Alcohol Swab Research Articles

Clean the skin: Reducing blood culture contamination in the emergency department.

To determine whether blood culture contamination (BCC) rates could be decreased in the ED by an educational programme. Educational intervention focusing on a 1-min venepuncture cleaning time and providing a larger chlorhexidine alcohol swab. BCC rates were examined retrospectively 12-month pre-, and 9-month post-intervention. Six thousand nine hundred and fifty-three blood cultures were collected over the study period. The BCC rate was 2.4% pre-intervention versus 1.8% post-intervention, with no significant difference in BCC rates (Z-score=1.862, P=0.063). This educational intervention focusing on skin clean time did not significantly decrease BCC rates in a setting of an already low (<3%) BCC rate.

223 Evaluation of nailfold capillaries in dermatomyositis using a dermatoscope

Nailfold capillary (NC) abnormalities are increasingly utilized in the evaluation of rheumatic conditions. Their presence can distinguish primary Raynaud’s phenomenon from secondary etiologies and are used in the diagnostic criteria of scleroderma. Dermoscopy is a convenient method of evaluating NC changes with similar efficacy to capillaroscopy. We imaged all ten nailfolds of subjects with dermatomyositis (DM) using a dermatoscope with a smartphone adapter. Fingernails were cleaned with an alcohol swab prior to evaluation. Images were assessed for loop dilation (LD), abnormal morphology (AM), capillary bed disorganization (CBD), capillary hemorrhage (CH), capillary dropout (CD), decreased capillary density (DCD), and subpapillary plexus visibility (SP). Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Area and Severity activity (CDASI-A) scores and systemic activity (lung, muscle, or joint involvement) were collected. Analysis used Student’s t-test and chi-square test. Subjects with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, glaucoma, or other primary rheumatic disease were excluded. 44 subjects, 17 with amyopathic DM (ADM), were included. Mean (standard error) CDASI activity and damage scores were 13 (1.05) and 4 (0.39), respectively. 89% of subjects demonstrated capillary abnormalities. LD (77%), followed by CBD (73%), were the two most common findings. NC changes were most often found on 4th and 5th fingers. Thumbs demonstrated the fewest abnormalities. Mean CDASI-A was higher in patients with AM (CDASI 16 vs 10, p=0.003), CD (15 vs 10, p=0.016), DCD (17 vs 10, p<0.001), and trended towards significance for LD and CBD. There was a trend towards a higher percentage of CH in patients with ADM compared to those with muscle disease (no difference in CDASI-A). Subjects with skin limited disease (n=23) vs active systemic disease demonstrated more AM (74% vs 38%, p=0.02; no difference in CDASI-A). Given its prevalence, NC changes are useful in the evaluation of DM. AM, CD, and DCD may be markers of cutaneous disease activity.

Microbiological Impacts of Decontamination of Stethoscopes and Assessment of Disinfecting Practices among Physicians in Pakistan: A Quality Improvement Survey.

The study was conducted to determine bacterial contamination of stethoscopes used by doctors before and after disinfecting with isopropyl alcohol and analyze their practices of disinfecting stethoscopes. Samples from stethoscopes were taken before and after disinfecting with 70% isopropyl alcohol swab with the help of a sterile swab. All swabs were inoculated on Blood and MacConkey agar plates and were examined for growth. Stethoscopes of 78 doctors were sampled which included 45 (58%) males and 33 (42%) females. Before decontamination of diaphragms with isopropyl alcohol, 27 (34.6%) diaphragms had "growth" while 51 (65.4%) had "no growth." After decontamination with isopropyl alcohol, 5 (6.4%) had "growth" while 73 (93.6%) had "no growth." The most common microorganism isolated from stethoscopes' diaphragms was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), that is, 14 out of 78 (17.9%). The survey also evaluated factors associated with contamination of stethoscopes. Most doctors 71(91%) believe that stethoscopes can be a source of infection and 55.1% (N = 43) responded that both diaphragm and bell of stethoscopes can transmit infections. Many doctors (41%, N = 32) reported that "forgetfulness/laziness" was the barrier which they faced regarding stethoscope hygiene followed by "lack of time" (21.8%, N = 17). The contamination rate (66.6%) is highest in those doctors who are using their stethoscopes for 3-5 years. Of them, 30 doctors (38.5%) never decontaminated their stethoscopes among which 17 had growth in their stethoscopes before cleaning with isopropyl alcohol, while three had growth even after decontamination. Most doctors used sanitizer (29.5%) and isopropyl alcohol (25.6%) as cleaning agents.

