Alcoholic Medium Research Articles

Synthesis, and spectroscopic characterizations of gold(III) complexes containing nitrogen-heterocycle based pyridine derivatives as a biomolecular chelates

Three gold(III) nanostructured complexes of nicotinamide (nta), picolinic acid (pica), and isonicotinic acid (inta) were synthesized by the reacted of AuCl3 salt with nta, pica, and inta with 1:2 stoichiometry in the alcoholic medium. The solid products obtained were formulated by comparing experimental and calculated data for microanalytical (C, H, N) and metal. Both produce 1:2 compounds with metal ions. The prepared complexes were characterized by different physico-spectroscopic techniques. The FTIR, and 1H NMR spectral analysis, morphological analysis (scanning electron microscopy SEM, transmittance TEM, and X-ray powder diffraction XRD) of these complexes have been discussed. The conductive behavior of the complexes indicates that all of them behave as electrolytic behavior. The mononuclear gold(III) complexes have formulated as [Au(nta)2(Cl)2].Cl, [Au(pica)2].Cl and [Au(inta)2].Cl. The shifts of the ν(N–H) amino, ν(C=N) pyridine, and ν(C=O) carboxylic stretches have been monitored to find out the donor sites of the ligands. According to the experimental data, the three complexes can be characterized in the solid state as mononuclear, with a four-coordinate stereochemistry. KEY WORDS: Gold complex, Nicotinamide, Picolinic acid, Isonicotinic acid, Nanostructure, Spectroscopic Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(1), 111-121. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i1.9

Exploring the dyeing potential of annatto dye on linen substrate: An inquiry into the effects of different mordants

AbstractThis study aimed to compare the dyeing capacity of annatto dye on linen textile substrates under the influence of different mordants, such as ferrous sulphate, alum, chitosan, and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDACl). Annatto dye was extracted in an alcoholic medium, and the concentrations of the dye compounds bixin and norbixin were determined using ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry. Dyeing experiments were conducted with 10% and 20% weight of material (s.p.m.) concentrations, both on mordant‐treated substrates and on substrates pre‐bleached only. The colour evaluation indicated better colour yields for substrates pretreated with alum and PDDACl, with colour strength (K/S) values of 41.14 and 38.74, respectively, for dyeing with 20% s.p.m. However, these substrates exhibited the highest colour deviation (∆E) values in washing and lightfastness tests. The substrate pretreated with ferrous sulphate and the substrate pre‐bleached only showed K/S values of 25.99 and 18.68, respectively, with the ferrous sulphate‐treated substrate exhibiting the lowest ∆E values in washing and lightfastness tests among all evaluated substrates. Chitosan‐cationised samples showed the lowest colour yield, with a K/S of 12.51. Regarding washing and lightfastness, the pre‐bleached only substrate and the chitosan‐pretreated substrate displayed intermediate ∆𝐸 values. The dyeing kinetics of pre‐bleached substrates exhibited pseudo‐first‐order behaviour, while for ferrous sulphate‐pretreated samples, pseudo‐second‐order behaviour was observed. Langmuir's adsorption model was suitable for pre‐bleached substrate dyeing and ferrous sulphate‐pretreated sample dyeing in adsorption isotherms. However, for mordanted samples, higher adsorption intensity was observed.

Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis and intra-articular injection of the hip and shoulder joints in the dog.

To provide a video tutorial on ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis and injection of the canine hip and shoulder joints. Dogs undergoing arthrocentesis or intra-articular injection for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The target joint is visualized in long axis with a 70% isopropyl alcohol medium and linear array probe with a frequency range of 2 to 14 MHz and footprint of 50 mm after clipping a window and preparing the region sterilely. The needle is inserted, bevel up, in long axis with the probe angled at the appropriate trajectory to enter the joint space. The needle is advanced until the tip is visualized entering the joint. Aspiration to obtain synovial fluid can further confirm needle placement or provide diagnostic sampling prior to injection. The aspirate syringe is exchanged for that containing the therapeutic agent, and injectate can then be visualized entering and/or expanding the joint upon injection. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis will help identify deep appendicular joints (hip and shoulder), avoid surrounding vasculature, confirm needle placement, and target joint fluid pocketing. Needle guidance into a joint can reduce iatrogenic tissue damage from inappropriate needle placement and/or by minimizing attempts. For arthrocentesis, ultrasound guidance can maximize joint fluid volume acquisition for diagnostic purposes (cytology, culture, and fluid analysis) while also avoiding blood contamination. For joint injections, ultrasound will help ensure real-time intra-articular delivery of the injectate (regardless of attaining synovial fluid feedback) to maximize the therapeutic effect. For either purpose, iatrogenic tissue damage and procedure time are minimized.

