Lycium potential extracts were characterized by GC–MS and LC-MS. ResultThe total phenolic content, flavonoid content and tannin content of leaf and stem soxhlet extract have shown highest values (91.5 ± 3.06 mg of (GAE)/ g DFE, 484.4 ± 4.1 mg of (QR)/ g DFE, 339.0 ± 1.61(CT)/g of DFE: 167.8 ± 2.7 mg of (GAE)/ g DFE, 310.9 ± 3.93 mg of (QR)/ g DFE, 237.0 ± 4.6(CT)/g of DFE) followed by antioxidant assays, DPPH (IC50: 0.182 mg/ml and IC50: 1.152 mg/ml) and ABTS (IC50: 0.046 mg/ml and IC50: 0.015 mg/ml) and FRAP potential (147.7 ± 4.27 mg of TE/ g DFE and100.8 ± 2.9 mg of TE/ g DFE), which significantly correlates to its high content of polyphenolics and flavonoids via a GC–MS analysis. Whereas in case of fruit, ultrasonic and maceration both extracts showed the similar results. GC–MS results of leaf and stem extracts shown the presence of 69 compounds comprising steroids, terpenes, fatty acids, esters, phenolic, aldehyde, furan, and pyridines compounds. ConclusionQuantitative analysis showed that soxhlet extracts of leaf and stem have higher contents of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as antioxidant activity as compared to other extraction methods. The present results support the Lycium ruthenicum leaf and stem extracts might be good source in healthy food supplements, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Effect of reaction temperature and raw material particle size on the composition of corn straw pyrolysis biological oil

Quartz sand was used as bed material in a small fluidized bed reactor with 1 kg/h feed. Corn straw powder with particle size of 20–40 mesh, 40–60 mesh, 60–80 mesh and 80–120 mesh was used as raw material for rapid pyrolysis at reaction temperatures of 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C and 550 °C. The bio-oil obtained after liquefaction of pyrolysis gas was analyzed. The variation trend of bio-oil composition in pyrolysis of corn straw powder with different reaction temperatures and raw material sizes was compared. The results show that: (1) the content of 3-hydroxyl-2-phenyl-2-acrylic acid in bio-oil increases with the decrease of raw material particle size, but it is less at 450 °C; (2) with the increase of reaction temperature, the content of hydroxyacetaldehyde in bio-oil increases at first and then decreases: the content of hydroxyacetaldehyde in bio-oil is the highest at 500 °C when the particle size is 20–40 mesh, and the highest at 450 °C with the other three particle sizes. Compared with other particle sizes, raw material with the particle size of 60–80 mesh is not conducive to the formation of aldehyde compounds; (3) the reaction temperature of 500 °C and the particle size of 60–80 mesh of raw materials are more conducive to the formation of phenolic compounds in bio-oil; (4) the ester compounds with particle size of 20–40 mesh in bio-oil is 20% higher than that of other particle sizes; (5) the reaction temperature and the particle size of raw materials had no significant effect on the formation of ketones, alcohols and alkane compounds in bio-oils.

5-HMF affects cardiovascular development in zebrafish larvae via reactive oxygen species and Wnt signaling pathways

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a small molecule aldehyde compound produced by the Maillard reaction. As 5-HMF exists in a variety of foods and drugs and is easily ingested by humans, it has attracted extensive toxicological attention in recent years. Relevant research showed that 5-HMF has cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumor effects. However, the cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF are unknown. To investigate the cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF in zebrafish, wild-type and transgenic embryos were treated with 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL of 5-HMF, followed by toxicological evaluation, histological observation, fluorescence observation, cell apoptosis staining, and gene quantitative analysis. High 5-HMF concentrations led to a significant increase in the heart rate and pericardial edema ratio, larger venous sinus–arterial bulb distance, more apoptosis of cardiac cells, cardiac linearization, defects in angiogenesis and cardiovascular development, and apoptosis-related gene expression disorders in zebrafish larvae. The abnormal phenotype caused by 5-HMF can be rescued by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and Wnt signaling pathway activator BML-284. It is inferred that high 5-HMF concentrations increased the level of reactive oxygen species, inhibited the transduction of the Wnt signaling pathway, and resulted in abnormal cardiovascular development in zebrafish larvae. This study provides a reference for understanding the mechanism of 5-HMF effects on cardiac development.

Synthesis of Cyano-Benzylidene Xanthene Synthons Using a Diprotic Brønsted Acid Catalyst, and Their Application as Efficient Inhibitors of Aluminum Corrosion in Alkaline Solutions.

