Alcohol Soluble Extract Research Articles

Comparative analysis of two Himalayan Aconitum species for their phytopharmaceutical properties

IntroductionBhutanese Sowa Rigpa Medicine (BSM) uses two species of Aconitum in 25 important multi-ingredient formulations. The formulations are used for treating chronic disoders, parasitic and microbial infections, inflammatory diseases, bilious fever, or high fever related to bile disorders, including colds and flu. Some Aconitum species are toxic, and there is a need for stringent quality control measures. Materials and methodsAconitum orochryseum Stapf and Aconitum laciniatum (Bruehl) Stapf, were collected from Lingzhi, which is geographically located under Thimphu district, Bhutan, between the altitudes of 4000–4900 meters above sea level (masl), between July and September. Their comparative pharmacognostic properties were evaluated by: 1) using physicochemical parameters, such as foreign matter and moisture contents, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and alcohol-soluble extracts values and loss on drying of individual crude drugs; 2) developing a comparative High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint, at Menjong Sorig Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited (MSCPL), - Bhutan and 3) conducting a literature review to identify the nature and toxicity of alkaloids present in two Aconitum species. ResultsTwo Aconitum species possess distinct macros- and micros-copic characteristic features (including colour, taste, smell, appearance, and shape). The physicochemical analysis and the HPTLC fingerprinting of their methanol extracts yielded adequate data to differentiate and validate these two species’ identities, before adding them to 25 essential traditional medicine drugs (ETMDs) or polyherbal formulations in BSM. A literature review revealed that the two Aconitum species contained two distinct types of alkaloids. ConclusionsTwo Aconitum species could be differentiated based on their botanical features, macros- and micros-copic characteristics, physicochemical values and HPTLC fingerprint profiles. These pharmacognostic properties can be used as quality control parameters to confirm the two species' identity, thereby ensuring the quality and safety of BSM.

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Atibala (Abutilon indicum [Linn.] sweet) fruit.

Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet (Malvaceae), generally called as "Atibala" is a plant of high medicinal importance. The plant possesses several beneficial effects such as cooling, laxative, digestive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, antihelmintic, aphrodisiac, and demulcent which is widely used in the Ayurveda system of medicine. The current study is aimed to establish the macroscopy, powder microscopy and physicochemical analysis of A. indicum fruits. The Pharmacognostical studies on A. indicum fruits, including parameters such as morphological evaluation, powder microscopy, ash values, foreign organic matter, extractive value, phytochemical, fluorescence studies, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprint profile, are established in the current study. Fruit powder microscopy has shown diagnostic characteristics such as stellate hairs of different sizes, testa, lignified endocarp, and palisade cells. The loss on drying value of fruit powder was 7.7% w/w. The total ash values of the drug were found to be 10.5% and acid insoluble ash 2.4% w/w with respect to the air-dried crude drug. Water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extractives were found to be 9.64% w/w and 9.04% w/w, respectively. Phytochemical characterization of aqueous, alcoholic extracts of A. indicum fruit revealed the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The powder microscopical and phytochemical studies observed in this study can serve as a valuable resource for the authentication of A. indicum fruits.

Pharmaceutico-analytical profile of Mrityunjay Rasa and evaluation of its Antibacterial activity

Background: Mrityunjay Rasa is the one of the Kharaliya Kalpana explained in Yogaratnakara in Jwara chikitsa and indicated in all types of fever. Any pathology can leads to diseases which are easily seen by fever as a clinical symptom. Bacterial infections through the skin or by any system defiantly reflect through fever and as told in classics Mrityunjay Rasa is having the capacity to eradicate all types of Jwara. Aim & Objective: The study is planned to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Mrityunjay Rasa. Material and methods: Mrityunjay rasa was prepared according to Yogratnakar at the Department of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana. The formulation was tested for organoleptic characters, physicochemical parameters and microbial specification tests. Observation and results: Standard Mrityunjay rasa can be prepared from three Bhawana of Ardraka swarasa each for an average of 11.55 hrs. Prepared Mrityunjay rasa was Reddish in color with a specific smell and 145.57% average yield. Analytical standards for Mrityunjay rasa such as loss on drying at 105oC, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractives, water-soluble extractive, pH, Hardness, Disintegration time and particle size were 2.10%, 15.87%, 2.43%, 2.29%, 20.43 %, 8.7 (10% aqueous solution), 3, 30 minutes 20 sec and 95.41 respectively. Mrityunjay Rasa has shown a better zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Analytical parameters obtained through the present study can be considered as a reference standard for Mrityunjay rasa.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis of Stems of Vitex pinnata Linn.

