Alcohol Mouthwash Research Articles

Perbandingan Kekerasan Permukaan Resin Komposit Nanofiller Setelah Perendaman Dalam Obat Kumur Beralkohol Dan Non Alkohol

Tooth decay is a major problem for dental and oral health in the surrounding environment. Process Degenerative diseases that start in the enamel and spread to the dentin are part of a disease known as dental caries. Composite resin is a material used for restorations. One of the mechanical properties of nanofiller composite resin, namely surface hardness, can affect the durability of composite resin. The cause that can affect the surface hardness of the composite is the use of mouthwash. Mouthwash, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic, can help maintain healthy teeth and mouth. The aim of this research was to determine the comparison of the surface hardness of nanofiller composite resin after immersion in alcoholic and non-alcoholic mouthwash. Materials and methods used are Experimental Laboratories with the Post-test With Control Group Design research design used. A total of 30 nanofiller composite resin samples were soaked for 24 hours in three different groups, namely group I which received distilled water as a control, group II which received mouthwash with 21.6% alcohol, and group III which received mouthwash without 0% alcohol. The Vickers hardness test is the test method used. The results of this research are that the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann Whitney U follow-up test show that the surface hardness comparison is not significant for the nanofiller composite resin in the distilled water and alcohol mouthwash groups, namely (p-value> 0.05), and the surface hardness comparison is significant. on nanofiller composite resin occurred in the alcoholic and non-alcoholic mouthwash immersion group (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: There is a comparison of the immersion surface hardness of alcoholic and non-alcoholic mouthwash in nanofiller composite resin. Soaking alcoholic mouthwash causes the surface hardness value to be very low.

DIFFERENCES OF BIOACTIVE COMPOSITE RESIN COLOR ON IMMERSION IN ALCOHOL AND NON-ALCOHOL MOUTHWASH

Background: Composite resin is the most used material for caries restoration and highly chosen by dental patients regarding it’s high aesthetic value. People often use mouthwash to maintain dental and oral hygiene, both those containing alcohol and non-alcohol. According to several studies, the alcohol in mouthwash will cause a decrease in the physical properties of the composite resin, such as surface roughness, compressive strength, hardness, and also the aesthetic value of the composite resin. Objective: To determine the difference of bioactive composite resin color on immersion in alcohol and non alcohol mouthwash. Methods: Experimental laboratory with a pre-test and post-test with control group design using 27 samples of composite resin with a diameter of 15 mm and 1 mm. The samples were divided into 3 groups, namely the immersion group in alcoholic mouthwash, non-alcohol, and aquades. Each group consisted of 9 samples to be measured the value of color change before and after immersion for 12 hours. Results: The results of the One Way ANOVA statistical test showed that there was an effect of soaking mouthwash on the color of the bioactive composite resin. The Post Hoc LSD test showed between the alcohol and non-alcohol mouthwash group, as well as alcohol and distilled water group had a significant difference, but not in the non-alcohol mouthwash and distilled water group. Conclusion: The immersion in both alcohol and non- alcohol mouthwash are significantly affecting the color changing in bioactive composite resin. The value of color changing between mouthwash goups are significantly different. Keywords: Bioactive composite resin, discoloration, liquid absorption, mouthwash.

THE EFFECT OF GLYCERIN APPLICATION ON SURFACE HARDNESS OF NANOHYBRID COMPOSITE RESIN IMMERSED IN ALCOHOLIC MOUTHWASH

ABSTRACT Background: Composite resin is the most commonly used restorative material. One of properties composite resins is surface hardness can change due to exposure of the restorative material to oral fluids such as alcoholic mouthwash. The degradation that occurs due to alcoholic mouthwash is able to reduce the surface hardness of the nanohybrid composite resin. Glycerin is able to increase the hardness of the composite resin by perfecting the polymerization that occurs in the restorative material when exposed to light cured light. Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of glycerin application on the hardness of nanohybrid composite resins after immersion in alcoholic mouthwash. Methods: A total of 32 samples of nanohobride composite resin in this study were made in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 5 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. The nanohybrid composite resin samples were divided into control and treatment group by applying glycerin on the sample surface before light curing. The study was continued by immersing the sample into artificial saliva for 24 hours and alcoholic mouthwash for 6 hours. The research continued with surface hardness test using the Vickers Hardness Tester. Result : Paired bivariate T test showed a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.005). The conclusions of this study indicate that the application of glycerin has an effect on the hardness of the nanohybrid composite resin after immersion with alcoholic mouthwash. Conclusion: The application of glycerin affects the hardness of the nanohybrid composite resin after immersion with alcoholic mouthwash. Key words: Glycerin application, Hardness, Nanohybrid composite resin