Novel cyano-benzylidene xanthene derivatives were synthesized using one-pot and condensation reactions. A diprotic Brønsted acid (i.e., oxalic acid) was used as an effective catalyst for the promotion of the synthesis process of the new starting xanthene–aldehyde compound. Different xanthene concentrations (ca. 0.1–2.0 mM) were applied as corrosion inhibitors to control the alkaline uniform corrosion of aluminum. Measurements were conducted in 1.0 M NaOH solution using Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods. The investigated xanthenes acted as mixed-type inhibitors that primarily affect the anodic process. Their inhibition efficiency values were enhanced with inhibitor concentration, and varied according to their chemical structures. At a concentration of 2.0 mM, the best-performing studied xanthene derivative recorded maximum inhibition efficiency values of 98.9% (calculated via the Tafel extrapolation method) and 98.4% (estimated via the LPR method). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the corroded and inhibited aluminum surfaces, revealing strong inhibitory action of each studied compound. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) profiles validated the inhibitor compounds’ adsorption on the Al surface. Density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulations were applied to investigate the distinction of the anticorrosive behavior among the studied xanthenes toward the Al (111) surface. The non-planarity of xanthenes and the presence of the nitrile group were the key players in the adsorption process. A match between the experimental and theoretical findings was evidenced.

Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria such as Limosilactobacillus as a strong inhibitor of aldehyde compounds in plant-based milk alternatives

Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is important to limit climate change. Because ruminant animals emit greenhouse gases, the worldwide plant-based alternative market is an emerging trend for eating less meat and dairy products. To produce plant-based dairy products such as yogurt alternatives, certain lactic acid bacterial species, which are used for cow's milk fermentation, are often used. Substrate changes from cow's milk to plant-based milk caused nutritional changes, and unsaturated fatty acids are more enriched in plant-based milk alternatives than in cow's milk. Unsaturated fatty acids can lead to the formation of aldehydes, some of which are off-flavors; therefore, substrate changes have the potential to alter the suitable lactic acid bacterial species used for fermentation to control flavor formation, such as aldehyde compounds. However, differences in the effect of the fermentation processes on aldehyde compounds have not been evaluated among lactic acid bacterial species. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the effect of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on aldehyde compounds in synthetic medium and plant-based milk alternatives using 20 species of lactic acid bacteria. Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria such as strains belonging to Limosilactobacillus had a strong aldehyde-reducing ability, likely from differences in alcohol dehydrogenase function. Because the odor detection threshold of ethanol compounds was lower than that of their equivalent aldehyde compounds, our findings are valuable for the fermentation of plant-based milk alternatives with lactic acid bacteria with the goal of decreasing off-flavors derived from aldehyde compounds.

The Structural Phase Effect of MoS2 in Controlling the Reaction Selectivity between Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation and Dimerization of Furfural

The development of a multifunctional electrocatalyst for upgrading biomass-derived platform molecules can diversify the product outcomes of a biorefinery and strengthen its role in the current petroleum-dominated economy. This study demonstrated how the structural phase distribution of a transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) catalyst, MoS2, can be exploited to control the reaction pathway between electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) and electrocatalytic dimerization (ECD) of furfural (FFL). A series of carbon-supported MoS2 electrodes with different structural phase distributions, 1T and 2H, were prepared and fully characterized. The electrodes displayed good stability and successfully converted over 98% of FFL to target products. Under optimized conditions, the 1T-rich MoS2 electrodes were highly selective in producing an ECH product, furfuryl alcohol, with a selectivity of 94.4% over the ECD product, hydrofuroin, whereas the 2H-rich MoS2 electrodes achieved up to 42.7% selectivity for an ECD product. Mechanistic investigation with underpotential hydrogen desorption (HUPD) studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that 1T and 2H-MoS2 played very different roles during the electrolysis of FFL. The HER-active 1T phase was less friendly to FFL’s adsorption than the 2H phase, but its ability to generate adsorbed hydrogen (Hads) provided the necessary component to complete the ECH process. The 2H phase was a better platform for FFL and its radical intermediate adsorption, but its Hads-deficient surface led to more ECD product. This study expands the opportunity to design multiphasic materials to control product selectivity during the electrocatalytic reduction of aldehyde compounds.