Acceleration of Final Residual Solvent Extraction From Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Microparticles.

The removal of the residual solvent dichloromethane from biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles was investigated by aqueous or alcoholic wet extraction or vacuum-drying. Microparticles were prepared by the O/W solvent extraction/evaporation method. The solidified microparticles were separated by filtration and the effect of subsequent drying and wet extraction methods were investigated. The residual solvent content was analysed with gas chromatography (organic solvents) and Karl Fischer titration (water). The effect of extraction conditions on microparticle aggregation, surface morphology and encapsulation of the drugs dexamethasone and risperidone was investigated. Residual dichloromethane was reduced to 2.43% (w/w) (20°C) or 0.03% (w/w)(35°C) by aqueous wet extraction. With vacuum-drying, residual dichloromethane only decreased from about 5% (w/w) to 4.34% (w/w) (20°C) or 3.20% (w/w) (35°C) due to the lack of the plasticizing effect of water. Redispersion of filtered, wet microparticles in alcoholic media significantly improved the extraction due to an increased PLGA plasticization. The potential of different extractants was explained with the Gordon-Taylor equation and Hansen solubility parameters. Extraction in methanol: or ethanol:water mixtures reduced residual dichloromethane from 4 - 7% (w/w) to 0.5 - 2.3% (w/w) within 1 h and 0.08 - 0.18% (w/w) within 6 h. Higher alcohol contents and higher temperature resulted in aggregation of microparticles and lower drug loadings. The final removal of residual dichloromethane was more efficient with alcoholic wet extraction followed by aqueous wet extraction at elevated temperature and vacuum drying of the microparticles.

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and DFT Studies of Novel Quinolino‐Pyrazole Derivatives

AbstractSynthesis of novel (E)‐N‐(4‐(substituted)benzylidene)‐6‐substituted‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoline‐1‐carbothioamides/carboxamides was achieved by the condensation of 6‐substituted‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoline‐1‐carbothioamides/carboxamides with substituted benzaldehydes in alcoholic medium in the presence of acetic acid. The structures of synthesized compounds are assigned on the basis of FT IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass Spectral data. The compounds are subjected for their antibacterial, antifungal and DFT studies. Compounds, (E)‐6‐chloro‐N‐(4‐(dimethylamino)benzylidene)‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoline‐1‐carbothioamide (5 b), (E)‐6‐chloro‐N‐(4‐(dimethylamino)benzylidene)‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoline‐1‐carboxamide (5 f), and (E)‐6‐chloro‐N‐(4‐hydroxybenzylidene)‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinoline‐1‐carboxamide (5 j) possessed pronounced antibacterial and antifungal activities due to their chemical structure.

Magnetically recoverable molybdate supported silica decorated ferrite nanocat (Fe–Si–Mo) and their utilization for reductive amination of carbonyl compound under benign condition

A magnetite silica-coated nanoparticle-supported molybdate catalyst (Nanocat-Fe-Si-Mo) was successfully prepared by simple co-precipitation techniques. The prepared nanoparticles have been characterized using FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR, WDX, ICP-OES, TEM, and TGA techniques. Under benign conditions, the catalytic activity of the nanocatalyst was investigated for the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds; a greener methodology is presented that provides a simple and efficient technique for the production of secondary amine utilizing a recyclable nanocatalyst. Notably, 0.09 mg of the catalyst is adequate for the amination of carbonyl compound in the alcoholic medium at room temperature. Significantly, utilizing an external magnet, the nanoparticles have been readily removed among the solution with recovered a minimum of 10 times without losing catalytic activity.