Perbedaan Kekerasan Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement dan Kompomer pada Pengguna Obat Kumur Alkohol dan Non Alkohol

The restoration materials, Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and compomer, often contact with various kinds of liquid in oral cavity. One of the liquid which has contact in oral cavity was mouthwash. The effect of using mouthwash can affect the hardness of the material. Hardness affects the longevity of a filling material persisted in the oral cavity. This study aims to determine the difference in hardness between Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and compomers on the users of alcohol and non alcoholic mouthwash. The type of the research is quasi experimental. There are 36 samples (18 RMGIC and 18 compomers). Each ingredient was divided into two groups which were immersed in alcoholic and non alcoholic mouthwashes. Then, the samples were immersed for 5 days which were replaced every 24 hours. The sample hardness was measured by the Vickers Hardness Test (Shimadzu HMV-M3). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test. After being tested, the average results of the non alcohol compomer hardness were 31.89, 22.94 alcoholic compomers, 14.17 non alcoholic RMGIC, and 5.00 alcoholic RMGICs. The Kruskal Wallis analysis test results obtained p value <0.5 showed there is a significant difference. There is a significant differencein the hardness of the Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) and the compomer on the users of alcohol and non alcoholic mouthwash. The hardness from highest to lowest is compomers immersed in non alcoholic mouthwash, compomers in alcoholic mouthwash, RMGIC in non alcoholic mouthwash, and RMGICs in alcoholic mouthwash.

Does the use of alcohol mouthwash increase the risk of developing oral cancer?

Design Systematic review.Case selection This study had a focused research format in terms of PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes). There were no age, gender or medical conditions which restricted or excluded patients from the inclusion criteria. The intervention was the use of alcohol-based mouthwashes in comparison to the control group where no mouthwash was used. A literature search was carried out utilising three electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library. The papers included for analysis within this review were all published from 2006 onwards and animal studies, case series and case reports were excluded.Data analysis The qualitative analysis included 43,499 participants from eight papers which included two meta-analyses, one clinical trial, three case-control studies and two cohort studies, all of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data were analysed by two independent reviewers who initially screened the articles and removed duplications before a second round of in-depth evaluation was conducted. A third reviewer was also included to act impartially to resolve any disagreements and reduce bias within the study. Risk of bias within studies was assessed utilising the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) which provided a uniform approach between the reviewers. A score of 6 or greater was associated with a low level of bias.Results The primary outcome parameter measured was acetaldehyde levels in saliva and the secondary outcome factor was the risk of developing an oral cancer. The results from this review concluded that the relationship between the use of alcohol mouthwash and cancer risk is complex and influenced by multiple variables. Factors which may influence the risk of developing an oral cancer from the use of alcohol mouthwash include increased frequency of rinsing (more than three times daily), total duration of mouthwash use (>35 years), poor oral hygiene and presence of other risk factors (for example, smoking and alcohol intake).Conclusions The use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes alone (when no other risk factors are present) does not increase the risk of developing an oral cancer or lead to increased salivary acetaldehyde. However, where other risk factors for oral cancer are present, the use of an alcohol-based mouthwash may further increase this risk.

Mouthwash Use and the Risk of Oral, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer. A Meta-Analysis.

