Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Research Articles

Computational Studies and Antimicrobial Activity of 1-(benzo[d]oxazol-2- yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan Derivatives.

Due to the biological importance of the benzoxazole derivatives, some 1- (benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-formazans 4a-f were synthesized and screened for in-silico studies and in-vitro antibacterial activity. The benzo[d]oxazole-2-thiol (1) was prepared by reacting with 2-aminophenol and carbon disulfide in the presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Then 2-hydrazinylbenzo[d] oxazole (2) was synthesized from the reaction of compound 1 with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of alcohol. Compound 2 was reacted with aromatic aldehydes to give Schiff base, 2-(2- benzylidene-hydrazinyl)benzo[d]oxazole derivatives 3a-f. The title compounds, formazan derivatives 4a-f, were prepared by a reaction of benzene diazonium chloride. All compounds were confirmed by their physical data, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13CNMR spectral data. All the prepared title compounds were screened for in-silico studies and in-vitro antibacterial activity on various microbial strains. Molecular docking against the 4URO receptor demonstrated that molecule 4c showed a maximum dock score of (-) 8.0 kcal/mol. MD simulation data reflected the stable ligand-receptor interaction. As per MM/PBSA analysis, the maximum free binding energy of (-) 58.831 kJ/mol was exhibited by 4c. DFT calculation data confirmed that most of the molecules were soft molecules with electrophilic nature. The synthesized molecules were validated using molecular docking, MD simulation, MMPBSA analysis, and DFT calculation. Among all the molecules, 4c showed maximum activity. The activity profile of the synthesized molecules against tested micro-organisms was found to be 4c>4b>4a>4e>4f>4d.

Synthesis and Polymerization of Poly Acryl Imide and One of Their Derivatives Then Curing the Product with Alkyl Halide

The present work involved four steps: First step include reaction of acrylamide ,N-?-Methylen-bis(acryl amide) and N-tert Butyl acryl amide with poly acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethyl amine (Et3N) as catalyst, the second step include homopolymerization of all products of the first step by using benzoyl peroxide(BPO) as initiator in (80-90)Co in the presence of Nitrogen gas(N2). In the third step the poly acrylimide which prepare in second step was convert into potassium salt by using alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Fourth step include Alkylation of the prepared polymeric salts in third step by react it with different alkyl halides(benzyl chloride, allylbromide , methyl iodide) by using DMF as solvent for(10-12) hours. Structure Confirmation of all prepared polymers were proved using FT-IR, 1H-NMR and C13-NMR spectroscopy for some polymers. Other physical properties including softening and melting points of the polymers were also measured.

Development of method and analysis protocol for fatty acids derivatives of castor oil by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Castor oil is a vegetable oil extracted from castor beans, known for its diverse applications across the chemical industry, food industry, skincare products, biodiesel components, and pharmaceuticals. Analyzing the fatty acid composition of castor oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) can be complex due to various factors inherent to fatty acids and the oil's composition. Therefore, the goal of this study is to effectively separate and analyze the major fatty acids present in castor oil using GC-MS. Castor oil was methylated using alcoholic potassium hydroxide, then neutralized with salicylic acid and centrifuged. The supernatant was diluted and injected into the GC-MS with a developed temperature program. The results indicated that castor oil contains five fatty acids: ricinoleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester, stearic acid methyl ester, and palmitic acid methyl ester, with respective concentrations of 87.63%, 1.81%, 6.57%, 2.93%, and 1.07%. Among these, methyl ricinoleate was the most abundant at approximately 87.36%, while palmitic acid methyl ester had the lowest concentration at 1.07%. The order of fatty acids detected was methyl ricinoleate > linoleic acid > stearic acid > oleic acid methyl ester > palmitic acid. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an easy and efficient method for the analysis of castor oil. In conclusion, the developed methylation of castor oil and gas chromatography temperature program are suitable for the routine analysis of castor oil.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antiphlogistic Activity of Some New 4-Fluorophenyltriazolothiadiazines