Reliability of Handheld Rebound Tonometer When Reusing Handheld Rebound Tonometer Probes

Background: The iCare&reg; Pro handheld rebound tonometer (HRET) is a reliable and portable tonometer. Although the probes have been indicated for single use, many healthcare practitioners reuse the probes after disinfection with alcohol. Only one result has been reported the validity of reusing HRET probes on artificial corneas. Objective: To determine the reliability of HRET when reusing HRET probes in glaucoma and glaucoma suspected patients. Materials and Methods: The present study was prospective and observational. HRET was performed on 58 sitting-position participants by a single experienced examiner. Individual measurements were shown digitally in mmHg. Each participant&rsquo;s intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured using a new probe, and the test was repeated 3 additional times with the same probe after being wiped with a 70% isopropyl alcohol swab between each test. A total of four IOP values were recorded for each participant, and subsequent data trends were analyzed. Results: Fifty-eight eyes of 58 participants were enrolled in the present study. The mean IOP values of the new, the first reuse, the second reuse, and the third reuse of the HRET probes were 13.8+2.6, 13.9+2.9, 13.8+2.7 and 13.6+2.5 mmHg, respectively. The IOP values were analyzed using the Bland-Altman method which showed agreement between the new, first reuse, second reuse, and third reuse measurement values of the same HRET probe. There was a statistically significant difference between the IOP measurements obtained using the new HRET probe testing and those obtained from reusing the HRET probe for the third time by paired t-test (p=0.005). Conclusion: There was good agreement of IOP measurements between the new, first reuse, and second reuse measurement values of the same HRET probe. Keywords: Handheld rebound tonometer; New iCare&reg; probe; Reusing iCare&reg; probe; Tonometry; Intraocular pressure; Glaucoma

Effect of the introduction of a management bundle for blood culture collection

BackgroundInappropriate blood collection subjected to blood culture (BC) causes BC contamination and may complicate the diagnose is of infectious diseases. Therefore, we developed a bundle based on the guideline recommendations for appropriate blood collection and examined the effects of bundle introduction. MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of BC samples to determine the contamination rates before and after introducing the BC bundle. We also analyzed the correlation between the compliance rate of the bundle and contamination rate, and between each bundle element and contamination. ResultsAfter the introduction of the bundle, the contamination rate was significantly reduced from 5.4% ± 0.9% to 1.7± 0.7% (P < .01). The compliance rate of the bundle was significantly associated with a lower contamination rate (P < .01). Multivariable logistic regression showed that collection from superficial veins of the cubital fossa (odds ratio [OR], 0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.51, P < .01) and disinfection of the skin at the blood collection site with 1% chlorhexidine alcohol swab (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.25-0.68, P < .01) were significantly associated with lower contamination. ConclusionsThis study suggests that the introduction of the BC bundle significantly reduced the contamination rate, and bundle compliance was associated with a lower contamination rate.

The Way of Laryngoscope Disinfection: A Survey of Practice in Various Hospitals and Clinics

Background and Aims: During general anaesthesia, laryngoscope is a common equipment for intubation used by anaesthesiologists. Laryngoscope has been identified as a potential source of cross infection. Though guidelines exist for appropriate disinfection practices, recent reviews suggested that current methods of disinfection areless effective and compliance is poor with the established protocols. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey to study the current disinfection practices being followed by a cross section of anaesthesiologists.&#x0D; Methods: A simple questionnaire containing 14 questions was distributed amongst anaesthesiologists through online as well as direct contact. Data were analyzed with percentage analysis.&#x0D; Results: Out of 150 anaesthesiologists, 120 submitted the completed questionnaires. Residents constituted 41% and 46% were consultants. Eighteen (12%) used only tap water for cleaning and 132 (88%) used a chemical agent after rinsing with water. Out of 132, 76 (51%) used detergent/soap solution, 29 (19%) would wash and then soak in disinfectant or germicidal agents (glutaraldehyde, povidone iodine and chlorhexidine) and 18 (12%) would wipe the blade with an alcohol swab. With respect to disinfection of laryngoscope handles, 70% respondents said they used an alcohol swab, 18% did not use any method, 9% were not aware of the method being used, while 3% did not respond.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our results indicate wide variation in methods of decontamination of laryngoscopes. Awareness regarding laryngoscope as a potential source of infection was high. We need to standardize and implement guidelines on a national level and make available resources which will help to improve patient safety.&#x0D; CBMJ 2020 January: Vol. 09 No. 01 P: 04-10