Objective: The main aim of this study was to test whether the use of mouthwash is associated with subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and to test the potential risk of SCCHN depending on the mouthwash use duration, frequency, or alcoholic content. Materials and methods: We performed a meta-analysis using Web of Science and Scopus databases to detect the risk change associated with mouthwash use depending on the alcohol content, duration and frequency of use, and anatomical location. We used a random-effects model with the Sidik–Jonkman estimator for effect size model measures. Results: We included 17 studies in the meta-analysis containing 17,085 cases and 20,032 controls. The risk difference for SCCHN between mouthwash users and non-users was minimal, with a value of −0.02 [−0.05, 0.01]. Alcoholic mouthwash use was associated with a minimal decrease in risk (of −0.01 [−0.07, 0.05]). Frequent usage of mouthwash was associated with a statistically significant risk increase for SCCHN but the risk increase was marginal (0.04, [0.01, 0.06]). Conclusions: Overall, our study failed to show a statistically significant correlation between mouthwash use and the risk of SCCHN. The only statistically significant correlation that we could identify was between frequent usage and SCCHN, potentially caused by prolonged contact between some constituents of mouthwash (possibly alcohol) and the oral epithelium.

Formulation, Development, and Evaluation of Herbal Effervescent Mouthwash Tablet Containing Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Curcumin for the Maintenance of Oral Hygiene.

Dental caries originate due to the localized dissolution of the hard tissues of teeth, mainly caused by acids, developed by the presence of microorganisms in the biofilm (dental plaque) on the surface of teeth causing "cavities". Commercially available liquid mouthwashes containing synthetic active ingredients possess limitations like teeth staining, higher alcoholic content, taste disturbances, xerostomia, and stability issues. To make the solid preparation for oral hygiene (US6428770B1) in the form of herbal effervescent mouthwash tablet (CN106619318A, US8728446B2) using Azadirachta indica and Curcumin having antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiplaque, and anti-inflammatory activity. The optimization study of effervescent granules was performed by 33 factorial design. A total of 27 preliminary experimental batches were prepared by the fusion method, varying the amount of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate. A complex of curcumin was prepared with hydroxyl propyl β-cyclodextrin and further examined by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared tablets were evaluated for pre and post-compression parameters. The in vitro antimicrobial study was performed by Agar well diffusion method against S. mutans. All the experimental batches of effervescent granules were evaluated for pH, effervescent time, and CO2 content. Six batches were further selected for final tablet preparation. The results of the pre-compression parameters revealed excellent flow properties and post-compression parameters; the results were also significant. The antimicrobial study revealed the F3 as a final best formulation. The developed herbal formulation (F3) has a good potential to maintain oral hygiene as compared to alcoholic mouthwash and further studies may be necessary to confirm the efficacy of the formulation since only a single bacterial strain was assayed.

Compressive Strength of Dental E-Glass Microfiber-Reinforced Composite Resin in Mouthwash Immersion

Fiber-reinforced composite resin (FRC) is gaining popularity as dental filling material. In the oral cavity, it will contact with the oral environment including oral cleansing agents. This research was aimed to determine the effect of mouthwash on the compressive strength of FRC. The materials used were E-glass FRC (EverX Posterior, GC Corp, Japan), alcohol mouthwash (Original Listerine, Johnson&Johnson, Indonesia), alcohol-free mouthwash (Listerine Cool Mint Zero, Johnson&Johnson, Indonesia). Forty-five FRCs were made in cylindrical shapes. Specimens were divided into 2 groups of mouthwash immersion: alcohol and alcohol-free mouthwash. The groups were sub-grouped by 0, 6, 12, and 24 h immersion. Samples were recorded for compressive strength by Universal Testing Machine. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. The result of compressive strength values (MPa) were (alcohol mouthwash): 293.59±30.54 (0 h), 284.43±46.91 (6 h), 268.71±44.66 (12 h), 252.19±31.49 (24 h); (alcohol-free mouthwash): 294.12±28.17 (0 h), 287.30±35.56 (6 h), 273.32±41.94 (12 h), 260.82±40.67 (24 h). Statistical analysis revealed there was no significant influence of mouthwash type (alcohol or alcohol-free mouthwash), immersion duration (0, 6, 12, 24 h), and combination of mouthwash type and immersion duration (p>0.05) to the compressive strength of FRCs. The conclusions were the mouthwash types, immersion duration, and combination of mouthwash type and immersion duration did not influence the compressive strength of E-glass FRC

PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK OBAT KUMUR KONSENTRAT DENGAN BAHAN AKTIF MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN SIRIH DAN DAUN CENGKEH

Tooth and mouth disease that is suffered by many people is the reason for the increasing usage of mouthwash. Mouthwash on the market contains alcohol which causes side effects. The purpose of this study is to develop mouthwash concentrate based on essential oil (betel leaves and cloves) that can be accepted by prospective consumers, and to analyze the eligibility criteria of the mouthwash industry investment. The respondents 100 peoples, ranging in 15 to 62 y.o including visitors at Botani Square Mall, Sempur Field, Bhayangkara Hospital Bogor, and IPB students. The research uses an action research approach including market identification, prototype design, research and development, product acceptance analysis and financial analysis. Some problems raised from respondent interview were the side-effects of product, no measuring cup attached, less practical package, and the price was not affordable. The research solution was a practical 30 mL prototype of bottle drops with measuring cap. The production cost was IDR 6,808 and selling price (based on customer willingness to buy) of IDR 20,000. The result also showed a good acceptance of product by most respondents. Based on financial analysis, this product was concluded as feasible for industrial implementation. Keywords: alcohol mouthwash, betel-clove essensial oils, financial analysis, mouthwash industry

Alcohol-based mouthwash as a risk factor of oral cancer: A systematic review.

Background Oral and pharynx cancer represent a serious global problem, reaching an incidence of half a million cases annually. The role of tobacco and alcohol have been studied and proven to be one of its risk factors. We also know that mouthwashes contain a variable percentage of alcohol, so there is a reasonable concern about their role in carcinogenesis. Material and Methods To answer the PICOS (Population; Intervention; Comparison; Outcomes; Study) question: "Do patients (Population) who use alcohol-based mouthwashes (Intervention) compared to those who do not use them (Comparison) have higher acetaldehyde levels in saliva or higher risk of oral cancer development? (Outcomes)" Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, and prospective and retrospective cohort studies were included (Study). Two independent authors conducted literature screening through MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library, and they also conducted article and data extraction to undertake quality analyses. The main outcome measures were salivary acetaldehyde levels or the risk of oral cancer development. The most relevant data was extracted and the risk of bias from the studies included was also evaluated. Results Out of 497 potentially eligible papers, 8 studies were included in the qualitative analysis which include a total of 43,499 subjects: two meta-analyses, a clinical trial, three case-control studies and two cohort studies. One study (n = 3,926) found a relationship between alcohol mouthwash and oral cancer, two studies (n = 25,033) found this relationship when a high frequency of mouthwash was present, three studies (n = 14,482) failed to find this relationship and 2 studies (n = 58) found a temporary increase of acetaldehyde levels in saliva after alcohol mouthwash. Conclusions It cannot be guaranteed that the use of mouthwash represents an independent risk factor for the development of head and neck cancer. However, the risk does increase when it occurs in association with other carcinogenic risk factors. Key words:Oral Cancer, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Mouthwashes, Mouth rinse, Ethanol, Acetaldehyde, alcohol.

A Study on the Residual Mouth Alcohol of the Users of Alcoholic Mouthwash: Focusing on the Drunk Driving Control Processing

A Study on the Residual Mouth Alcohol of the Users of Alcoholic Mouthwash: Focusing on the Drunk Driving Control Processing

A Study on the Normative development direction of Drunk driving control processing