Potential Effect of Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum [Wight] Walp.) Essential Oil for Herbal Toothpaste Active Agent

Bay leaf is a herbal plant containing essential oil with antioxidant activity. Antioxidant effects give bay leaf essential oil ability as a toothpaste active agent. This research aim is to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of bay leaf essential oil to find out the potential as toothpaste active agents. Bay leaf used in this research was taken from Lendah, Kulon Progo in the evening. Steam-hydrodistillation is conducted and chemical composition is analyzed using the GC-MS method. The Antioxidant activity test is conducted with DPPH and FRAP methods. Toothpastes were formulated with three concentrations of bay leaf essential oil (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%). Stain prevention test using formulated toothpastes, no active agent toothpaste (negative control), and commercial toothpaste (positive control) was conducted on 20 bovine teeth to obtain the value of colour change (ΔE) before and after the experiment, then analysed using one-way ANOVA parametric test (CI 95%). The chemical composition of bay leaf essential oil detected using GC-MS showed 29 compounds. The highest percentages are cis-4-decenal (37.87%), Decanal (16.73%), and octanal (16.63%). IC50 value from DPPH and FRAP method are 2.079µg/mL and 3.277µg/mL. One-way ANOVA test showed there was an effect from bay leaf essential oil as stain prevention toothpaste active agent. Bay leaf essential oils toothpastes have no significant difference in ΔE value to positive control toothpaste. The conclusion of this research is bay leaf essential oil contains aldehyde compounds in high percentage which provides a very high antioxidant effect. Bay leaf essential oil is the potential to be used as a toothpaste active agent.

The rs35217482 (T755I) single-nucleotide polymorphism in aldehyde oxidase-1 attenuates prot ein dimer formation and reduces the rates of phthalazine metabolism.

Aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) is a molybdenum-containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a range of aldehyde compounds and clinical drugs, including azathioprine and methotrexate. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding regions of the human AOX1 gene on protein dimer formation and metabolic activity. Six variants (Q314R [rs58185012], I598N [rs143935618], T755I [rs35217482], A1083G [rs139092129], N1135S [rs55754655], and H1297R [rs3731722]), with allele frequencies greater than 0.01 in 1 or more population, were obtained from the genome aggregation and 1000 Genomes project databases. Protein expression and dimer formation were evaluated using HEK293T cells expressing the wild-type (WT) or different SNP variants of AOX1. Kinetic analyses of phthalazine oxidation were performed using S9 fractions of HEK293T cells expressing WT or each the different mutant AOX1. Although we detected no significant differences among WT AOX1 and the different variants with respect to total protein expression, native PAGE analysis indicated that one of the SNP variants, T755I, found in East Asian populations, dimerizes less efficiently than the WT AOX1. Kinetic analysis, using phthalazine as a typical substrate, revealed that this mutation contributes to a reduction in the maximal rates of reaction without affecting enzyme affinity for phthalazine. Our observation thus indicates that the T755I variant has significantly negative effects on both the dimer formation and in vitro catalytic activity of AOX1. These findings may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the inter-individual differences in the therapeutic efficacy or toxicity of AOX1 substrate drugs. Significance Statement The T755l (rs35217482) SNP variant of the AOX1 protein, which is prominent in East Asian populations, suppresses protein dimer formation, resulting in a reduction in the reaction velocity of phthalazine oxidation to less than half of that of wild-type AOX1.

Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis and antimicrobial screening of ethanolic extract of Operculina terpathum from cholistan desert.

Aim of present study was to assess pharmacological (antioxidant, antibacterial & antifungal) potential of Operculina terpathum seeds. Ethanolic extract was prepared and its phytochemical evaluation show the different chemical compounds such as carbohydrates, phenols, tannin, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, alkaloids and proteins. FTIR spectra showed the presence of organic acids, hydroxyl and phenolic compounds, amino groups, aliphatic compounds, functional groups such as amide, ketone, aldehyde, aromatics and halogen compounds. Antioxidant activity of the Operculina terpathum alcoholic extract was performed by DPPH method and it showed 97.13%whereas IC50±SEM (µg/ml) was 1.425±0.16. Antibacterial activity was performed against different bacterial strains and results were comparable with that of standard. Maximum antibacterial activity was exhibited by Bacillus subtillis (28.33±2 mm) and Bacillus pumilus (25.33±2 mm) respectively. Antifungal activity was also performed and it showed maximum activity against Aspergillus flavous and Candida albicans6±1, 5±1mm respectively. These results showed that Operculina terpathum has good antibacterial and antifungal activity against different microbes and it could be used as an alternative to antibiotics, as the antibiotics resistance is very common now a days

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Phytochemical and FTIR Analysis of Peganum harmala (Fruit) Ethanolic Extract From Cholistan Desert, Pakistan.