Unveiling the inherent properties and impact of ultrafine nanobubbles in polar and alcoholic media through unsupervised machine learning and atomic insight

The presence of dissolved gas in the host medium in various industrial processes, such as the presence of oxygen and hydrogen during water splitting or carbon dioxide in fuel cells, or the dissolution of nitrogen for industrial applications, increases the probability of the formation of bubbles at nano-scale. Nanobubbles (NBs), spanning tens to hundreds of nanometres, display exceptional attributes, including remarkable stability, enduring longevity, and an impressive surface-to-volume ratio. These qualities firmly position NBs as pivotal entities with applications that extend across diverse industries, encompassing fields such as energy and chemistry. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of their inherent properties and behaviour right from the nucleation stage to grasp their distinctive traits fully. This paper focuses on the combination of data-driven and molecular dynamics simulation to provide a clear understanding of the mechanisms behind NBs nucleation and behaviour in liquids and identify their characteristics. The nucleation process of four gases in two potential liquids for hosting NBs, namely water and methanol, was investigated through scattering nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen in host liquids using molecular dynamics simulations. Then, high-throughput screening based on the DBSCA (density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) algorithm was used to screen the formed NB clusters through dissolved gases in the host liquids to determine the size of formed NBs, their density, and motion over time. The findings offer unique insights, indicating that the density of the surrounding liquids is altered and decreased by formed nanobubbles, influenced by the establishment of a nanolayer. The lowest density was recorded for hydrogen and nitrogen nanobubbled methanol samples at 0.61673 and 0.68918 g/ml, respectively, and for hydrogen and nitrogen nanobubbled water samples at 0.93797 and 0.93722 g/ml, respectively. Additionally, the highest density among the scattered gases was observed in non-nanobubbled carbon dioxide methanol and water samples at 0.77724 and 0.99588 g/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the viscosity of the host liquids is influenced, particularly in the presence of high-density nanobubbles, as the highest viscosity was observed for nitrogen nanobubbled water samples at 0.00103 Pa.s.

Flavonoid-metal ion Complexes as Potent Anticancer metallodrugs: A comprehensive Review.

Flavonoids and their analogous are mainly found in pink lady apples, green and black tea (catechins), celery and red peppers, onions, broccoli and spinach, berries, cherries, soybean, citrus fruits, and fungi. The different derivatives of flavonoids belonging to polyphenolic compounds such as 3,4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavylium (pelargonidin), 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol (cyanidin), 3,3',4',5,5',7-Hexahydroxyflavylium (delphinidin), 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxy-5'-methoxyflavylium (petunidin), and 3,4',5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavylium (malvidin) can act as good chelating agents for metal-chelate complex formation. These flavonoid-metal complexes have been reported to have various biomedical and pharmacological activities. Flavonoid-metal ion complexes display a broad spectrum of biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, and cytotoxic activity. The literature survey showed that flavonoid metal complexes have potential therapeutic properties against various cancerous cells. The objective is to gain insight into the current perspective and development of novel anticancer metallodrug drugs. The flavonoid-metal ion complexes can be prepared by reacting flavonoid ligand with appropriate metal salt in aqueous or alcoholic reaction medium under stirring or refluxing conditions. In this review article, the various reported methods for the synthesis of flavonoid-metal complexes have been included. The utility of synthetic methods for flavonoid-metal complexes will support the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs. In this review study, short libraries of flavonoid-metal ion complexes were studied as potential anticancer agents against various human cancer cell lines. The review report reveals that metal ions such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rh, Ru, Ga, Ba, Sn etc., when binding to flavonoid ligands, enhance the anticancer activity compared to free ligands. This review study covered some important literature surveys for the last two decades. It has been concluded that flavonoid metal complexes have been associated with a wide range of biological properties that could be noteworthy in the medicinal field. Therefore, to develop a new anticancer drug, it is essential to determine the primordial interaction drug with DNA under physiological or anatomical conditions. The study of numerous flavonoid metal complexes mentioned in this paper could be the future treatment against various cancerous diseases.