Background and Objective: Vitex pinnata Linn. (Syn: Vitex pubescens Vahl.) is a moderately sized tree of tropical Asia. Vitex pinnata is a tree with trifoliate leaves, grey to brown bark. The leaves and stems are potential as an antioxidant, because of flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids constituents. The present study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic features of leaf, stem and powdered stem material and quality parameters including physicochemical evaluation. Materials and Methods: The leave and stems were investigated, which comprised macroscopic and microscopic assessment, phytochemical screening and physicochemical characterization of the stems, besides the microscopic analysis of the powder. All photographs of different magnifications were taken using a digital camera attached to the Nikon Labphot 2 Microscopic Unit. Results: The microscopical studies of stem and powders of Vitex pinnata revealed the presence of cortex, periderm, sclerenchyma, secondary phloem, vessels, xylem fibres, xylem rays, collapsed phloem cells, phellem, sclereids, phloem ray, sieve element, starch grains, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals and vessel elements, etc. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes and steroids in the crude extract. The values of the physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying 4.12%, foreign organic matter 5.60%, total Ash 09.43%, acid insoluble ash 2.34%, water-soluble Ash 3.04%, sulphated ash 3.20%, alcohol soluble extractives 15.6% and water-soluble extractives 16.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The information obtained with botanical, physicochemical and phytochemical studies could be used to identify Vitex pinnata and to certify the authenticity of commercial samples to effectively contribute to quality control of that vegetable raw material.

Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis of Triphala Kajjali tablet-an ayurvedic herbomineral formulation for metabolic syndrome

Background: Triphala is one of the most easily available and commonly used medicine which contains fine powder of three fruits viz. Terminalia chebula Retz. (Haritaki), Terminalia bellerica Roxb. (Bibhitaki) and Embilica officinalis Gaertn. (Amalaki) and is indicated as one of the drugs for management of disorders of Kapha and Meda. Due to bitter and astringent taste of Triphala in the powder form is a major complaint of the patients. So, to discover that form of Triphala, which is easy to take, effective in low dose, has long shelf life and simple to dispense is the need. For assurance of quality of herbal compounds pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis should be done. Methods: Triphala Kajjali was subjected to microscopic evaluation for pharmacognostical, physiochemical analysis like hardness, weight variation, loss on drying, ash value, acid insoluble extract, pH value, water soluble extract, alcohol soluble extract and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).Results: Pharmacognostical study showed the presence of certain identifying characters of all of the ingredients of Triphala Kajjali that is Haritaki, Bibhitaki and Amalaki. In pharmaceutical study, preliminary physiochemical analysis showed that hardness of the tablet was 2.05 kg/cm2, ash value 4.03%w/w, loss on drying 5.5%w/w, water soluble extract 5.89%w/w, alcohol soluble extract 25.96%w/w and HPTLC showed 7 spots in 254 nm and 7 spots in 366 nm.Conclusions: Pharmacognostical and physico-chemical observations revealed the specific characters of all active constituents of Triphala Kajjali and confirmed the purity and genuinity of the drug.