The reaction between 4-fluorobenzoic acid hydrazide (1) and carbon disulfide in the existence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide yielded N?-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-hydrazinecarbodithioic acid (2). Subsequently, product 2 on reaction with an aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate led to the formation of compound 3. The condensation of compound 3 with various substituted ?-bromoacetophenones in ethanol furnished the targeted triazolothiadiazines, bearing a 4-fluorophenyl moiety (4a-l). Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation of the antiphlogistic potential of the synthesized molecules 4a-l was conducted. This assessment was completed using albino Wistar rats that had their paws swollen with carrageenan. Compounds 4l and 4b demonstrated significant (P < 0.01) antiphlogistic activity. Furthermore, compounds 4d, 4f, and 4k exhibited noteworthy antiphlogistic effects (P < 0.05), comparable to the standard drug indomethacin. This study sheds light on the antiphlogistic properties of these compounds and holds promise for further research in this area. . KEYWORDS :Antiphlogistic, Anti-inflammatory, 4-Fluorophenyl, Triazole, Thiadiazine.

Synthesis a Number of Heterocyclic Compounds and some of chalcones Derived From Levofloxacin

The hydrazide (1) was used as synthone for the following Compound pyridazine-3,6-dione (2) by reaction of hydrazide (1) with maleic anhydride and Compound phthalazine-1,4-dione (3) by the reaction of hydrazide (1) with phthalic anhydride. Substituted thiosemicarbazides (6-7) by hydrazide(1) reaction with substituted isothiocyanates in ethanol. The thiosemicarbazide (5) was, also synthesized by the reaction of hydrazide (1) with ammonium thiocyanate in presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 1-Formyl-2-acyl hydrazine (4) was obtained by the reaction hydrazide (1) with formic acid, and Substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (8-12) were obtained by reaction the hydrazide (1) with substituted carboxylic acid. Then, it was cyclized by phosphorous oxy chloride. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-5-thiol (35) was synthesized by reaction of the hydrazide (1) with carbon disulfide in presence alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Then, the compound (35) was used to synthesize: a- 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles (36-39) by reaction with alkyl halide. b-1,3,4-Oxadiazoline thione (40) by reaction with formaldehyde. c- Triazole (41) by reaction with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol. Pyrazolines compounds (23-32) were synthesized from the reaction of the hydrazide (1) with chalcones (13-22) (which were prepared by condensation of substituted Benzaldehyde with substituted acetophenone under basic conditions). Pyrazoline dion (33) and pyrazole (34) were synthesized through the reaction of the hydrazide (1) with diethyl malonate and acetyl acetone respectively.
 These compounds were characterization on bases of spectral (FT-IR)، and (1H-NMR , 13C-NMR)،and physical data .

Synthesis and Characterization of new Mannich Bases for Pyrazole containing Benimidazole Ring

This research includes synthesis of new derivatives of benzimidazole , the compound (A1*) prepared by reaction of o-phenylene diamine with carbon disulfide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Then the compound (A1*) was reaction with ethyl chloroacetate and potassium hydroxide to give ester (A2*). Then preparation of hydrazide (A3*) by the reaction of (A2*) with hydrazine hydrate (80%). Then we used the hydrazide (A3*) to prepare pyrazole (A4), then preparation of mannich basses by reaction of compound (A4) with different primary aromatic amines and formaldehyde

Optimization of the Removal of Naphthenic Acids from Crude Oil via Catalytic Esterification

This study was carried out to ascertain the optimum parameters for maximum total acid number (TAN) reduction via catalytic esterification using chicken eggshell ash as catalyst. A central composite design (CCD) was created to optimize TAN reduction by varying temperature and catalyst weight %. The chicken eggshell ash was calcined and reactivated in a furnace at 900 °C for an hour. An oil solution (referred to as synthetic solution) of diesel was adulterated with the organic acid m-toluic which served as a representation for highly acidic oil. Titration using alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) and an indicator (phenolphthalein) was used to deduce the total acid number of the synthetic solution before and after esterification. The optimum parameters for maximum TAN reduction obtained from the model were a temperature of 56.90 °C, a catalyst weight % of 11.45%, and a maximum TAN reduction of approximately 94%. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy also confirmed that TAN reduction had taken place as the peaks that represent the carbonyl group (C=O stretch at ~1605 cm-1) was reduced significantly.

Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of some thiazole derivatives

Thiazole derivatives 2a-c were synthesized via reaction of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide (1) and thiourea, thiosemicarbazide or thioacetamide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Also, substituted benzaldehyde reacted with thiosemicarbazide at reflux temperature in ethanol to afford hydrazone compounds 3a-k. Under microwave irradiation (M.I., 100W) with neat for 20sec; arylketones, thiosemicarbazide and chloroacetylchloride were reacted to afford thiazole derivatives 4a-j. Compounds are characterized by physical measurements, NMR and infrared spectra. Antibacterial activity of new compounds was evaluated with Gram Negative Serratia marcesence, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Psudomonas aeruginosa and Gram Positive; Staphylococcus aureus in comparison with Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin as standard drugs.

New Bioactive Fused Triazolothiadiazoles as Bcl-2-Targeted Anticancer Agents.

A series of 3-(6-substituted phenyl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[3,4-b]-[1,3,4]-thiadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indoles (5a–l) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-inhibitory activity. Synthesis of the target compounds was readily accomplished through a reaction of acyl hydrazide (1) with carbon disulfide in the presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide to afford the corresponding intermediate potassium thiocarbamate salt (2), which underwent cyclization reaction in the presence of excess hydrazine hydrate to the corresponding triazole thiol (3). Further cyclisation reaction with substituted benzoyl chloride derivatives in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride afforded the final 6-phenyl-indol-3-yl [1,2,4]-triazolo[3,4-b]-[1,3,4]-thiadiazole compounds (5a–l). The novel series showed selective sub-micromolar IC50 growth-inhibitory activity against Bcl-2-expressing human cancer cell lines. The most potent 6-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl) substituted analogue (5k) showed selective IC50 values of 0.31–0.7 µM against Bcl-2-expressing cell lines without inhibiting the Bcl-2-negative cell line (Jurkat). ELISA binding affinity assay (interruption of Bcl-2-Bim interaction) showed potent binding affinity for (5k) with an IC50 value of 0.32 µM. Moreover, it fulfils drug likeness criteria as a promising drug candidate.

Design, Synthesis of Analgesics and Anticancer of Some New Derivatives of Benzimidazole

This work, contains some new compounds from benzimidazole derivatives, which are synthesized by condensation of Orthophenylene diamine and Carbon disulfide resulting in 2-Mercapto-benzimidazole which is treated by alcoholic potassium hydroxide forming potassium salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole which reacts with different substances (alkyl chloroacetates, chloroacetic chloride, alkyl halides) also the ethoxy carbonyl methyl thiobenzimidazole reacts with different amines. In addition to chloromethyl benzimidazole which resulted from the reaction between orthophenylene diamine and chloroacetic acid, which reacted with different amines. The synthesized compound tested as analgesics and anticancer activity the new derivatives revealed moderate, strong and very strong analgesics and moderate and strong anticancer activity.

Metabolic fitness of Candida albicans is indispensable for functional drug efflux, ergosterol, and chitin biosynthesis.