본 연구는 ‘알콜성 구강청결제 사용 운전자(구강청결제 운전자)’와 관련하여 구강청결제의 관리체계, 음주운전단속의 근거와 벌칙, 처리절차를 규범적으로 고찰하고, 구강청결제 운전자의 음주운전금지의무위반 여부, 음주측정요구절차의 규범적 논의, 음주측정불응죄 적용의 문제, 단속처리과정의 한계, 손해전보의 입증 곤란에 대한 제도적 검토를 통해, 구강청결제 운전자에 대한 단속처리 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 구강청결제는 의약외품으로 분류되어 판매에 제한이 없고, 일반 주류 수준의 알콜이 포함된 제품이 유통되고 있다. 경찰은「도로교통법」을 근거로 술에 취하였다고 인정되는 사람을 단속하고, 내부지침인「교통단속처리지침」에 의하여 구체적인 단속절차를 규정하고 있다. 음주운전금지의무를 위반한 운전자는 경찰 단속의 결과에 따라 형사처벌과 행정처분을 받게 된다. 구강청결제 운전자의 단속처리제도를 검토한 바에 의하면, 구강청결제 운전자의 음주운전금지의무위반은 채혈감정 결과를 조건으로 판단된다. 또한 음주측정 요구절차를 명시한「교통단속처리지침」은 적정하게 관리되지 않고 있으며, 위임입법을 통해 법률적 근거 없이 해석되어 죄형법정주의에 위반될 수 있다. 그리고 구강청결제 운전자가 실질적으로 술에 취하지 않았음에도 불구하고 입건하여 경찰 수사 인지권의 남용이 우려되고, 단속과정에서 발생하는 손해를 입증하기 곤란하다. 따라서 구강청결제 운전자 단속처리를 위한 대책으로 위임입법을 통해 법규적단속 근거의 필요성, 구강청결제 운전자에 대한 단속절차의 개선, 내사에 의한 구강청결제 운전자 처리, 구강청결제 운전자 단속에 대한 ‘보상제도’의 도입을 개선방안으로 제시하였다.In this study, Regarding the driver of alcoholic mouthwash(Oral cleansers) review Management system of oral cleanser, Law and penalties for drunk driving, Processing procedure. And after examining Oral cleanser driver’s Whether alcohol drinking is prohibited or not, Normative Problems of the Procedure for Demanding Drinking, Problems of non-compliance with drinking measurement, Limitations of drinking measurement Process, Difficulty in proving damage. Presented for drinking measurement process of Oral cleanser driver. Oral cleansers are classified as quasi-drugs and there is no restriction on sales, Products containing alcohol at regular alcohol levels are circulation. Police have measured on drunken people based on the Road and Traffic Act, The traffic enforcement process guidelines as an internal guide provide for enforcement procedures. Those who drink and drive are subject to criminal punishment and administrative disposition based on the results of police drinking measurement. According to the review of the control system of oral cleaner drivers, The oral cleaner driver s violation of the prohibition against drunk driving is determined by the blood sampling. Also the traffic enforcement process guidelines, which specify the drinking water measurement request procedures, are not properly managed and It can be interpreted without legal basis and violate ‘Nulla poena sine lege’. and it is difficult to prove the damage that occurs during the interception process. Therefore, Necessity of basis for Control through Delegation Legislation, Improvement of enforcement procedures for oral cleaners, Treatment of or al cleansing driver by Internal Investigation, Introduction of Actual Cost Co mpensation System were suggested as a countermeasure for Oral cleanser driver’s drunk driving measurement process.

Pengaruh Obat Kumur Beralkohol terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional

Surface roughness is one of the important properties to determine the aesthetic and long-term durability of a dental restoration materials such as glass ionomer cements. In the oral cavity, the intervention of food, drink or other materials such as mouthwash can affect the properties of restorative materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol containing mouthwash to the surface roughness of conventional glass ionomer cement. This was an experimental laboratory study with time-series design. Samples were conventional glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX, GC, Japan) in disk shaped with 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. Totally 10 samples were made and measured the initial surface roughness. Then the samples were stored in the alcohol containing mouthwash (Listerine® Cool Mint, Johnson & Johnson, Indonesia) for 30 seconds and measured the surface roughness again. The treatment and surface roughness measurements of samples is repeated up to 2 times for data 60 and 90 seconds. Roughness measurements made using profilometer tester (Mitutoyo, Japan). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p=0,05) post hoc LSD. The results showed the average value of surface roughness of glass ionomer cements early, after soaking 30, 60, and 90 seconds of 0.56 ± 0.11 µm, 0.71 µm ± 0.23, 0.96 ± 0.16 µm and 1.02 ± 0.13 µm. Data analysis shows the difference in surface roughness values were significantly (p <0.05) between groups immersion and significant difference was found between groups of 30 seconds to 60 seconds and a group of 60 seconds to 90 seconds. The conclusion that there is influence of alcoholic mouthwash to the surface roughness of glass ionomer cement and the longer the soaking time with a mouthwash that contains alcohol, the surface roughness of glass ionomer cement will increase.