Highland barley tea represses palmitic acid-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via regulating AMPK/SIRT3/FoxO3a in myocytes

Highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important nutritious crop with high levels of phenolic and flavonoid. Thus, highland barley tea exhibits strong antioxidant activity. However, there are few studies on the nutritional properties and functional components of highland barley tea. In the present study, the protective effect and potential mechanisms of highland barley tea solution water-soluble (WS) and alcohol-soluble (AS) extracts on palmitic acid (PA)-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction were investigated in C2C12 myocytes. The results revealed that both of WS and AS showed antioxidant activity, in which AS has a stronger antioxidative capacity. Meanwhile, AS treatment significantly suppresses PA-induced myocytes apoptosis. Furthermore, AS improves multiple mitochondrial bioactivities, repairing PA-induced mitochondrial injury, leading to a reconversion in the cellular ATP production, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity. Mechanistically, we also found that AS could decrease PA-induced oxidative damage by promoting the expression of Sirt3 through increasing the phosphorylation of Adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which also activated SIRT3/FoxO3a to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, our findings demonstrated that AS in highland barley tea could be used as a potential nutraceutical in reducing muscle oxidative damage.

Evaluation of Pharmacognostic Characteristics of the Leaf of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Compositae

Background: It is a well-known fact that therapeutic efficacy and safety of medicinal plants depend on the quality and quantity of chemical constituents and that the misuse of medicinal plants starts with wrong identification.Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish some pharmacognostic standards for Ageratum houstonianum Mill (Compositae) which has high medicinal values, with a view to determining the proper identification and other quality control parameters of the plant.Method: The fresh leaf and powdered leaves were subjected to macroscopy and microscopy using standard procedures. In addition, some physicochemical evaluations such as moisture content, ash and soluble extractives were carried out on the powdered leaves.Results: The result shows that the leaf is simple, pinnate, diamond shaped, serrated margin, acute apex and asymetrical base. Microscopically, the leaf is amphistomatic in nature with anomocytic and anisocytic stomata at the adaxial and anomocytic and diacytic at the abaxial surface. Non-glandular uniseriate trichomes are present on both surfaces. The transverse section across the midrib shows epidermis, collenchyma, palisade cells and a few rolls of phloem around the xylem vessels. The stomata numbers and stomata indices for the upper and lower surface, respectively are1.4 and 10.2 and 2.9 and 15.6. Moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractives yields 10.3%, 15.2%, 0.8%, 20.2%, 14.4% and 5.1%, respectively.Conclusion: The findings in this study are useful for establishing standards suitable for official monographs on Ageratum houstonianum proper identification and quality control.
 Keywords: Pharmacognostic standards, Ageratum houstonianum, Quality control

Study on effect of different processing methods on chemical components of Chuanxiong Rhizoma

To determine the content of extracts in different processed products of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and the content of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide Ⅰ, coniferyl ferulate, senkyunolide A and ligustilide, in order to study the effect of different proces-sing methods on the alcohol-soluble extract and the content of six ingredients of Chuanxiong Rhizoma. The extract was determined according to the alcohol-soluble extract determination method set forth in item 2201 of the 2020 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Ⅳ; the content was determined by using Agilent TC-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) for gradient elution, with acetonitrile(A)-0.5% acetic acid solution(B) as the mobile phase; the column temperature was at 30 ℃; the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min~(-1), the detection wavelength was 285 nm; and the injection volume was 10 μL. Compared with Chuanxiong Rhizoma, the extracts of processed products all increased significantly; by the degree of increase, the order was stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with honey>stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with rice wine>stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix decoction>stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with tea decoction; the HPLC method was convenient and reliable, with a high linear relationship of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide Ⅰ, coniferyl ferulate, senkyunolide A and ligustilide, and a high precision, repeatability, stability and the sample recovery rate in Chuanxiong Rhizoma and its processed products. There were 15 chromatographic peaks before and after processing, eight of them were identified. Compared with the pre-processing, two chromatographic peaks were added after the stir-frying with honey and rice wine; and four chromatographic peaks were added after the processing with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix decoction; the contents of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide Ⅰ, coniferyl ferulate, senkyunolide A, and ligustilide in stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with rice wine were all reduced. Except for the content of ferulic acid that increased, the content of the other five components decreased in stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with honey, stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with tea decoction, and stir-frying Chuanxiong Rhizoma with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix decoction. Rice wine, honey, decoction of tea and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix could all promote the dissolution of chemical components in Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and increase the content of extract; the changes in the contents of six components of different processed products could provide a certain basis for studying chemical composition and efficacy of different processed products of Chuanxiong Rhizoma.