Implementation of a Novel Method for Processing Proteins from Acetic Acid Bacteria via Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and other members of the complex microbiotas, whose activity is essential for vinegar production, display biodiversity and richness that is difficult to study in depth due to their highly selective culture conditions. In recent years, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for rapidly identifying thousands of proteins present in microbial communities, offering broader precision and coverage. In this work, a novel method based on LC-MS/MS was established and developed from previous studies. This methodology was tested in three studies, enabling the characterization of three submerged acetification profiles using innovative raw materials (synthetic alcohol medium, fine wine, and craft beer) while working in a semicontinuous mode. The biodiversity of existing microorganisms was clarified, and both the predominant taxa (Komagataeibacter, Acetobacter, Gluconacetobacter, and Gluconobacter) and others never detected in these media (Asaia and Bombella, among others) were identified. The key functions and adaptive metabolic strategies were determined using comparative studies, mainly those related to cellular material biosynthesis, energy-associated pathways, and cellular detoxification processes. This study provides the groundwork for a highly reliable and reproducible method for the characterization of microbial profiles in the vinegar industry.

Cross-substance Effects of Adolescent Exposure to Alcohol Content in Popular Movies on Cannabis Initiation.

Alcohol is the most frequently depicted substance in the media, and adolescent exposure to alcohol in the media predicts alcohol use. There is relatively little research on exposure to cannabis in the media, but exposure to alcohol content may exert cross-substance effects on cannabis use. Given the social and health risks associated with early cannabis use, the present study aims to assess the cross-substance effects of exposure to alcohol media content on age of cannabis initiation. A sample of 830 middle school students (53% female) reported on movie alcohol exposure and cannabis initiation longitudinally until high school completion. Discrete-time survival models examined whether movie alcohol exposure predicted subsequent initiation among students who were cannabis-naïve at baseline, controlling for demographic, social, and behavioral covariates. The interaction between sex and movie alcohol exposure was also explored. One third (33%) of participants reported cannabis initiation with a mean of 5.57 estimated hours (SD = 4.29) of movie alcohol exposure. A 1-hour increase in movie exposure predicted a significant 16% increased probability of cannabis initiation in models adjusted for demographic variables and a significant 14% increase in models adjusted for demographic, behavioral, and social variables. No differences were observed across sex. Greater adolescent exposure to alcohol content in the media was associated with earlier cannabis initiation above and beyond other etiologically relevant demographic, behavioral, and social variables. The influence of cross-substance media exposures warrants further exploration and should be taken into consideration in the development of preventive interventions for youth substance use.

Synthesis, Identification, Biological Evaluation of Seven-membered Heterocyclic Derivatives from 2,3-di Chloroaniline

This study?s focus was centered on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds incorporating a seven-membered ring, specifically 1,3-oxazepine. The initial phase of the synthesis involved the preparation of azo compound (1) through the coupling of the diazonium salt of 2,3-dichloroaniline with 4-bromoacetophenone in an alkaline alcoholic medium. This was then succeeded by the reaction of azo compound (1) with 4-nitroaniline and 4-methoxyaniline in absolute ethanol, employing glacial acetic acid as a catalyst, resulting in Schiff base derivatives (2) and (3), respectively. Subsequent to this, Schiff base (2) was reacted with phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride, as well as succinic anhydride, in a dehydrated benzene environment, leading to the formation of heterocyclic seven-membered compounds (4), (5), and (6), respectively. Finally, Schiff base (3) was subjected to reaction with phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride, as well as succinic anhydride, in dry benzene, resulting in the synthesis of heterocyclic seven-membered compounds (7), (8), and (9) respectively. Each of these synthesized compounds underwent characterization through Fourier-transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis, and the progress of reactions was monitored through Rf and thin-layer chromatography techniques. Melting points were recorded as part of the characterization process. In addition, an investigation into the biological activity of these compounds was conducted against both positive and negative bacterial strains.. KEYWORDS :Azo compounds, Oxazepine, Schiff bases.

Power-dependent study of the photothermal response of several alcoholic media with femtosecond laser-induced thermal lens.