Background and Purpose: The increment in fungal infections, particularly due to Candida species, is alarming due to the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Hence, the identification of novel drug targets to circumvent the problem of MDR requires immediate attention. The metabolic pathway, such as glyoxylate cycle (GC), which utilizes key enzymes (isocitrate lyase [ICL] and malate synthase [MLS]), enables C. albicans to adapt under glucose-deficient conditions. This study uncovers the effect of GC disruption on the major MDR mechanisms of C. albicans as a human pathogenic fungus.Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, efflux pump activity was assessed by phenotypic susceptibilities in the presence of substrates rhodamine 6G (R6G) and Nile red, along with R6G extracellular concentration (527 nm). In addition, ergosterol content was estimated by the alcoholic potassium hydroxide hydrolysis method. The estimation of chitin was also accomplished by the absorbance (520 nm) of glucosamine released by acid hydrolysis.Results: The results revealed that the disruption of ICL enzyme gene (Δicl1) led to the impairment of the efflux activity of multidrug transporters belonging to the ATP - binding cassette superfamily. It was further shown that Δicl1 mutant exhibited diminished ergosterol and chitin contents. In addition, all abrogated phenotypes could be rescued in the reverting strain of Δicl1 mutant.Conclusion: Based on the findings, the disruption of GC affected efflux activity and the synthesis of ergosterol and chitin. The present study for the first time revealed that metabolic fitness was associated with functional drug efflux, ergosterol and chitin biosynthesis and validated GC as an antifungal target. However, further studies are needed to comprehend and exploit this therapeutic opportunity.

Baseline survey of micro and mesoplastics in the gastro-intestinal tract of commercial fish from Southeast coast of the Bay of Bengal

Plastics pollution is ubiquitous. Microplastics (<5 mm in diameter) and mesoplastics (5–20 mm in diameter) are emerging as the most common plastic particulates found in the marine environment. In this study, the occurrence of microplastics and mesoplastics in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of some commercially important fish collected from Chennai and Nagapattinam of Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of Bay of Bengal was assessed. A new and improved alkaline digestion method, using alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) was carried out to destroy the organic matter. Following this method, twenty plastic particulates were isolated from the GI tract of 17 individual fish. Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation analysis (FTIR) showed that polymers found in GI tracts were of Polyethylene, Polyamide and Polyester types. Given the dry fish is India's biggest market and popular delicacy, the presence of microplastics in the fish gut is a potential serious human health concern, as they are directly consumed.

A METHOD FOR EVALUATING ERGOSTEROL CONTENT IN WOOD-DECAY FUNGI

ABSTRACT Ergosterol is responsible for important functions in the fungal plasma membrane. The influence of fungitoxic agents on membrane ergosterol content is one of the most important mechanisms of antifungal action and its knowledge allows the generation of products that associate active compounds of different mechanisms, consequently improving the effectiveness of wood preservatives. Therefore, this study optimized a method for quantifying ergosterol in wood-decay fungi. The white-rot species selected were Ganoderma applanatum and Trametes versicolor, while the brown-rot were Gloeophyllum trabeum and Lentinus lepideus. Mycelial discs of each species were transferred to Petri dishes containing a cellophane-covered potato-dextrose-agar medium. Mycelia of each fungus were collected, weighed, and transferred to test tubes with 5 mL of 25% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. The tubes were vortexed for 5 min, subjected to ultrasound for 5 min, incubated at 85 °C for 4 h, followed by the addition of 2 mL of sterile distilled water and 5 mL of n-heptane and subsequent ultrasound shaking for 2 min. The n-heptane layer was analyzed by UV spectrophotometry between 230 and 300 ηm. The blank sample only contained n-heptane. The mycelia wet weight of the fungi ranged from 0.061 to 0.296 g. Ergosterol content was 0.007% for Lentinus lepideus and 0.004% for the other species. The absorbance was higher than the ones observed in the blank for all samples. The adapted method was efficient for ergosterol extraction.

Heteroaromatization with 4-Phenyldiazenyl-1-naphthol. Part IV: Synthesis of Some New Heterocyclic Compounds with Potential Biological Activity.

