Albus Cv Research Articles

Nodulation failure is important in the poor growth of two lupin species on an alkaline soil

This study examined the effects of inoculation of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) on the nodulation and growth of 2 lupin species on an alkaline soil in the field. Plants of L. angustifolius cv. Gungurru (alkaline-sensitive) and L. pilosus Murr. P23030 (alkaline-tolerant) were either not inoculated or inoculated with Bradyrhizobium (strain WU425 or WSM1253) and grown on an alkaline clay, an acid loam, and a limed acid loam. On the alkaline soil, plants of both lupin species without inoculation nodulated poorly and had low nitrogen (N) concentrations in shoots. Inoculation with bradyrhizobia on the alkaline soil greatly increased nodulation and N concentrations in shoots, but nodule number of L. angustifolius was still lower than that on the acid soil. Lupin species differed in growth and nodulation on the alkaline soil, L. pilosus being more tolerant than L. angustifolius. Effects of liming on growth and nodulation were not significant. A survey of a farmer's crop of L. albus cv. Kiev mutant, adjacent to the field trial, showed that poor growth was associated with high soil pH and poor nodulation.

Evaluation of faba beans (Vicia faba cv. Fiord) and sweet lupins (Lupinus albus cv. Kiev) as protein sources for growing pigs

The effect of different shelters that is, a shades tructure( 3.-5m high) in a dry lot and a tie-stallb arn in comparisont o a dry lot with no protection against climatic conditions (rain and wind), on the milk production and some physiologicalp arameterso f Dutch-typeF riesian S.Afi.TydskVre. ek.1, 995 ,25(2 ) cows was determinedo ver 53 days during winter in a temperatec limatez one.A completed iet ( l3.5VoC P and9 .6 MJ MElkg DM) was fed ad libitum daily to cows. Ambient temperaturesre cordedd uring the trial werew ithin the thermoneutrazlo nef or dairy cattle( 18.-5r 4.0 and 8.7 t 2.6C for maximum and minimum temperatures respectively)T.o tal rainfalld uring the trial period was 180.6m m. Daily precipitationh ighert han 5.0 mm was recordedo n 12 days. Althoughd ry matteri ntaked iffered( P 0.05) betweent reatments.P lasmac ortisol and thyroxine levels of cows in the different housing systems also did not diff'er( P > 0.05),i ndicatingn o advantagein providing r:laborate housingf acilitiesf or dairyc owsu ndert hesec limaticc onditions. Die invloedv an verskillendeb eskuttingsfasiliteitnea, amlik 'n skaduwee- afdak(3 .5 m hoog)i n 'n oop kamp en 'n intensieweb ehuisingstelseiln vergelykingm et 'n oop kamp waarin geen beskutting teen klimaatstoestand(er e6n en wind) verskaf is nie, op die melkproduksie en sekere fisiologiese maatstawwe van Hollandse tipe Frieskoeieis oor'n periodev an 53 dae gedurended ie winter in'n gebiedm et 'n gematigdek limaatb epaal.' n Vollediged ieet( l3.5Vo RP en 9.6 MJ ME/kg DM) is op 'n ad libitum-basis daagliks aan koeiev oorsienO. mgewingstemperatugred urended ie proefperiode wasb inned ie gemaklikheidsonveir melkkoeie( 18.-5+ 4.0 en 8.7 + 2.6C vir maksimume n minimumt emperatureo nderskeidelik)D. ie totaleh oeveelheidre envalg edurended ie periodew as 180.6m m. 'n Daagliksen eerslagv an ho€r as 5.0 mm is op 12 dae aangeteken. Hoewel daagliksed roemateriaal-innametsu ssenb ehandelingsv erskil het (P 0.0-5)B. loedplasmapeile van kortisol en tiroksienh et ook nie tussend ie behandelingsv erskil nie (P > 0.05).R esultated ui op geenv oordelein die voorsieningv an uitgebreideb ehuisingsfasiliteitveir melkkoeieo nder hierdie klimaatstoestandneie . Keywords : Milk production, dry lot, tie-stall barn, shade structure, tyroxine, cortisol, temperate climate.

Inactivation of cell wall acidic peroxidase isoenzymes during the oxidation of coniferyl alcohol in Lupinus

Lignification of the cell wall of primary and secondary xylem vessels in lupin ( Lupinus albus cv Multolupa) hypocotyls is associated first with an increase in the level of cell wall peroxidase activity, due mainly to the specific expression of the isoenzyme A 1, followed by a decrease in the activity, caused by its disappearance. Since during the oxidation of coniferyl alcohol by cell wall acidic peroxidases from lupin hypocotyls a specific inactivation of peroxidase isoenzyme A 1 takes place, this process is apparently responsible for the loss of peroxidase activity in lignified lupin cell walls.