Quality evaluation based on color grading - relationship between chemical susbtances and commercial grades by machine version in Corni fructus

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between the commercial grade of Corni fructus determined by machine vision technology, and its chemical composition.
 Methods: Loganin, morroniside, ursolic acid, water-soluble extractives, alcohol-soluble extractives, polysaccharides and total organic acids were quantitated in four Corni fructus grades classified by machine vision technology. The content of each component was determined and analyzed bymathematical statistics.
 Results: Compared with low-grade samples, higher-grade counterparts contained elevated concentrations of alcohol-soluble extractives, water-soluble extractives, loganin and morroniside. In addition, principal component analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of -0.723 between Corni fructus grade and Holistic Scoring based on chemical composition, indicating a significant correlation (p < 0.01).
 Conclusion: These findings indicated the rationality of the classification method based on machine vision, and further confirmed the notion of "quality evaluation based on color" of traditional Chinese medicine.
 Keywords: Corni fructus, Commercial grade, Machine vision technology, Chemical substance

STANDARDIZATION OF A SIDDHA HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION: KARASOODA SATHU PARPAM

Siddha system is one of the ancient medical systems in India. The siddha is capable of treating all types of disease other than emergency cases. Karasooda Sathu Parpam is a traditional siddha herbomineral drug. The aim of the present study is to investigate the phytochemical, physiochemical and TLC, HPTLC of a traditional Shastric siddha herbomineral formulation known as Karasooda Sathu Parpam. Preliminary phytochemical analysis, HPTLC analysis and physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values and loss of drying were determined as per Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicines (PLIM) guidelines. Phytochemical analysis of different extracts gave positive test for Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Steroids, Triterpenoids, Coumarin, Phenol, Tannins, Saponin, Proteins, Anthocyanin and carbohydrates. HPTLC fingerprint analysis of extracts showed the presence of possible number of components. Physicochemical parameters such as the total ash value was found to be 9.43 ± 0.19 %, acid insoluble ash value is 0.5133 ± 0.117% and loss of drying at 105ºc is 0.68 ± 0.10%. The water-soluble extractives and alcohol soluble extractives were found to be 0.4667 ± 0.22% and 0.2567 ± 0.086%. Biochemical analysis revealed the presence of Sulphate, Chloride, Carbonate, Iron, Zinc, Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonium, Starch, Alkaloids. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of Sulphate, Chloride, Carbonate, Aluminum, Iron, Zinc, Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonium, Starch and alkaloids. The study highlights the appropriate application of modern scientific methods for developing the new insights into metal-based Siddha drugs.

Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and HPTLC evaluation of Erandamuladi Kwatha Churna - A polyherbal formulation for pharmaceutical standardization

Introduction: Erandamuladi Kwatha is mentioned in Ayurveda classics as a therapeutic formulation of Basti mainly to treat Trika-prishta Shoola (low back ache). The most common disorder which affects the movement of leg particularly in the productive period of life is low backache. Erandamuladi Kwatha used in Basti contains 15 drugs in which most of the drugs are having Ushna Veerya and are Vatakaphahara in nature. Materials and Methods: Yavakuta Choorna of Erandamuladi Kwatha was evaluated for their pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical analysis. Results and Discussion: Pharmacognostic study showed the presence of contents such as starch grains of Kantakari, rosette crystal of Rasna, pollen grain of Atibala etc. Physico-chemical analysis showed that the loss on drying 7.74%, Ash value 6.78%, Water soluble extract 20.12%, Alcohol soluble extract 4.3%, pH 7.2. Conclusion: From the study, data developed can be espoused for laying down the standards of Erandamuladi Kwatha.

The PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAHY (HPTLC) EVALUATION OF ERANDAMULADI KALKA CHOORNA

Introduction: Erandamuladi Niruha Basti is mentioned in Charaka Samhita which is indicated in Trika, Prishta Shoola (low back ache) and acts as Maruta Nigraha. Low backache is the most common ailment in today’s busy life. Erandamuladi Kalka used in Basti contains 9 drugs in which most of the drugs are having Ushna Veerya and are Shoolahara in nature.
 Method: Sookshma Choorna of Erandamuladi Kalka was evaluated for their pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical analysis.
 Results: Pharmacognostic study showed the presence of contents such as cluster crystal of Hapusha, starch grains of Musta, spiral vessels of Bala etc. Physico-chemical analysis showed that the loss on drying 6.28%, Ash value 13.26%, Water soluble extract 19.34%, Alcohol soluble extract 4.24%, pH 7.0
 Discussion and Conclusion: The pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of Erandamuladi Kalka Choorna confirmed the purity and genuinity of drug, which can be espoused for laying down the standards of it.
 Keywords: Erandamuladi Kalka Choorna, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical analysis, HPTLC

Pharmacological Modeling and Study for Antidiabetic Activity of Praecitrullus fistulosus Leaves Extracts

Phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of leaves of Praecitrullus fistulosus for the antidiabetic activity have been done in our research work encompassed in depth and systematic screening of plant leaves and further extraction, characterization and bioevaluation. The research was envisaged for antidiabetic activity of different extracts procured by successive extraction methods and to find out or isolate the most possible active compounds from the active extracts showing the best activity. The antidiabetic activity of all extracts has been evaluated by STZ induced diabetes. The isolated compounds have been evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo models. The alcohol soluble extractives values were found to be higher than water soluble extractive value. Alcohol being a moderately non polar solvent, able to extract polar and non-polar components yields higher extractive value. The ethanol extract shows significant enhancement in glucose tolerance in glucose fed hyperglycemic normal rats and produced a marked decrease in blood glucose levels at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight in streptozotocin-diabetic rats after 21 days treatment.
 Keywords: Praecitrullus fistulosus, Streptozotocin and Glibenclamide, diabetes, Pharmacological Evaluation

Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis of Punarnava guggulu an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Background: Punarnava Guggulu is a polyherbal formulation mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali containing various Ayurvedic medicinal drugs and specially indicated for the treatment of Amavata and Vatarakta. For assurance of quality of herbal compounds pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis should be done. Methods: Punarnava Guggulu was subjected to microscopic evaluation for Pharmacognostical study, physiochemical analysis like hardness, weight variation, loss on drying, ash value, acid insoluble extract, pH value, water soluble extract, alcohol soluble extract, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).Results: Pharmacognostical study showed the presence of certain identifying characters of all of the ingredients of Punarnava Guggulu that is Punarnava, Erandamula, Shunthi, Guggulu, Eranda Tail, Trivruta, Danti, Guduchi, Haritaki, Bibhitaki, Amalaki, Maricha, Pippali, Chitraka, Bhallataka and Vidanga. In pharmaceutical study, preliminary physiochemical analysis showed that hardness of the Vati was 4.05 Kg/cm2, ash value 12.84% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 1.56% w/w, loss on drying 1.6% w/w, water soluble extract 35.93% w/w, alcohol soluble extract 22.14% w/w and HPTLC showed 13 spots in 254nm and 8 spots in 366nm.Conclusions: Present work was carried out to standardize the polyherbal formulation Punarnava Guggulu in terms of its identity, quality and purity. Pharmacognostical and physico-chemical observations revealed the specific characters of all active constituents in the preparation were present in it.