Effect of alcohol swabbing of venepuncture site on blood alcohol estimation: A literature review

Estimation of blood alcohol concentration is one of the very important investigations in medico-legal cases dealing with drink and driving, alcohol toxicity etc. There are many factors which may influence estimation of blood alcohol concentration of an individual. One of these factors is thought to be application of alcohol containing swab at venepuncture site, prior to collection of blood for alcohol estimation, either by gas chromatography or by enzymatic assay. Alcohol content of swab, either plain ethanol or iso-propyl alcohol, is said to influence blood alcohol estimation, to a significant extent, is a very common information rather misinformation given to all medical practitioners worldwide. Unfortunately, Courts of Law, in India also have to believe on this, and in many cases defence try to create benefit of doubt, using this information. It is commonly learnt and taught to Medical graduates, that while collecting blood samples from an individual for Blood Alcohol estimation, spirit swab should not be used for cleaning area of venepuncture. This is due to reason believed so far, that alcohol swabbing of venepuncture site can alter Blood Alcohol Estimation significantly. However there is no any study advocating this theory. Moreover review of literature pertaining to this subject has shown studies, which tend to prove that this concept is nothing but a myth and one has to be very particular to prove alteration in blood alcohol concentration due to alcohol swabbing of venepuncture site. Secondly, the literature and curricular statements in Forensic Medicine, which is written long back, needs exhaustive changes, and should be more evidence based.

Mobile phones of paediatric hospital staff are never cleaned and commonly used in toilets with implications for healthcare nosocomial diseases

An ever-increasing number of medical staff use mobile phones as a work aid, yet this may pose nosocomial diseases. To assess and report via a survey the handling practices and the use of phones by paediatric wards healthcare workers. 165 paediatric healthcare workers and staff filled in a questionnaire consisting of 14 questions (including categorical, ordinal and numerical data). Analysis of categorical data used non-parametric techniques such as the Chi-squared test. Although 98% of respondents (165 in total) report that their phones may be contaminated, 56% have never cleaned their devices. Of the respondents that clean their devices, 10% (17/165) had done so with alcohol swabs or disinfectant within that day or week; and an additional 12% respondents (20/165) within that month. Of concern, 52% (86/165) of the respondents use their phones in the bathroom, emphasising the unhygienic environments in which mobile phones/smartphones are constantly used. Disinfecting phones is a practice that only a minority of healthcare workers undertake appropriately. Mobile phones, present in billions globally, are therefore Trojan Horses if contaminated with microbes and potentially contributing to the spread and propagation of micro-organisms as per the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the world.

Endoscopic Biopsy Technique using an Alcohol Swab to Prevent Transmission through the Instrument Channel in the COVID-19 Era.

Endoscopic Biopsy Technique using an Alcohol Swab to Prevent Transmission through the Instrument Channel in the COVID-19 Era.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in university students: Cross-sectional study, December 2020, England