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Peganum harmala fruit. Ethanolic extract was prepared and phytochemical screening showed the presence of a lot of chemical compounds. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of organic acids, hydroxyl and phenolic compounds, amino groups, aliphatic compounds, and functional groups such as amide, ketone, aldehyde, aromatics, and halogen compounds. Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of P. harmala by the DPPH method showed 71.4% inhibition, whereas IC50 ± SEM (μg/mL) was .406 ± .11. Antibacterial activity was performed against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Maximum antibacterial activity was exhibited by Bacillus subtilis (24.33 ± 2 mm) and Bacillus pumilus (23.33 ± 2 mm). Zone of inhibition was 19 ± 2 mm by P. aeruginosa, and it was 18.33 ± 2 mm by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis had inhibitory effect in the range of 12.33 ± 2 mm and 13.66 ± 3 mm, respectively. 11.66 ± 2 mm and 10 ± 2 mm was zone of inhibition by Micrococcus luteus and E. coli, respectively. Antifungal activity was performed against Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. Ethanolic extract of P. harmala showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (5 ± 1 mm) and Candida albicans (4 ± 1 mm). Mild antifungal activity was reported by Aspergillus fumigatus (3 ± 1 mm), whereas no activity was exhibited by Aspergillus terreus. Further research is needed in order to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of P. harmala as well.

Investigation on microstructure and nonanal sensing properties of hierarchical Sb2WO6 microspheres

Various metal oxides with unique microstructures have been hopeful in fabricating gas sensors applications. This paper reports the room-temperature sensing properties of hierarchical Sb2WO6 (antimony tungstate) microspheres for nonanal, which is a dominant aromatic aldehyde compound in cooked rice. The hierarchical Sb2WO6 microspheres were obtained by pH control (from pH 1 to 5) through a one-step hydrothermal reaction. The experiment indicated that the optimal response of the Sb2WO6 (pH = 4) gas sensor to 30 ppm nonanal reached 62 at room temperature, which was about 8 times that of Sb2WO6 (pH = 1). The improved sensing performance resulted from the finer microstructure and larger specific surface area of Sb2WO6 with a pH value of 4, providing abundant adsorption sites for nonanal molecules. Meanwhile, the practicability of cooked rice stored for various periods was verified through gas detection, and the results indicated that the sensor might recognize the deterioration of cooked rice and ready-to-eat rice. Therefore, the as-prepared sensor can be used in electronic nose systems to detect cooked rice and ready-to-eat rice deterioration and improve rice cooking methods.

Spatiotemporal footprints of odor compounds in megacity’s food waste streams and policy implication

Odor pollution is one of the most critical issues in food waste (FW) recycling and has significant implications for human health. However, knowledge of their occurrence and spatiotemporally dynamic in urban FW streams is limited, making it not conducive to implement targeted odor management. This work followed the occurrence of 81 odor compounds (OCs) in nine FW-air environments along the Shanghai's FW streams for one year. Results showed that NH3, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, and methylene chloride were consistently the predominant OCs, despite the distinct differences in OCs profiles across seasons and treatment sites. Ridge regression and principal coordinate analysis demonstrated that seasons might play a non-negligible role in shaping odor profiles, and ambient temperature and humidity could account for the seasonal variation in OCs levels. Based on the modified fuzzy synthetic evaluation system, the screened priority pollutants in different FW-air environments were found broadly similar and the regulated air pollutants released via FW should be expanded to aldehyde and ketone compounds, especially for acetaldehyde. To our knowledge, this study is the first to track the spatiotemporal footprints of OCs within urban FW streams, and provides new insights into the control policy on FW-derived odor issues for megacities.

Analysis of changes in simulated rancidification process during the storage of Huangjiu.

Huangjiu, a traditional Chinese wine with low alcoholic strength, can easily develop rancidification upon microbial contamination in the long‐term storage process. In order to analyze the changes in key indexes in the rancidification process during the storage of Huangjiu, a laboratory simulation of microbial contamination changes was carried out. Changes in microbiological indexes, physicochemical indexes, and volatile flavor compounds in the rancidification process of Huangjiu can be divided into two stages. Test results demonstrated that within the early stage of the rancidification process, multiplication of contaminating microorganisms was in the adaptation phase with a slow OD600 growth value of Huangjiu, while physicochemical indexes such as the pH and amino acid nitrogen content changed relatively slowly. The contents of aldehyde compounds in the volatile flavor components of Huangjiu declined quickly to be lower than 1.0 mg/L, while the conductivity index increased by 6%. In the late stage, the OD600 value of Huangjiu increased rapidly and microorganism multiplication entered the logarithmic phase. Furthermore, changes in the physicochemical indexes are accelerated. Specifically, the histamine content increased by 457% and the content of aldehydes remains lower than 1.0 mg/L. The conductivity index continued to rise by 25% in this stage. This indicates that the two rancidification stages have different influences on the quality of Huangjiu. The conductivity value can be used as a staged representative index throughout the rancidification of Huangjiu to distinguish between different batches and evaluate the degree of microbial contamination. Additionally, the conductivity index can be used for long‐term online monitoring of large tank storage of Huangjiu.