Standardization Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl. from Five Areas of Indonesia

Background: The Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl species is a native plant that grows in many places in Indonesia. The bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl (C. burmannii bark) in Indonesia is commonly used as a medicinal ingredient, but information related to specific and non-specific parameters of C. burmannii bark from several regions in Indonesia is very limited. Objective: To investigate the standardization C. burmannii bark from five areas of Indonesia. Methods: Determination of non-specific parameters and specific parameters of C. burmannii bark and metabolite profile of essential oil of C. burmannii bark Results: We found there are differences in the nature of C. burmannii bark from five regions in Indonesia. Conclusion: It can be concluded that C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci is the best. C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci showed that it had the strongest odor and the highest water-soluble extract and alcohol soluble extract as well as the highest essential oil content and the highest cinnamaldehyde content.

Recommendations on quality standards of Alismatis Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition)

The present research was launched to improve the quality standards of Alismatis Rhizoma and supply scientific evidence and recommendations for the quality control of Alismatis Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Ch. P) 2020 edition. The contents of water, total ash, heavy metals and deleterious element, pesticide residues and alcohol-soluble extract were analyzed according to the methods listed in the volume Ⅳ of Ch. P 2015 edition. Alisol B 23-acetate, alisol C 23-acetate and reference herbs were used to identify Alismatis Rhizoma by TLC method, which was developed by using a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol(15∶1) as developing solvent on silica gel GF_(254 )precoated plates. In HPLC method, alisol B 23-acetate and alisol C 23-acetate were separated with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase and detected at 208 nm and 246 nm, respectively. Thirty-seven batches of crude drugs, thirty batches of prepared slices and nineteen batches of salt prepared slices of Alismatis Rhizoma were determined according to the methods established. The quality standards established based on the research results were specific and repeatable, and suitable for the quality evaluation of Alismatis Rhizoma. We recommended that the botanical sources, TLC examination, alcohol-soluble extract of salt prepared slices and content determination should be revised in the Ch. P 2020 edition.

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND HPTLC EVALUATION OF AMRUTADHYA GUGGULU A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION FOR PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION

Background: Standardization of herbal formulation is needed in order to assess of quality of drug. Maintaining the quality standard of a polyherbal formulation is a difficult task. In the era of increasing demand for traditional medicines, maintaining quality standards is the need of the hour.
 Aim: The present work was carried out to standardize the finished product Amrutadhya Guggulu to confirm its identity, quality and purity.
 Material and Method: Amrutadhya Guggulu is mentioned in the treatment of Sthaulya (Obesity), and it was prepared according to the method as described in Chakradatta. Amrutadhya Guggulu powder was evaluated for its pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical analysis. It contains drug like Guduchi, Ela, Kutaja Phala, Kutaj twaka etc.
 Result: Epicarp and stone cell of Vidanga, silica deposition of Amalaki, oil globule of Ela etc were the characteristic features observed in the microscopy of Amrutadhya Guggulu powder .Results found in pharmaceutical parameters of Amrutadhya Guggulu powder like Loss on drying8.07% w/w, Ash value 3.07% w/w, Water soluble extract 22.5 % w/w, alcohol soluble extract 13.44%w/w and pH 4
 Conclusion: The Obtained values of all parameters for the finish product can be adopted to set down new standards.
 Keywords: Amrutadhya Guggulu, HPTLC, Pharmacognostical, Pharmaceutical analysis

Hypouricemic Effects of Extracts from Urtica hyperborea Jacq. ex Wedd. in Hyperuricemia Mice through XOD, URAT1, and OAT1.