BackgroundIn England, the reopening of universities in September 2020 coincided with a rapid increase in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in university aged young adults. This study aimed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in students attending universities that had experienced a COVID-19 outbreak after reopening for the autumn term in September 2020.MethodsA cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted during 02–11 December 2020 in students aged ≤ 25 years across five universities in England. Blood samples for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing were obtained using a self-sampling kit and analysed using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 N antibody and/or an in-house receptor binding domain (RBD) assay.FindingsSARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in 2,905 university students was 17.8% (95%CI, 16.5–19.3), ranging between 7.6%-29.7% across the five universities. Seropositivity was associated with being younger likely to represent first year undergraduates (aOR 3.2, 95% CI 2.0–4.9), living in halls of residence (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7–2.7) and sharing a kitchen with an increasing number of students (shared with 4–7 individuals, aOR 1.43, 95%CI 1.12–1.82; shared with 8 or more individuals, aOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.04–2.24). Seropositivity was 49% in students living in halls of residence that reported high SARS-CoV-2 infection rates (>8%) during the autumn term.InterpretationDespite large numbers of cases and outbreaks in universities, less than one in five students (17.8%) overall had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the end of the autumn term in England. In university halls of residence affected by a COVID-19 outbreak, however, nearly half the resident students became infected and developed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Smartphone usage in neonatal intensive care unit

Introduction: Mobile Phone (MP) has become an integral part of life in this modern era. In clinical practice it is used for various several other reasons apart from communication. As, it is a potential source of infection, it use should be optimized. Objectives: This study was done to determine the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of MP usage and disinfection among the healthcare workers (HCW) in neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study subjects were doctors and paramedical staff. They were interviewed using a structured pretested questionnaire in three domains, knowledge (12), attitude (11), and practice (17). The response was assessed against either for predefined answers and expressed as percentages. Results: A total number of 54 HCW were interviewed. Among knowledge domain, most of HCW (&gt;80%) were aware of various aspects about role of MP in infection transmission; however, the response was lesser when it came to optimum technique of disinfection. In the domain of attitude, most of subjects agreed that the MP use should be reduced and it should be disinfected but there were concerns regarding damage with repeated infections. Routine disinfection of MP was being done in 75% of cases and almost half were doing it more frequently post Coronavirus pandemic. For practice aspect, alcohol swabs were most commonly used for disinfection and physical barrier was also being used in 45% of cases. Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude about role of MP in infection among HCW is good. However, there is scope for improving practices in terms of correct method of disinfection, reducing, balancing, and optimizing its use.

Infection prevention practice and associated factors among health care workers in south Gondar zone, North West Ethiopia, 2020

Background: Infection prevention is universally acknowledged as a vital component of comprehensive approach to patient and healthcare worker safety, quality improvement, and improved health outcomes. Infections acquired during health-care delivery are a significant public health problem around the world. Thus, infection prevention is not only the most cost-effective option, but also the best strategy to prevent the spread of disease within health facilities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess infection prevention practices and associated factors among health care workers in governmental health care facilities in South Gondar zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted from 15 February-15 April, 2020 in South Gondar zone among healthcare workers.Multistage was usedas sampling procedures. Data were collected using pre-tested self-administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi-data version 3.1 and SPSS version 23 respectively. The model was fitted using multivariable logistic regression to identify associated factors with infection prevention practices. Odds ration with a 95% confidence interval was used as measure of association. Finally p-value less than 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Results: Six hundred two (97%) healthcare workers participated in the study. Three hundred thirty six 60.8%(57.1-64.8%) 95%CI health care workers had good infection prevention practices. Availability of gloves, AOR 3.69(2.015, 6.789)95%CI, Availability Safety box, AOR=1.9(1.2, 3.1)95% CI, Presence of Infection prevention guide line, AOR=0.498(.32, .83) 95% CI, presence of alcohol swab AOR = 0.49(.29, 82)95% CI. Accessibility of hand washing items AOR=2.0(1.2, 3.4) 95% CI were found to be significantly associated. Conclusion: Nearly two-third of the healthcare workers had good infection prevention practices. On infection prevention measures, availability of guide lines, safety box, gloves, alcohol swab, and accessibility of items for hand washings were predictors of good infection prevention practices. To sustain good practices, accessible of hygiene materials should be kept to all units of health facility all times.

DNA Sequencing to Evaluate Nail Pathogens: An Investigation into Bacteria and Fungi.