Control of the Lignification in Lupinus by Genistein Acting as Superoxide Scavenger and Inhibitor of the Peroxidase-catalyzed Oxidation of Coniferyl Alcohol

Peroxidase activity in vascular tissues of lupin ( Lupinus albus cv. Multolupa) hypocotyls is mainly located in phloem, cambial initial and xylem cell walls. However, unlike xylem tissues, phloem and cambial cells do not lignify. For this reason, the effect of genistein (5,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone), a constitutive lupin isoflavone found in the cell walls of phloem and cambial cells, on the oxidation of coniferyl alcohol by cell wall acidic peroxidases fro lupin hypocotyls was studied. The results showed that genistein, used at μM concentrations, was a potent inhibitor of the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of coniferyl alcohol, the first step in lignin biosynthesis. Likewise, genistein also acted as a superoxide scavenger, when the superoxide anions were generated in a phenazin methosulphate-NADH system and determined by the superoxide dismutase-sensitive reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium. These results are discussed in light of a possible integrated control by genistein of cell wall phenolic cross-linking reactions in Lupinus .

Effects of sowing time on growth and grain yield of lupin and field pea in south-eastern New South Wales

Cultivars of lupin and field pea were grown at different times over 4 years on a red earth at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, to assess the influence of sowing time on growth and production from each crop. The cultivars of field pea (Pisum sativum) included Dinkum, Derrimut, Dunn, and Maitland; lupins used were Lupinus angustifolius cvv. Danja, Gungurru, and Geebung, and either the L. angustifolius line 75A/330 (1989-90) or L. albus cv. Ultra (1991-92). When autumn rain was sufficient to allow sowing, highest yield and dry matter production of lupin were gained by sowing from late April to 19 May. Yields declined with later sowing, though high spring-summer rainfall in 1992 reversed the decline. There was little difference between Danja, Gungurru, and Geebung, but these were usually higher yielding than the semi-dwarf 75Al330 when sown early. However, Ultra produced higher yields than the L. angustifolius cultivars in 1991 and 1992, particularly under high rainfall conditions. Early-sown crops (late April-mid May) of field peas were often severely infected with black spot blight and, in 1 year, with sclerotinia. In 1992 these diseases devastated all cultivars when sown on 1 May. Sowing later markedly reduced disease infection but also reduced grain yields and dry matter when sown after late June. The semi-leafless, semi-dwarf cultivar Dinkum was usually the lowest yielding and displayed the highest incidence of black spot blight.

The maximum axial growth pressure of roots of spring and autumn cultivars of lupin

The maximum axial growth pressure of roots of Lupinus albus cv Lublanc and Lupinus albus cv Lunoble (spring and autumn-sown cultivars respectively) were measured. The mean values were not significantly different with an overall mean value of 645 kPa. This value is not unusually large for plant roots and is surprising because lupins are known for their ability to penetrate strong soils. The autumn cultivar had a significantly greater maximum elongation rate under zero mechanical impedance than the spring cultivar. The impeded diameters were also larger in the autumn cultivars.

Oxygen Diffusion in Lupin Nodules

The oxygen diffusion resistance of Lupinus albus (L.) cv. Multolupa root nodules was increased by subjection to short-term stresses; lowering rhizosphere temperature from 25 to 16 o C (2 h), detopping plants (3 h), darkening plants (21 h) or exposing roots to 20 mol m -1 KNO 3 for 2, 4 or 6 d. Microscopic observations and measurements showed that this resulted in the area of open intercellular spaces within the inner cortex being reduced due to both cell expansion and increased production of an occluding glycoprotein. Electrophoretic and Western Blot analysis using the monoclonal antibodies MAC236 and MAC265 showed two distinct glycoprotein antigens with molecular weights of 240 and135 kDa, respectively

Oxygen Diffusion in Lupin Nodules

Root nodules of Lupinus albus (L.) cv. Multolupa were subjected to short- and medium-term stresses by lowering rhizosphere temperature from 25 to 16 o C (2 h), detopping plants (3 h), darkening plants (21 h) or exposing roots to 20 mol m -3 KNO 3 for 4 d. All experimental treatments produced increases in oxygen diffusion resistance, compared with control plants. These correlated with structural changes in the nodule cortex, which is described in detail for the first time. The most noticeable change is the occlusion of intercellular spaces by a glycoprotein which was identified using the monoclonal antibody MAC236. This glycoprotein was also found surrounding bacteria in intercellular spaces of the cortex of control nodules

