Alcohol Intake In Men Research Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cognitive Deficits and Dementia in Relation to Socioeconomic Class in an Elderly Population of India

We attempted to find the association between age-related cognitive deficits or dementia and socioeconomic class or other risk factors, using a cross-sectional random survey of 595 elderly subjects ages 50-84 years in an urban population of Moradabad, India. The prevalence of cognitive deficit was 18.6% and was significantly higher in men than women (22.3% vs 14.6%; P < 0.05). There was a greater prevalence of cognitive deficits in lower socioeconomic classes. The prevalence of cognitive deficit, including dementia, has become a public health problem in India and is significantly associated with lower socioeconomic class, higher age, smoking, malnutrition, and alcohol intake in men.

Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin as a Marker of Change in Alcohol Intake in Men Drinking 20 to 60 g of Alcohol Per Day

We evaluated carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and γ-glutarnyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) as markers of alcohol intake and change in alcohol intake in white Australian men aged 20 to 63 years who regularly drank 20 to 60 g of alcohol/day (2 to 6 standard drinks), either as weekend (n = 14) or daily drinkers (n = 41). After 4 weeks of familiarization on usual alcohol intake, men were provided with low alcohol beer (24 times 375 ml cans, 0.9%, v/v, two-weekly), and, for 4 weeks, consumed as much or as little as they wished with no additional alcohol permitted. In an alternate 4-week period, the same amount of full-strength beer (4.9%, v/v) was provided, whereas subjects continued their usual amount and pattern of alcohol consumption. The order of experimental conditions was randomized. Retrospective 7-day diaries documented weekly alcohol intake during 4 weeks of familiarization and 8 weeks of intervention. Mean alcohol intake was 345 g/week of alcohol (SD 97) during familiarization. During the last 4 weeks of intervention (study weeks 8 to 12), mean alcohol intake either increased by 360 g/week (SD 138) with the switch from low to high alcohol or decreased by 328 g/week (SD 120) with the reverse. During familiarization (study weeks 1 to 4), alcohol intake was significantly related independently (R2= 0.21) to mean corpuscular volume (ρ= 0.008) and uric acid (ρ= 0.003), but not to γ-GT (ρ= 0.22) nor CDT (p = 0.94). Change in alcohol intake was predicted independently (R2= 0.60) by change in CDT (ρ < 0.0001) and γ-GT (ρ= 0.0003), but not by change in uric acid or mean corpuscular volume. A 10% change in CDT gave 70% sensitivity and 80% specificity to detect a change of at least 2 standard drinks/day; respective values were 68% and 0 for 10% change in γ-GT. Results were not related to drinking pattern, smoking, age, or weight CDT, particularly when used as a continuous variable, may have a place in monitoring alcohol consumption, even in men whose alcohol intake is in the 20 to 60 g/day range.

Carbohydrate‐Deficient Transferrin as a Marker of Change in Alcohol Intake in Men Drinking 20 to 60 g of Alcohol Per Day

We evaluated carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) as markers of alcohol intake and change in alcohol intake in white Australian men aged 20 to 63 years who regularly drank 20 to 60 g of alcohol/day (2 to 6 standard drinks), either as weekend (n = 14) or daily drinkers (n = 41). After 4 weeks of familiarization on usual alcohol intake, men were provided with low alcohol beer (24 x 375 ml cans, 0.9%, v/v, two-weekly), and, for 4 weeks, consumed as much or as little as they wished with no additional alcohol permitted. In an alternate 4-week period, the same amount of full-strength beer (4.9%, v/v) was provided, whereas subjects continued their usual amount and pattern of alcohol consumption. The order of experimental conditions was randomized. Retrospective 7-day diaries documented weekly alcohol intake during 4 weeks of familiarization and 8 weeks of intervention. Mean alcohol intake was 345 g/week of alcohol (SD 97) during familiarization. During the last 4 weeks of intervention (study weeks 8 to 12), mean alcohol intake either increased by 360 g/week (SD 138) with the switch from low to high alcohol or decreased by 328 g/week (SD 120) with the reverse. During familiarization (study weeks 1 to 4), alcohol intake was significantly related independently (R2 = 0.21) to mean corpuscular volume (p = 0.008) and uric acid (p = 0.003), but not to gamma-GT (p = 0.22) nor CDT (p = 0.94). Change in alcohol intake was predicted independently (R2 = 0.60) by change in CDT (p < 0.0001) and gamma-GT (p = 0.0003), but not by change in uric acid or mean corpuscular volume. A 10% change in CDT gave 70% sensitivity and 80% specificity to detect a change of at least 2 standard drinks/day; respective values were 68% and 0 for 10% change in gamma-GT. Results were not related to drinking pattern, smoking, age, or weight. CDT, particularly when used as a continuous variable, may have a place in monitoring alcohol consumption, even in men whose alcohol intake is in the 20 to 60 g/day range.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of hypertension and coronary artery disease in rural and urban population with low rates of obesity