It is well established and accepted that fungi are a major contributing factor in nail dystrophy. It has also been recognized that bacteria play a crucial role in onycholysis. However, the bacteria and fungi that can be grown on culture media in the laboratory are only a small fraction of the total diversity that exists in nature. Contemporary studies have revealed that fungi and bacteria often form physically and metabolically interdependent consortia that harbor properties and pathogenicity distinct from those of their individual components. Metagenomic DNA "shotgun" sequencing has proved useful in determining microbial etiology in clinical samples, effective for not only bacteria but also fungi, archaea, and viruses. Thirty-nine consecutive nail and subungual debris samples with suspected onychomycosis were sent for laboratory analysis using three examination techniques: DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction analysis, and standard fungal culture. The nail plate and surrounding areas were disinfected with an ethyl alcohol swab before nail sampling. Samples from 16 patients were analyzed for suspected onychomycosis with DNA sequencing, searching a database of 25,000 known pathogens. These results were compared with 15 real-time polymerase chain reaction screening assays and eight fungal cultures sampled with the same methods. The DNA sequencing detected 32 species of bacteria and 28 species of fungi: 50% were solely bacterial, 6.3% were solely fungal, and 43.7% were mixed communities of bacteria and fungi. Toenails tested with DNA sequencing demonstrated the presence of both bacteria and fungi in many samples. Further work is required to fully investigate its relevance to nail pathology and treatment.

Infection prevention practice and associated factors among health care workers in south Gondar zone, North West Ethiopia, 2020

Background: Infection prevention is universally acknowledged as a vital component of comprehensive approach to patient and healthcare worker safety, quality improvement, and improved health outcomes. Infections acquired during health-care delivery are a significant public health problem around the world. Thus, infection prevention is not only the most cost-effective option, but also the best strategy to prevent the spread of disease within health facilities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess infection prevention practices and associated factors among health care workers in governmental health care facilities in South Gondar zone, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted from 15 February-15 April, 2020 in South Gondar zone among healthcare workers.Multistage was usedas sampling procedures. Data were collected using pre-tested self-administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using Epi-data version 3.1 and SPSS version 23 respectively. The model was fitted using multivariable logistic regression to identify associated factors with infection prevention practices. Odds ration with a 95% confidence interval was used as measure of association. Finally p-value less than 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Results: Six hundred two (97%) healthcare workers participated in the study. Three hundred thirty six 60.8%(57.1-64.8%) 95%CI health care workers had good infection prevention practices. Availability of gloves, AOR 3.69(2.015, 6.789)95%CI, Availability Safety box, AOR=1.9(1.2, 3.1)95% CI, Presence of Infection prevention guide line, AOR=0.498(.32, .83) 95% CI, presence of alcohol swab AOR = 0.49(.29, 82)95% CI. Accessibility of hand washing items AOR=2.0(1.2, 3.4) 95% CI were found to be significantly associated. Conclusion: Nearly two-third of the healthcare workers had good infection prevention practices. On infection prevention measures, availability of guide lines, safety box, gloves, alcohol swab, and accessibility of items for hand washings were predictors of good infection prevention practices. To sustain good practices, accessible of hygiene materials should be kept to all units of health facility all times.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding wound care among general population in Aseer region.

Background:Wound care is observed to be one of the major challenge in health-care system. Wound infection is one of the major issues in medical treatment. There is limited information regarding knowledge and attitude of patients regarding care of traumatic wound. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding wound care among general population in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.Materials and Method:This cross-sectional study was a questionnaire-based study conducted on general population from time period from September 2020 to November 2020. The demographic data collected were age, gender distribution, marital status, residence, job profile, income, education, habit of smoking and any comorbidities. To analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice of general population regarding wound care, 28 well-constructed questions were framed and asked. The response to all these questions was recorded and subjected to statistical analysis.Results:A total of 897 participants were included in the study. In total, 56.74% subjects of age group 41–60 years of age. In around 80% participants, no co-morbidities were observed. Around 29% participants had previous experience of surgical wound, with most common wound site being abdomen. The most common symptom in around 58% participants was excessive bleeding. Use of Alcohol swab and dry gauze were commonly used by participants as wound care measures.Conclusion:We observed that knowledge, attitude and practices followed by patients were not up to the standard. As patients' knowledge, good attitude and practices are important in implementing newer management technique; thus, we advice to take necessary steps to improve the attitude and knowledge of general public.