Sweet Lupin Protein Quality in Young Men

The protein quality ofLupinus albus cv Multolupa was evaluated in young adult males using the nitrogen balance technique at graded levels of N intake, and compared with egg protein. Lupin protein was consumed at levels of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g/(kg·d) and egg protein at 0.3, 0.45 and 0.6 g/(kg·d). Each period started with 1 d of consuming a protein-free diet; the next 6 d were used as adaptation and the last 4 d for balance. The levels of protein intake were randomly assigned by a modified Latin square. Energy intake was individually adjusted. Mean apparent N digestibility values of lupin protein were 78.8, 76.1 and 70.2% for the levels of 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 g protein(kg·d), respectively, and 83.8, 78.3 and 67.1% for egg protein consumed at levels of 0.6, 0.45 and 0.3 g protein/(kg·d), respectively. The N balance results obtained when subjects consumed lupin were 16.4, 0.2 and -15.1 mg N/(kg·d) for protein intakes of 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 g/(kg·d), respectively. Those obtained for egg consumption were 12.6, -3.6 and -17.1 mg N/(kg·d) for protein intakes of 0.6, 0.45 and 0.3 g/(kg·d), respectively. The linear regressions of intake and absorbed N to retained N for lupin were: N retained = -43.41 + 0.50 N intake and N retained = -36.30 + 0.53 N absorbed. The corresponding regressions for egg were: N retained = -45.0 + 0.65 N intake and N retained = -30.65 + 0.58 N absorbed. The net protein utilization of lupin was 77% that of egg protein.

O2 regulation and O2‐limitation of nitrogenase activity in root nodules of pea and lupin

The gas exchange characteristics of intact attached nodulated roots of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Finale X) and lupin (Lupinus albus cv. Ultra) were studied under a number of environmental conditions to determine whether or not the nodules regulate resistance to oxygen diffusion. Nitrogenase activity (H2 evolution) in both species was inhibited by an increase in rhizosphere pO2 from 20% to 30%, but recovered within 30 min without a significant increase in nodulated root respiration (CO2 evolution). These data suggest that the nodules possess a variable barrier to O2 diffusion. Also, nitrogenase activity in both species declined when the roots were either exposed to an atmosphere of Ar:O2 or when the shoots of the plants were excised. These declines could be reversed by elevating rhizosphere pO2, indicating that the inhibition of nitrogenase activity resulted from an increase in gas diffusion resistance and consequent O2‐limitation of nitrogenase‐linked respiration. These results indicate that nodules of pea and lupin regulate their internal O2 concentration in a manner similar to nodules of soybean, despite the distinct morphological and biochemical differences that exist between the nodules of the 3 species. Experiments in which total nitrogenase activity (TNA = H2 production in Ar:O2) in pea and lupin nodules was monitored while rhizosphere pO2 was increased gradually to 100%, showed that the resistance of the nodules to O2 diffusion maintains nitrogenase activity at about 80% of its potential activity (PNA) under normal atmospheric conditions. The O2‐limitation coefficient of nitrogenase (OLCN= TNA/PNA) declined significantly with prolonged exposure to Ar:O2 or with shoot excision. Together, these results indicate a significant degree of O2‐limitation of nitrogenase activity in pea and lupin nodules, and that yields may be increased by realizing full potential activity.

Tolerance to iron deficiency of lupins grown on calcareous soils

Lupins differ in their efficiency to utilize Fe3+ in soils containing CaCO3. Most lupin species are susceptible to Fe deficiency. The objective of this study was to screen different lupin species, including introduced cultivars and wild types collected in Israel, for susceptibility to Fe deficiency. In a greenhouse experiment, inoculated seedlings, 7 to 10 days old, were planted in 1 L pots filled with a mountain rendzina soil from Emek Haela (pH=7.3, CaCO3- 45%), or with a brown-red sandy-loam soil from Rehovot (pH=7.7) not containing CaCO3. On the calcareous soil, susceptible lupin plants from day 7 onward showed various degrees of chlorosis, suggesting Fe deficiency, which at a later stage caused reduction of growth, necrosis of the leaf tissue, leaf abscission and ultimately death of the plants. Soil application of FeEDDHA resulted in an immediate remedy of the deficiency symptoms. No deficiency symptoms were observed on plants growing on the sandy-loam soil lacking CaCO3. Ranking of lupins based on visual symptoms of Fe deficiency and on chlorophyll concentration of young leaves relative to their tolerance to soil lime was as follows (location of source plants in brackets). Very good: Lupinus pilosw (Emek Haela), L. cosentinii cv. Erregulla and L. angustifolfus cv. Yorrel. Moderate L. angustifolius cv. Illyarrie. Low L. palaestinus (Gesher Haziv), L. albus cv. L221, L. angustifolius (Gesher Haziv). Very low: L. angustifolius (Givat Brenner), L. palaestinus (Rehovot). The need for further exploration of wild lime-resistant genotypes is emphasized.