Extraction and characterization of oil from seeds of the medicinal plant Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (Doda paneer)

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal commonly known as Doda panner/ Indian Rennet is a well-known medicinal plant but remains underutilized mainly due to scarce distribution in nature and extremely poor germination rate. In the present study oil was extracted from seeds of Withania coagulans which was subsequently subjected to FTIR and GC-MS analysis to identify phytochemical components of extracted oil. FTIR analysis revealed presence of diverse group of compounds including alcohols, alkane, alkene, aldehyde, ketone and halo compounds. GC-MS analysis depicted presence of 49 phytoconstituents in the oil extracted from seeds of W. coagulans. among which hexanoic acid, n-hexadecenoic acid, Vitamin E, gamma-Tocopherol, squalene, fucosterol, 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl, octadecanoic acid represent major phytoconstituents identified. Several compounds identified to be present in extracted oil have been reported to possess one or more pharmacological activity. Hence, the study suggests validation of plant oil to be utilized as ingredient of different pharmacological, cosmetic and other food products.

Investigating aldehyde and ketone compounds produced from indoor cooking emissions and assessing their health risk to human beings

Aldehyde and ketone compounds are ubiquitous in the air and prone to adverse effects on human health. Cooking emission is one of the major indoor sources. Aiming to evaluate health risks associated with inhalation exposure to aldehyde and ketone compounds, 13 carbonyl compounds (CCs) released from heating 5 edible oils, 3 seasonings, and 2 dishes were investigated in a kitchen laboratory. For the scenarios of heating five types of oil, aldehydes accounted for 61.1%-78.0% of the total emission, mainly acetaldehyde, acrolein and hexanal. Comparatively, heating oil with added seasonings released greater concentrations of aldehyde and ketone compounds. The concentration enhancement of larger molecular aldehydes was significantly greater. The emission factors of aldehyde and ketone compounds for cooking the dish of chili fried meat were much greater compared to that of tomato fried eggs. Therefore, food materials also had a great impact on the aldehyde and ketone emissions. Acetone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant CCs in the kitchen. Acrolein concentrations ranged from 235.18 to 498.71 µg/m3, which was about 100 times greater compared to the guidelines provided by Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). The acetaldehyde inhalation for adults was 856.83-1515.55 µg and 56.23-192.79 µg from exposure to chili fried meat and tomato fried eggs, respectively. This exceeds the reference value of 90 µg/day provided by OEHHA. The findings of this study provided scientific evidences for the roles of cooking emissions on indoor air quality and human health.

Noninvasive Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer Based on Breath Analysis with a Tubular Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor.

SERS-based breath analysis as an emerging technique has attracted increasing attention in cancer screening. Here, eight aldehydes and ketones in the human breath are reported as the VOC biomarkers identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and applied further for the noninvasive diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC) with a tubular SERS sensor. The tubular SERS sensor is prepared with a glass capillary loaded with ZIF-67-coated silver particles (Ag@ZIF-67), which offers Raman enhancement from the plasmonic nanoparticles and gas enrichment from the metal-organic framework (MOF) shells. The composite materials are modified with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) to capture different aldehyde and ketone compounds. The tubular sensor is served simultaneously as a gas flow channel and a detection chamber, bringing a higher gas capture efficiency than the planar SERS sensor. As a proof-of-concept, the tubular SERS sensor is successfully employed to screen gastric cancer patients with an accuracy of 89.83%, based on the noninvasive, rapid, and easily operated breath analysis. The results demonstrate that the established breath analysis method provides an excellent alternative for the screening of GC and other diseases.

Simple and green colorimetric method for the detection of formaldehyde in vegetable samples

This work presented a simple, rapid, low-cost, and green chemical approach for the quantification of formaldehyde in vegetable samples. The detection of formaldehyde depends on its oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium to form formic acid, resulting in an indicator color change from blue to yellow observed by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer or even the naked eye. Under the optimal parameters, a linear calibration graph was obtained in the range of 0.001–1.5 ppm with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9907. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.06 ppm and 0.22 ppm, respectively, and the repeatability expressed in terms of RSD was 4.71% (0.025 ppm formaldehyde, n = 10). The reliability of the proposed method was illustrated by spiking the formaldehyde in the vegetable samples, yielding 99.33–105.88% recoveries. The method was successfully validated using the Test-kit method. Moreover, the proposed method exhibited good selectivity towards formaldehyde over common aldehyde compounds.