Synthetic azo compounds and their derivatives have been studied extensively due to their biological and pharmacological activities. Pyranopyridines, pyranopyrimidines and tetrazoles derivatives have emerged as a promising and attractive scaffold in the development of potent biological and pharmacological agents. To design a series of new benzochromeno(pyridine/pyrimidine/tetrazole) derivatives and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against some bacterial strains (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and some fungal strains. The (E)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(phenyldiazenyl)-10-thioxo-7,9,10,11-tetrahydro-8Hnaptho[ 1,2-b]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8-one (4) was synthesized by the reaction of 4H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-3- carbonitrile (3) with carbon disulfide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Reaction of 3 with sodium azide in DMF and in presence of ammonium chloride afforded 6-(phenyldiazenyl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4Hbenzo[ h]chromen-2-amine (7) while with malononitrile, thiourea or urea gave chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine-9- carbonitrile (8), chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-10-thione (9) and chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-10-one (10), respectively. The assignment structures were established on the basis of spectral data. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds 3-12 was examined for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by using agar diffusion method such as Mueller-Hinton agar medium for bacteria and Sabouraud's agar medium for fungi. Ampicillin and mycostatine were included in the experiments as reference drugs. A series of new benzochromeno(pyridine/pyrimidine/tetrazole) derivatives were synthesized in this work. All compounds were evaluated in antimicrobial activities.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity Study of Some New Substituted Benzoxazole Derivatives

This research included the preparation of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (N1) by the reaction of ortho-aminophenol with carbon disulfide in an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. The 2-mercapto benzoxazole (N1) was then treated with hydrazine to obtain the 2-hydrazino benzoxazole (N2). A number of hydrazones (N3-N5) were prepared through the reaction of N2 with different benzaldehydes. The compound (N6) was also prepared whereby the ring closing of hydrazone (N3) using chloroacetylchloride, while the compound (N7) was prepared by treating 2-hydrazino benzoxazole with acetylacetone. When the compound (N1) was treated with formaldehyde, it afforded the compound (N8). Also, the N9 was obtained from the reaction of N1 with chloroacetic acid in the presence of alcoholic potassium hydroxide. The prepared compounds were characterized using physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods such as melting point, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Thereafter, some of the compounds were selected for in vitro antibacterial activity and one of these compounds showed an inhibition effect against gram positive only which is very important because it is considered as specific antibacterial drug.

Synthesis, characterization of some new 1,3-oxazine-4-one derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety with screening some of their biological activity.

The derivatives of benzo[e][1,3]oxazine-4-one including 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole rings were prepared via ring-closure reaction of Schiff’s bases with 2-hydroxybenzoic acid in dry benzene solvent. A series of Schiff’s bases were synthesized through converted of aromatic ester to aromatic acid hydrazide by reaction with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol, then treated with carbon disulfide (CS2) in alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution and acidified it with hydrochloric acid. The yield was reacted with chloroacetic acid in basic media by (additionelimination) reaction to give 2-(thio substituted)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-derivative, which stirred with thiosemicarbazide and phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) in cyclization reaction to yield thiadiazole ring associated with oxadiazole ring. Schiff’s bases were obtained in good yield by condensation reaction of the formed compound with diverse aromatic aldehydes in absolute ethanol and few drops of glacial acetic acid. The structure of compounds obtained were confirmed by spectroscopy, and spectrometry data: FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, besides melting points were recorded, and the purity was checked through T.L.C. technique. Some of these compounds were tested against bacteria, Bacillus (G+), E.Coli, and Klebsiella (G-).

Synthesis and evaluation of some new 1,3,4-oxadiazoles bearing thiophene, thiazole, coumarin, pyridine and pyridazine derivatives as antiviral agents.