We explore the photothermal response of methanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol using the femtosecond laser-induced thermal lens spectroscopy (FTLS) technique. A mode mismatched pump-probe spectroscopic technique was utilized to analyze the influence of localized thermal heating on the photothermal response of solvents. The findings revealed a strong dependence on both the input pump power and the molecular characteristics of the solvents. At significantly high pump power, the excess heat load deposited to the solvent is found to be responsible for the induction of the convection currents in the heat transfer mechanisms. Our results highlight that the influence of pump power on photothermal and thermal lens characteristics is intricately linked to the natural drifting and heat transfer mechanisms of solvent molecules. The molecular motion and existing connective processes were correlated with the molecular characteristics of the samples. The present finding reveals that FTLS is a sensitive probe for comprehending the impact of input laser power, molecular structure, and intermolecular H bonding on the photothermal characteristics and thermo-optical properties of the alcoholic medium.

تخليق(توليف) مشتقات الثيوسيمياكاربازيد الالدهيدية في وسط كحولي

Thiosemicarbazide derivatives (3a-c) were synthesized by reacting Thiosemicarbazide with aromatic aldehydes in an alcoholic medium. The reaction was monitored by TLC, and the structural composition of the derivatives was confirmed by melting point, IR, and ¹HNMR spectroscopy. Thiosemicarbazide derivatives are important in the biological field and can form complexes with some transition elements. Keywords:Thiosemicarbazide , Aldehehydes, Synthesis, Derivatives.

Determination of Mass and Quantitative Productivity of the Process of Electrodispersion of Nickel Waste in Isopropyl Alcohol

The purpose of this study was to obtain electroerosive dispersed nickel by processing nickel waste by electrodispersing in isopropyl alcohol, as well as to study the performance of this process and the particle size of the obtained dispersed nickel.Methods. Nickel waste in the form of plates was processed into powder by electrodispersion at an experimental electroerosive dispersion plant (RF Patent No. 2449859) in an isopropyl alcohol medium. The study of the average particle size of the obtained electroerosive dispersed nickel was carried out using a laser particle size analyzer "Analysette 22 NanoTec".Results. For the first time, spherical nickel powders in the medium of isopropyl alcohol were obtained from industrial waste by the method of electroerosive dispersion. The parameters of the electroerosive dispersion unit necessary for the dispersion of nickel waste have been determined. A directly proportional dependence of the mass productivity of the process of electroerosion research of nickel waste dispersion on the voltage at the electrodes in isopropyl alcohol in the range of 120-220 V. has been experimentally established. The optimum for dispersing nickel waste in isopropyl alcohol is the voltage at the electrodes in the range of 200-220 V. It is established that the smallest particle size is nickel powder obtained at a voltage of 220 V at the electrodes, while the mass productivity at this value of the voltage at the electrodes is the maximum.Conclusion. Based on the presented experimental studies of the mass and quantitative productivity of the process of electroerosive dispersion of nickel waste in isopropyl alcohol, a high efficiency of the use of electrodispersion technology for obtaining dispersed nickel powder, which is not inferior to industrially used powders in terms of average particle size, has been established. It has been experimentally established that the smallest particle size has a nickel powder obtained at a voltage of 220 V on the electrodes, while the mass productivity at this value of the voltage on the electrodes is maximum.

Preparation and characterization of cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 thin films from alcoholic medium and their application restrictions

Preparation and characterization of cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 thin films from alcoholic medium and their application restrictions

Synthesis and characterization of Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes with unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff base ligand

A novel series of cobalt (II), nickel (II) and copper (II) complexes of unsymmetrical Schiff base ligand 1-(2-hydroxynaphthalideneimino)-2-(5 methoxysalicylidene imino)-4 chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine was synthesised by condensation reaction of 1:1:1 molar ratio of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carbaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzene -1,2-diamine and 5-methoxysalicyidehyde in alcoholic medium. The synthesised ligand and its metal complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements, UV-Vis and infrared spectral data. The molar conductance of synthesised metal complexes in DMSO solution indicates their non-electrolytic nature. The analytical data show the general formula for the complexes to be [M(L)2] where L = Schiff base ligand and M = Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II). The spectral data and magnetic moment suggested that Schiff base behaves as a tetradentate ligand, coordinating through azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen atoms to the metal ion. Magnetic susceptibility measurements, UV-Vis and infrared spectral data geometry of metal complexes were proposed to be square planar.