Urtica L. has been long used for gout in traditional Tibetan medicine and is closely related to the effect of reducing uric acid. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Urtica hyperborea Jacq. ex Wedd. (UW) on lowering uric acid and its mechanism by using HK2 cells and hyperuricemia mouse model. Petroleum ether extract (UWP), ethyl acetate extract (UWE), n-butanol extract (UWB), and alcohol-soluble extract (UWA) from UW were prepared, and HK2 cells were treated with various parts extracts to observe the expression of uric acid transporter at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. Moreover, hyperuricemia mice were administered orally various parts extracts at 0.78 and 2.34 g/kg (crude drug dose converted by extraction rate) to observe the change of hepatic XOD, serum ADA, renal function, and uric acid transporter. In vitro experiments showed that UWA can remarkably elevate OAT1 expression and decrease URAT1 expression in HK2 cells. In vivo experiments showed that UWP, UWE, UWB, and UWA showed remarkable activity in reducing uric acid, rendering a substantial decline in the SUA level in hyperuricemia mice. Compared with the hyperuricemia and allopurinol groups, UWB and UWA had significant protective effects on renal injury. At the same time, UWA can significantly reduce the activity of XOD and ADA, reduce the expression of URAT1, and increase the expression of OAT1. These results indicated that UWA had an outstanding uric acid lowering effect and did not affect renal function. This may be related to increased uric acid excretion and decreased uric acid production, mediated by renal OAT1, URAT1, liver XOD, and serum ADA. UWA may be a potential drug against hyperuricemia.

Characterization of the Fruits and Seeds of Alpinia Oxyphylla Miq by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) with Partial Least-Squares (PLS) Regression

Comprehensive quality control provides powerful tools to assure the quality of drugs and reap their therapeutic effects. The present study aimed to develop methods for the measurement of nootkatone, the alcohol-soluble extract, the water-soluble extract, the essential oil extract, moisture, and total ash content of the fruits and seeds of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a technique that has been particularly useful for the rapid and simultaneous evaluation of plant constituents. The nootkatone levels in the fruits and seeds of A. oxyphylla were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while the other parameters were assayed by the standard methods described in the 2015 Edition of the Chinese Pharmacopeia. Twelve qualitative models were developed by the use of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The correlation coefficients of calibration for nootkatone, moisture, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive, essential oil extractive, and the total ash content of the fruits and seeds ranged from 0.9372 to 0.99433. The root mean square error of validation varied from 0.00163 to 0.0307. The obtained results indicate that the established models were reliable and accurate for assaying the twelve components of the fruits and the seeds. Moreover, NIRS was demonstrated to be useful for the development of quality standards for A. oxyphylla and for its routine screening, rapid analysis, and quality assessment.

Pharmaceutico analytical profile of Kushmanda Avaleha and its modified dosage form as Kushmanda granules

Background: Kushmanda Avaleha (KA, confection) has been described in Sharangdhar Samhita as a drug of choice in Raktapitta Chikitsa (hemorrhage). Ayurveda mentioned Five Basic Kalpanas, which are called Panchvidha Kashya Kalpana. Panchvidha Kashya Kalpana has several drawbacks, such as less palatability, shorter shelf life, etc. Hence, to overcome these drawbacks, secondary formulations were developed. Avaleha Kalpana was a secondary formulation developed by using primary formulations, such as Swaras (juice), Kwatha (decoctions), etc. Avaleha formulation was prepared by using herbal medicinal drugs and food articles such as sugar, ghee (clarified butter), honey etc. Administering proper dose of Avaleha is difficult in new era than Avaleha convert into granules form because, considering the changing scenario of the society, converting traditional dosage forms into more palatable, easily absorbable forms without changing desired therapeutic effects becomes need of the hour. In the current study, an attempt has been made to convert KA into granules form, which is the first step toward research on the formulation; hence, the current work was planned. Aim: Analytical study of KA and its modified dosage form as Kushmanda granules (KG)Materials and Methods: Three batches of KA were prepared as per the reference of Sharangdhar Samhita (8/22–28), and the same is converted into granules by adopting standard operative procedures. Result and Conclusion: Loss on drying at 105°C, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, alcohol-soluble extractives, water-soluble extractives, pH, total sugar, reducing sugar, nonreducing sugar, and total fat and moisture content in the range of Avaleha is 2.3%, 0.7%, 0.103%, 71.22%, 77.12%, 4.2%, 78.15%, 68.21%, 5.6%, and 2.92%. The range of granules is 3.1%, 1.2%, 0.36%, 38.09%, 41.2%, 3.53, 80.17, 78.12, 4.5, 0.92, and 3.12, respectively.