Objective: To compare the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension in DM in the rural and urban populations of north India. Design and methods: Two populations of the same ethnic background were randomly selected for this cross sectional survey. There were 1769 rural (894 men, 875 women) and 1806 urban subjects (904 men, 902 women) between 25–64 years of age. The survey methods included fasting and 2 h blood glucose and electro-cardiogram and blood pressure measurement of all subjects. Results: Using the criteria of World Health Organization, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (6.0 vs 2.8%) hypertension (24.0 vs 17.0%) and CAD (9.0 vs 3.2%) was significantly ( P<0.001) higher in urban compared to rural subjects. Hypertension and CAD were significantly more frequent among subjects with diabetes compared to nondiabetes. The association of CAD and hypertension with diabetes was greater in urban than rural subjects. Excess body weight and obesity, central obesity, sedentary lifestyle, higher visible fat intake (>25 g/day), and social class 1–3 (higher and middle) were significantly associated with diabetes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjustment of age and sex, body mass index, central obesity, sedentary lifestyle and higher visible fat intake and alcohol intake in men were significant risk factors of diabetes among all the sub-groups. Conclusions: The study showed a high prevalence of diabetes in urban north Indian population compared to rural subjects in the same ethnic group. CAD and hypertension were significantly associated with diabetes more in urban than rural subjects. The findings suggest that higher body mass index, waist–hip ratio and visible fat intake and sedentary lifestyle were risk factors of diabetes.

Associations of body fat and its distribution with dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking in blacks and whites

Cross-sectional associations between body fat and its distribution and environmental factors influencing energy balance were examined in 5115 young adults. Protein was directly associated with body mass index (BMI) in all race and sex groups (P less than 0.01) after age, education, cigarette-smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity were adjusted for. Carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with BMI in males (P = 0.02). Total physical activity was inversely associated with BMI in white women and with skinfold-thickness measures (P less than 0.01) in all groups. Waist-to-hip-circumference ratio (WHCR) was positively associated with total kilojoules (kilocalories) in women, inversely associated with percent of kilojoules (kilocalories) from carbohydrates in whites, grams of crude fiber/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) (except in black men), and physical activity (except in white women). WHCR was directly associated with cigarette smoking except in black men, and with total alcohol intake in men. Beer was consistently associated with WHCR in all race and sex groups.

Relationship between high density lipoprotein subfractions and coronary risk factors in a rural white population.

The relationship of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and of the HDL2-C and HDL3-C subfractions to several factors associated with coronary risk was examined in a cross-sectional study, which included 655 men and 731 women ages 20 to 64 years. Participants with coronary heart disease (CHD) had lower levels of HDL-C, HDL2-C, and HDL3-C; however, only HDL-C in women was significant. Maleness, body mass index, triglyceride levels, tobacco use, and carbohydrate intake (in men) were significantly inversely related to total HDL-C, while alcohol intake was significantly positively related to HDL-C. The associations were stronger for HDL2-C than for HDL3-C, except that alcohol intake in men was more strongly related to HDL3-C. The findings of this study suggest that several factors that influence CHD risk do so in part through modifying HDL2-C levels.

Hypertension and sodium transport in 390 healthy adults in Chicago

A total of 390 people undergoing routine examinations at the Portes Center, a screening center in Chicago, and at the Northwestern Memorial Hospital employee health service, underwent an in-depth battery of tests designed to explore the relationships of both intracellular erythrocyte sodium and sodium-lithium countertransport with age, race, gender, body mass index, pattern of alcohol intake, exogenous hormone use and the presence of hypertension. Erythrocyte sodium was significantly higher in blacks than in whites and in men than in women aged 20-39 years. Relationships of erythrocyte sodium with race and gender, as well as inverse associations with alcohol intake in men, and positive associations with age and the presence of hypertension in women were significant on multivariate analysis after control for other variables. Sodium-lithium countertransport was significantly higher in whites than in blacks and in men than in women aged 20-59 years. Associations of sodium-lithium countertransport with race and gender as well as positive associations of sodium-lithium countertransport with body mass index in men and women were significant on multivariate analysis after control for other variables. Age-related gender differences in both sodium-lithium countertransport and erythrocyte sodium, as well as the association of erythrocyte sodium with the presence of hypertension in women but not in men, suggest a hormonal interaction with sodium transport in the development of hypertension.