Risk Factors of Oral Cancer and Potentially Malignant Disorders ( PMDs ) : Developing a High / Low Risk Profiling System

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a lethal and deforming disease, with a significant mortality and a rising incidence in younger and female patients. It is thus imperative to identify potential risk factors for OSCC and oral PMDs and to design an accurate data collection tool to try to identify patients at high risk of OSCC development. 14 factors consistently found to be associated with the pathogenesis of OSCC and oral PMDs. Eight of themwere identified as high risk (including tobacco, alcohol, betel quid, marijuana, genetic factors, age, diet and immunodeficiency) and 6 low risk (such as oral health, socioeconomic status, HPV, candida infection, alcoholic mouth wash and diabetes) were stratified according to severity of risk, associated carcinogenicity and clinicopathological effects, using evidence obtained from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This review provides understanding of the significance of various risk factors in oral carcinogenesis to help to stratify patients, especially those with potentially malignant disorders, into high and low risk groups. Key words: Oral cancer, oral potentially malignant disorders and risk factor.

OP138: Intra-oral acetaldehyde levels after rinsing with an alcohol-containing mouthwash, evidence of “Super-Producers”

Introduction Oral cancer is associated with alcohol consumption, potentially due to acetaldehyde, the carcinogenic metabolite of alcohol. We hypothesize that intra-oral acetaldehyde may vary individually and be related to oral disease. Purpose To assess intra-oral acetaldehyde production and correlate this with dental disease. Methods Saliva samples (30 s, 20 ml water mouth-swill), collected prior to rinsing (30 s, 20 ml of 27% alcohol mouthwash), then 1 and 5 min post-rinsing had acetaldehyde measured using headspace gas chromatography. Results were grouped: absent (Group 0); low (Group 1 – below 10 mM); active (Group 2–10 – 30 mM); high (Group 3–30 – 50 mM); excessive (Group 4–50 – 150 mM); and “Super-Producers” (Group 5 – above 150 mM). Orally healthy, edentulous and periodontal patients were enrolled. Results 66 enrolled: 21 healthy (10 non-smokers, 11 smokers); 20 with periodontitis (nine non-smokers, 11 smokers); 24 edentulous (16 patients non-smokers, eight smokers). The majority had no acetaldehyde pre-rinse (62/66; 94%). 2 min all had intra-oral acetaldehyde, the majority (67%, 44/66) actively producing (Group 3), seven produced excessive amounts (Group 4 and 5), with two “Super-Producers” over seven times the “safe” level. 6 min levels had returned to low for 92%, however five remained at over 10 mM. No correlation with oral conditions was found. Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate that individuals can produce very high levels of intra-oral acetaldehyde, “intra-oral acetaldehyde super-producers”, with no specific dental characteristics. These individuals may be at very high risk of developing oral cancer with long-term, multiple daily, alcohol-containing mouthwash use.

Oil Essential Mouthwashes Antibacterial Activity againstAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: A Comparison between Antibiofilm and Antiplanktonic Effects

The aim of this work is to determine the antibacterial activity of three marketed mouthwashes on suspended and sessile states of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The efficacy of two commonly used products in clinical practice, containing essential oils as active ingredients (menthol, thymol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol) in association with or without alcohol, has been evaluated in comparison with a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash. The microtiter plate assay, in order to obtain a spectrophotometric measurement of bacterial responses at growing dilutions of each antiseptic, was used for the study. The analysis revealed that a good antibacterial activity is reached when the abovementioned mouthwashes were used at concentration over a 1/24 dilution and after an exposure time of 30 seconds at least. In conclusion, the alcoholic mouthwash appears to have a better biofilm inhibition than its antiplanktonic activity while the nonalcoholic product demonstrates an opposite effect with a better antiplanktonic behavior.