In an attempt to produce heterocyclic compounds based on 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives with potential antiviral activity, synthesis of compound 1 [2-(5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile] was performed through the reaction of cyanoacetic acid hydrazide with carbon disulfide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Compound 1 has an activating methylene group, so it was directed toward some specific reactions. Thus, aryldiazonium chlorides reacted with compound 1 affording hydrazono derivatives 2a-c. Also, aromatic aldehydes reacted with compound 1 to produce compounds 3a,b. Furthermore, cyclic ketones were subjected to the synthesis of fused thiophene derivatives 4a,b via reaction with compound 1 in the presence of elemental sulfur. In addition, 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative 1, when reacted with isothiocyanates, salicylaldehyde or 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, formed thiazole derivatives 5a,b, coumarin derivative 6 and alkenyl derivatives 7a,b resp. Compound 7b underwent cyclization to afford pyridine derivative 8. Arylhydrazono derivatives 9a,b were produced through the reaction of compound 7a with aryldiazonium chlorides. Products 9a,b underwent cyclization to produce pyridazine derivatives 10a,b. Finally, 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative 1 was directed toward reaction with hydrazine derivatives, bromoacetophenone and ethylchloroacetate affording compounds 11a,b, 12 and 13, resp. Fused thiophene derivatives 14a,b were produced via reaction of compounds 4a,b with a mixture of malononitrile and ethylorthoformate. Antiviral activity of the synthesized products showed that 5-(4-amino-3-ethyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydrothiazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione (5a) and 5-(4-amino-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydrothiazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione (5b) acted as the most active agents against Feline herpes virus, Feline corona virus, Herpes simplex virus-1 and Herpes simplex virus-2, whereas compound 2-(5-(2-phenylhydrazono)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile (11b) was the most effective against Vaccinia virus, Herpes simplex virus (TK-KOS-ACVr), Coxsackie virus B4 and Vesicular stomatitis virus.

Efficient Synthesis of Some New 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles and 1,2,4‐Triazoles Linked to Pyrazolylcoumarin Ring System as Potent 5α‐Reductase Inhibitors

The current study in this article concerned with construction of five‐membered heterocycles with multiple heteroatoms as nitrogen and sulfur from readily available starting materials and reagents. Treatment of 1‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carbonyl)‐3‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5(4H)‐one with each of phenylisothiocyanate in alcoholic potassium hydroxide and carbon disulfide in basic medium gave rise to a thioanilide and methylthio derivatives, respectively. Treatment of the latter compounds with a variety of hydrazonoyl halides resulted in construction of thiadiazole moiety linked to pyrazole ring. Furthermore, triazole derivatives were synthesized from the thioanilide derivative through its reaction with methyl iodide followed by reaction with hydrazonoyl halides. 5α‐Reductase inhibition activity for the prepared compounds was investigated against the reference drug anastrozole, and the results showed that the inhibition activity of compounds 5g and 11g is more potent than anastrozole. Also compounds bearing triazole moiety is more potent than compounds bearing thiadiazole one. Moreover, the anti‐prostate cancer screening anti‐androgenic bioassay in human prostate cancer cells for the tested compounds was evaluated, and the results showed great inhibition growth and potential antiandrogens.

Determination of Saponification Value in Carnuba Wax by USP/NF Residual Titration Method &amp;lt;541&amp;gt;

Saponification value is defined as mg KOH needed to neutralize free acids and saponify esters in 1 g of the test substance. A search of the literature showed that the standard saponification methods of the U.S. Pharmacopeia, alcoholic potassium hydroxide were the only saponification reagent. The sample to investigate is saponified with an excess of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. After finished saponification the remaining excess of potassium hydroxide is determined by residual titration under Titrimetry , with aqueous volumetric hydrochloric acid. In this study, a test for saponification value has been successfully determined in carnuba wax. The average result has been found 90.9 mg KOH/g substance and, % RPD was 1.65%. This is in contradistinction to the U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/ NF) Method.

Development of Novel Indole Molecules for the Screening of Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

In the present work, some new 5-[2(3)-dialkylamino alkoxy] Indole 2,3-diones were prepared from 5-hydroxy isatin. A mixture of 5-hydroxy isatin, dialkylamino alkylhalide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide was stirred at room temperature for 6h to get the 5-[2(3)-dialkylamino alkoxy] Indole 2,3-diones. The structures of the products were characterized by IR, NMR, MASS Spectral studies. All the compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Some of these compounds showed good anti-inflammatory activity compared with standard compound Indomethacin.