5-(1-Арил-3-оксо-3-фенилпропил)-2,2-диметил-1,3- диоксан-4,6-дионы: синтез и реакции с N-нуклеофилами

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (Meldrum acid, isopropylidenmalonate) is widely used by synthetic chemists due to its structural features. The dual nature of the reactivity of Meldrum acid (both electrophilic and/or nucleophilic reagent) determines the synthetic value in the construction of new heterocyclic systems with practically significant properties. A wide range of biological activity has been revealed in a number of compounds containing a 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione fragment in their structure. Analysis of periodicals indicates an extremely small volume of literature on the preparation and chemical properties of 5-(1-aryl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6- diones, which is a significant omission. It has seemed interesting to obtain 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds based on Meldrum acid as convenient substrates for further nucleophilic transformations into systems with biological activity. For the first time, we have carried out the reaction of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione with 3-aryl-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones by stirring in an ethyl alcohol medium in the presence of a catalytic amount of L-proline, which resulted in the corresponding 5-(1-aryl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones. The introduction of 5-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione in reaction with N-nucleophiles (hydroxylamine hydrochloride, urea, thiourea and semicarbazide hydrochloride) has led to the formation of nucleophilic attack products of the carbonyl group of the acyclic fragment the substrate. The composition and structure of the obtained compounds have been established on the basis of elemental analysis and NMR 1H, 13C spectroscopy, heteronuclear correlation of HSQC.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole derivatives

Twenty five novel Isoxazole heterocycles are synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and CHN analysis. Physico-chemical characteristics also notified. In the first step chalcones are synthesized by the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with aromatic ketones in aqueous alcoholic alkaline medium. These are made to react with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium acetate to prepare title compounds. All synthesized compounds analyzed for obedience of Lipinsky’s rule. Six of the compounds showed slight violation to oral dosage form suitability. Most of the compounds were solid in nature and gave good yield.

High Swelling Carboxymethyl Cellulose Synthesized from Coconut Fibers

ABSTRACT To attain the zero waste and green chemistry goals, much emphasis has shifted toward the use of cellulose derived from agricultural biomass. In this study, carboxymethylation of microcrystalline cellulose from coconut fiber by use of monochloroacetic acid in the presence of an alcohol medium under alkaline conditions was suitable for the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose. The carboxymethyl cellulose was prepared, and the physical properties, degree of substitution, swelling capacity, and characterization were investigated. The results indicated that the yield of carboxymethyl cellulose, degree of substitution, and swelling capacity were 9.45 ± 0.76 g, 1.82 ± 0.12, and 11.23 ± 0.28 g, respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of carboxymethyl cellulose displayed a broad OH peak at 3352 cm−1 and a sharp peak at 1600 cm−1 attributed to -COO. Thermal behavior was investigated by Thermal gravimetric analysis, and the phase transition was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, which revealed that alkalization and esterification of cellulose lead to a decrease in the thermal stability of the polymer. In conclusion, zero waste can be achieved in the coconut industry as it is rich in cellulose that can be converted to carboxymethyl cellulose, which can be utilized to produce emulsifiers and superabsorbent polymers.

Latest Trends in Industrial Vinegar Production and the Role of Acetic Acid Bacteria: Classification, Metabolism, and Applications-A Comprehensive Review.

Vinegar is one of the most appreciated fermented foods in European and Asian countries. In industry, its elaboration depends on numerous factors, including the nature of starter culture and raw material, as well as the production system and operational conditions. Furthermore, vinegar is obtained by the action of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) on an alcoholic medium in which ethanol is transformed into acetic acid. Besides the highlighted oxidative metabolism of AAB, their versatility and metabolic adaptability make them a taxonomic group with several biotechnological uses. Due to new and rapid advances in this field, this review attempts to approach the current state of knowledge by firstly discussing fundamental aspects related to industrial vinegar production and then exploring aspects related to AAB: classification, metabolism, and applications. Emphasis has been placed on an exhaustive taxonomic review considering the progressive increase in the number of new AAB species and genera, especially those with recognized biotechnological potential.