Efficacy of essential oil mouthwash with and without alcohol: a 3-Day plaque accumulation model

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplaque effect of a new alcohol free essential oil mouthwash with respect to a control of an essential oil with alcohol mouthwash, using an in vivo plaque regrowth model of 3-days.MethodsThe study was designed as a double-masked, randomized, crossover clinical trial, involving 30 volunteers to compare two different essential oil containing mouthwashes, during a 3-day plaque accumulation model. After receiving a thorough professional prophylaxis at the baseline, over the next 3-days each volunteer refrained from all oral hygiene measures and had two daily rinses with 20 ml of the test mouthwash (alcohol free essential oil) or the control mouthwash (essential oil with alcohol). At the end of the each experimental period, plaque was assessed and the panelists filled out a questionnaire. Each subject underwent a 14 days washout period and there was a second allocation.ResultsThe essential oil mouthwash with ethanol shows a better inhibitory effect of plaque regrowth in 3-days than the mouthwash test with only essential oil in the whole mouth (plaque index = 2.18 against 2.46, respectively, p < 0.05); for the lower jaw (plaque index = 2.28 against 2.57, respectively, p < 0.05); for the upper jaw (plaque index = 2.08 against 2.35, respectively, p < 0.05); for the incisors (plaque index = 1.93 against 2.27, respectively, p < 0.05); and the canines (plaque index = 1.99 against 2.47, respectively, p < 0.05).ConclusionThe essential oil containing mouthwash without alcohol seems to have a less inhibiting effect on the plaque regrowth than the traditional alcoholic solution.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01411618

Whole genome amplification of buccal cell DNA: genotyping concordance before and after multiple displacement amplification

While buccal cells provide an easily accessible source of genomic DNA, the amount extracted may be insufficient for many studies. Whole genome amplification (WGA) using multiple displacement amplification (MDA) may optimize buccal cell genomic DNA yield. We compared the usefulness, in epidemiological surveys, of DNA derived from buccal cells collected by alcohol mouthwash and amplified by WGA protocol and standard protocols. Buccal cell collection kits were mailed to 300 randomly selected members of a large cohort study, and 189 subjects returned buccal cell samples. We determined: (i) which QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit extraction protocol (tissue or blood) produced more DNA; and (ii) whether it is feasible to use MDA to prepare DNA for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping of markers such as the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes. The two DNA extraction protocols were tested on 20 different patient samples each. The tissue protocol yielded more DNA than the blood protocol (15.4+/-8.6 vs. 7.6+/-7.1 microg, p<0.0001). The 20 DNA samples extracted using the tissue protocol were then subjected to pre- and post-MDA genotyping using amplicons for the MTHFR SNP at C677T and the intron 8 VDR SNP. No genotyping discrepancies were detected in pair-wise comparisons of pre- and post-MDA. Genotyping DNA from MDA-based WGA is indistinguishable from routine polymerase chain reaction and offers a stable DNA source for genomic research and clinical diagnosis.

Correlation of flunisolide plasma levels to eosinopenic response in humans

Plasma levels of flunisolide were measured in healthy male volunteers after the administration of single doses of the drug by the intravenous, oral, intranasal, and bronchial inhalation routes. The systemic availability of a 1-mg dose orally was only 21%. After a single dose of approximately 0.117 mg intranasally plasma levels ranged up to 1 ng/ml. When 1 mg was administered by bronchial inhalation, peak or near peak plasma levels were recorded at 2 min and remained near this level throughout the first hour before declining at a rate similar to that observed after flunisolide intravenously (plasma t 1 2 = 1.6 to 2 hr ). Gargling with an alcoholic mouthwash immediately after inhalation reduced plasma levels at 30 and 60 min but not earlier, suggesting rate-limiting dissolution of flunisolide in bronchial fluids or rate-limiting diffusion across the mucociliary blanket or pulmonary membrane. The systemic availabilities of the inhaled-mouthwash and inhaled-no mouthwash doses were 32% and 39%, respectively. Systemic potency of flunisolide, measured by eosinopenic response, was oral < inhaled < intravenous and correlated with the systemic availability of flunisolide after drug administration by these three routes. These pharmacokinetic properties of flunisolide are clinically advantageous in that relatively small doses are delivered topically to the target organs, i.e., the nasal mucosa and lungs, whereas a large portion of the dose is swallowed and subsequently extensively metabolized to relatively inactive metabolites.