Prediction of Post spinal anesthesia hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section using Perfusion index

Introduction: Spinal anesthesia induced hypotension frequently complicates Cesarean delivery. This is usually due to sudden sympatholysis causing decreased venous return which can be aggravated by physiological changes of pregnancy leading to change in baseline peripheral vascular tone. Strategies to prevent hypotensive episodes should be the primary aim of anesthetic management. A simple noninvasive measurement of perfusion index derived from pulse oximeter predicting hypotension during the routine intraoperative course could provide a new dynamism to the management and improving the safe execution of anesthesia.&#x0D; Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to compare incidence of hypotension following SAB for LSCS in patients with baseline PI ≤ 3.5 to those with PI &gt; 3.5. The secondary objectives were to compare PI, HR, SBP, MAP at various time intervals and also to study the side effects between the two groups.&#x0D; Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital from to July 2019 to October 2019. 73 Term parturients presenting for elective cesarean delivery were included for the study.&#x0D; Upon arrival in the operation room, standard monitors were attached and baseline HR, SBP, DBP, MAP, PI and SPO2 were recorded in supine position. The patients with baseline PI ≤ 3.5 were enrolled into Group I and those with a PI &gt; 3.5 were enrolled into Group II. Spinal Anesthesia with 10mg of 0.5% heavy Bupivacaine and 20mcg Fentanyl ( total 2.4ml) was given at L3-L4 interspace in sitting position using midline approach. Patient was then returned to supine position with left lateral tilt of 15 degrees to facilitate left uterine displacement. Upper sensory level was checked at 5 minutes using alcohol swab. Once T-6 level was reached, surgery was started. Maternal SBP, DBP, MAP, HR and PI were recorded at 1 minute intervals between spinal injection and delivery and then 3 minutes until end of surgery. Clinically relevant hypotension was defined as the decrease in MAP by 20% or more from baseline value.&#x0D; Results: The incidence of hypotension in Group I was 18.8% (6/30) compared to 81.3% (26/38). This was clinically and statistically highly significant (P = 0.000, odds ratio 0.11). On Spearman’s rank correlation we found highly significant correlation between baseline PI &gt;3.5 and number of episodes of hypotension (rs 0.482, P = 0.000). The sensitivity and specificity of baseline PI with cut-off 3.5 for predicting hypotension were 81.3% and 66.7% respectively. The ROC curve analysis showed 3.53 as appropriate cut‑off for our findings. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.734 [Figure 6](Lower bound 0.608 and upper bound 0.861, P=0.001). &#x0D; Conclusion : This study demonstrates that baseline PI of &gt; 3.5 correlates with incidence of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in healthy parturients compared to a baseline PI of &lt; 3.5.

Effect of Skin Disinfection according to the Disinfection Frequency in Peripheral Intravenous Therapy

Purpose: For this study the effect of skin disinfection according to the disinfection frequency in peripheral intravenous therapy was examined.Methods: One hundred and twenty skin disinfections, three sections on the right forearm and three sections on the left forearm, were performed on each of 20 seniors in the school of nursing, and 240 microbial cultures were performed before and after the skin disinfection at each site. Single-use sterile packaged 83% alcohol cotton was used to disinfect. The skin was disinfected once, twice, or three times for 5 seconds per session and then allowed to dry for one minute. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE).Results: There was no significant difference in the number of microbial colonies by the number of disinfections (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.599) as well as the number of microbial colonies among those disinfected the same number of times (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.440). However, the number of microbial colonies after disinfection was significantly lower than that before disinfection (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001). The interaction effect, which was the difference in the decrease of microbial colonies by the number of disinfections, was not significant (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.101).Conclusion: Prior to peripheral intravenous injection, disinfecting the skin once for five seconds with an 83% alcohol swab was as effective as disinfecting it twice for 10 seconds or three times for 15 seconds. Therefore, disinfecting the skin thoroughly for 5 seconds or more with an 83% alcohol cotton swab is sufficient for peripheral vein injections in the clinical field.