The Risk of Alcohol Intake in Men and Women

The concentration of alcohol in the blood and other tissues is the result of its intake route, usually oral, its distribution, and its rate of elimination. Although the enzymes primarily responsible for alcohol metabolism, the alcohol dehydrogenases, are present in many tissues, the liver has traditionally been considered the principal site of alcohol metabolism. In this issue of the Journal, Frezza et al.1 report that alcohol dehydrogenase in the gastric mucosa may contribute substantially to alcohol metabolism, that this effect varies with sex, and that the gastric metabolism of alcohol is decreased in women and men with chronic alcoholism. . . .

Correlates of low density lipoprotein cholesterol: associations with physical, chemical, dietary, and behavioral characteristics.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe the relationship between low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and various physical, chemical, dietary, and behavioral attributes of 4768 white men and women aged 20-59 years from 10 North American populations sampled by the Lipid Research Clinics Program. For our analyses, women were separated into two groups: users and nonusers of hormones. A positive correlation coefficient between very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C was observed for women but not for men. Fasting plasma concentrations of LDL-C were most strongly and consistently associated in each gender with age, the Quetelet Index of body mass, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, systolic blood pressure, and the levels of plasma glucose and uric acid (all positive associations); and with height and bilirubin levels (both negative associations). Gender-related differences were found in the associations between LDL-C and the other lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions measured. The associations between LDL-C and individual nutrients computed from a 24-hour dietary recall were generally of a low-order magnitude. The strongest and most consistent among the statistically significant associations were those between LDL-C and total caloric intake and with carbohydrates and sucrose (all negative associations). Other statistically significant association between LDL-C and reported intake of nutrients were less consistent, e.g., LDL-C levels were negatively related to alcohol consumption in women, but showed a weak positive relation to alcohol intake in men. Multiple linear stepwise regression was used to assess the variation in LDL-C concentration attributable to each characteristic under study, adjusted for concomitant variation in any other variable. As in the univariable analyses, age was the strongest covariate of LDL-C; adjusting for all other terms in the stepwise regression analysis, cigarette smoking was identified as the next strongest determinant of LDL-C. Other measurements, such as body mass, clinical chemistries, and alcohol consumption, emerged as independent predictors of LDL-C levels in a pattern specific to gender and to hormone use.

PREVALENCIA DE SÍNDROME METABÓLICO, ÍNDICE DE MASA CORPORAL Y RESISTENCIA INSULÍNICA EN ESTUDIANTES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA EQUINOCCIAL, QUITO - ECUADOR 2011

Para establecer la prevalencia de índice de masa corporal (IMC), obesidad, resistencia a la insulina (RI) y síndrome metabólico (SM), se llevó a cabo un Cross Sectional Study, en una muestra estratificada proporcional de 253 estudiantes que ingresan al primer semestre de las distintas facultades de la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial durante el primer semestre del año 2011, con miras a diseñar una línea de base que permita, cada dos años hacer un seguimiento de los cambios en los parámetros descritos. El 23% de los estudiantes tuvieron un índice de masa corporal considerado superior al normal (IC95%: 17.9 a 28.6%), presentando mayor prevalencia de obesidad en el sexo masculino 16% que en el sexo femenino 6% (p&lt;0.05). Se estudió la resistencia a la insulina a través del Homeostasis Model Asessment (HOMA), cuyos valores variaban en los estudiantes entre 0,19 a 14,24. De acuerdo a los parámetros establecidos para resistencia a la insulina medidos en el HOMA, la prevalencia encontrada de resistencia a la insulina en los estudiantes fue del 25.7% (IC95% 20.4 % a 31.5%), La prevalencia de SM fue de 12,6% (IC95% 8,8% a 17,3 siendo esta prevalencia en varones del 14,8% (IC95%98,3% a 21,9%), y en mujeres de 10,2% (IC95% 5,3 % a 17,1%) p&gt;0.05. Llama la atención además la alta prevalencia de consumo de cigarrillos y bebidas alcohólicas en varones y mujeres y la dieta frecuente de hidratos de carbono. Para la obtención de las prevalencias antes descritas, fue necesario realizar mediciones antropométricas y exámenes de laboratorio con los que se construyeron parámetros percentilares que servirán de referencia en nuevas mediciones, estudiándose además los hábitos alimenticios, de consumo de licor, tabaco, etc., así como la historia personal y familiar de los estudiantes.