DETEKSI EKTOPARASIT Argulus sp. PADA BUDIDAYA IKAN KARPER (Cyprinus carpio L) DI UPTD- BALAI PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA IKAN AIR TAWAR AIKMEL KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

Argulus sp. is a fish louse disease that attacks fish on the outside of the body (Ectoparasites) resulting in wounds and bite marks being a trigger factor for the onset of other diseases (secondary diseases) resulting in losses for fish farmers. This research aims to find out if it detected Argulus ectoparasites sp in carper fish cultivation (Cyprinus carpio,L) in UPTD-BPBIAT Aikmel. This study uses a descriptive study design with observational survey type. Fish sampling is carried out using random sampling in one shot using a net with a total of 10 samples. Ectoparasite examination is carried out by making a direct observation then carried out the examination of the head, fins, tail with Alcohol Swabs 70%, . The research results shows that 9 fish were positive infectedwith Argulus sp

Alternate Light Source Findings of Common Topical Cosmetics and Three Removal Methods

Alternate light sources (ALSs) are a tool used by forensic nurses to aid in the physical examination of patients. Prior research has shown some topical makeup products absorb alternate light similar to the absorption noted in bruises. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (a) to further examine the ALS findings of multiple brands and types of makeup products and (b) to compare the efficacy of three methods of makeup removal. Fourteen makeup products were applied to the forearms of 100 healthy adult volunteers with varying skin tones and then assessed under white light, six alternate light wavelengths, and three color filters, producing 19 total wavelength-and-filter combinations. The results were recorded before and after removal procedures by forensic nurse examiners who were blinded to the removal method. A three-arm randomized controlled trial of makeup removal methods (soap and water, isopropyl alcohol swab, makeup removal wipe) was conducted with the participants. All 14 makeup products produced absorption in at least 10% of the observations. Fluorescence was observed in more than 10% of the observations for only two products. After product removal, four products continued to produce statistically significant absorption findings when viewed under an ALS. One product produced significant fluorescence after removal procedures. There were no statistically significant differences between the removal methods noted in any of these analyses. Our findings support the importance of using alternate light as one component of a comprehensive forensic examination, including history taking and physical examination.

A study on the effective cleaning of healing abutment using healing abutment case

Background: As with natural teeth, plaque and calculus may be deposited around the implant's healing abutment. In most dental clinic, the surface of the healing abutment is cleaned with alcohol swab while loosened. Recently developed healing abutment case (OHAC®, Osstem implant co, Seoul, Korea) has made it possible to use ultrasonic cleaners without positional displacement when multiple healing abutments are removed. Aim/Hypothesis: Purpose of study is to investigate the effectiveness of cleaning of healing abutment using healing abutment case by observing oral microorganisms using phase contrast microscope. Materials and Methods: 32 patients with two or more implants placed in a same side of jaw were included in this study. Two healing abutments were selected per each patient, so total 64 healing abutments were used. In control group, healing abutments were cleaned with alcohol swab only. In experimental group, healing abutments were put in healing abutment case and cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaners filled with 0.05% chlorhexidine solution for 5 minutes after cleaned with alcohol swab. 0.5 ml of physiological saline was separated from the sterilized slide glass and then covered with a cover glass and the shape and amount of the microorganisms were observed with phase contrast microscope. The number of microorganism displayed on the screen was counted and classified into 0 to 3 degree according to the amount of each microorganism. Results: No significant difference in the amount of oral microorganism was found between experimental and control groups at first visit. There was no significant difference in the amount of oral microorganism according to gender, maxilla or mandible, buccal or lingual surface. In comparison between supra-gingival and sub-gingival area, supra-gingival area contains significantly higher amounts of oral microorganism than that of sub-gingival area (P < 0.05). In comparison between before and after cleaning of experiment at first visit, significantly less amount of microorganism was found after cleaning (P < 0.05). The most commonly observed oral microorganism was Cocci, with statistically significant differences when compared with other species (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between Bacilli, Filamentous, Comma/Spiral. In comparison between groups at second visit, it was found that experimental group had significantly less amount of oral microorganism than control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Cleaning with healing abutment case in 0.05% chlorhexidine solution is more effective than alcohol swab. As more microorganisms were found in supra-gingival area than sub-gingival, exposed intra-oral site should be well cleaned. Method of experimental group was found to have surface polishing effect which may affect reduction of bacterial adhesion at second visit. Education will be needed to make patient recognize importance of cleaning around healing abutment and to manage by brushing teeth. Keywords: Healing Abutment, Healing Abutment Case, Cleaning Healing Abutment with Healing Abutment Case