Nutritional quality of lupine ( Lupinus albus cv. Multolupa) as affected by lactic acid fermentation

The effects of selected NRRL strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. buchneri, L. cellobiosus and L. fermentum upon oligosaccharide, phytate and alkaloid contents, as well as on the nutritive value of lupine, were investigated. Lupine was processed to a 12% total solids suspension, inoculated with 1% (v/v) cultures and fermented until a final desired pH of 4.5. L. acidophilus B-2092 and L. buchneri B-1837 growth was related to a significant sucrose breakdown and decreases of phytates, whereas L. acidophilus B-1910 and L. fermentum B-585 reduced the content of flatulence oligosaccharides. The activity of L. acidophilus B-1910 was particularly associated with lowering of alkaloids and increase of riboflavin. Lactic acid fermentation produced slight changes in lysine and methionine contents. No significant differences in net protein ratio values and protein digestibility were found between fermented and unfermented lupine ( P < 0.05). A 1 : 1 ratio mixture of B-1910 and B-2092 strains of L. acidophilus lead to a final fermented lupine with nutritional advantages to those given by the individual cultures.

Digestion ruminale et absorption intestinale des protéines du lupin extrudé chez la vache laitière

Four lactating cows fitted with permanent ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae were used to study the effect of extrusion of whole lupin seeds at 195 degrees C (Lupinus albus cv Lublanc) on organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) degradation in the rumen and their flow to and absorption from the small intestine. Raw whole lupin seeds (RWLS) and extruded whole lupin seeds (EWLS) were fed in diets containing 15.5% crude protein and composed of 22.6% whole lupin seeds, 56.5% corn silage, 10.2% corn grain and 10.7% Italian ray-grass on a DM basis, supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Chromium ethylenediaminotetraacetic (Cr-EDTA) and ytterbium chloride (YbCl3) were used as liquid and particulate markers respectively, while purines and 15N ammonium sulfate were utilized as bacterial markers. Cows fed EWLS had a similar ruminal ammonia N and volatile fatty acid concentrations and efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis compared to those fed the RWLS diet. Total tract OM and N digestion were not affected by inclusion of EWLS instead of RWLS; the corresponding mean values were 70 and 71%. Apparent degradation of OM and N in the rumen were 44 and 64% for diets containing RWLS, and 40 and 39% for EWLS diets. Feeding diets including EWLS both increased non ammonia N and dietary N flow to the duodenum compared with diets containing RWLS (472 vs 357 g/d) and (263 vs 153 g/d) respectively. Absorption from the small intestine (g/d and % entering) of dietary N was higher for EWLS diets (146 vs 62 g/d; 34 vs 15%). The PDIA, PDIE and PDIN contents (g/kg of DM) of RWLS were 18, 94 and 245 respectively; the corresponding values after extrusion were 145, 220 and 220.

In situ evaluation of the ruminal and intestinal degradability of extruded whole lupin seed nitrogen

The effect of whole lupin seeds (Lupinus albus cv Lublanc) at 120, 150 and 195 degrees C on in situ nitrogen degradability (Dg.N) was measured by the nylon bag technique using fistulated non-lactating Holstein cows. The N degradation was evaluated in nylon bags suspended in the rumen; heating the seeds at 120, 150 and 195 degrees C decreased the Dg.N value: 83.9, 72.9 and 53.0 respectively vs 95.3% (rumen outflow rate of 0.06/h). To estimate the total N disappearing in the digestive tract, bags were incubated in the rumen for 16 h, then in a pepsin bath for 2 h and then introduced into the duodenum for subsequently recovery in feces. The whole tract degradability of N was always high, approximately 98.3%. The amounts of N which disappeared in the intestine increased from 3.1 (untreated seeds) to 15.1, 26.3 and 44.7% as the temperature rose to 120, 150 and 195 degrees C respectively. The PDIN and PDIE contents (g/kg of DM) of the raw whole lupin seeds were 224 and 84 respectively; extrusion elevated these values by 10-32% for PDIN and 57-194% for PDIE. The augmentation in the supply of dietary proteins to the postruminal parts as a result of extrusion could rapidly benefit high yielding cows.

Leghemoglobin in Lupin Plants (Lupinus albus cv Multolupa)

Leghemoglobin was localized by immunogold techniques in nodules of Lupinus albus cv Multolupa inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) strain ISLU 16. The protein localization was performed in nodules embedded in Spurr's and Araldite epoxy resins and Lowycryl K4M. A very good preservation of both the ultrastructure and antigenicity was obtained with the tissues embedded in Araldite following glutaraldehyde fixation and unpostfixed in osmium tetroxide. Lupin leghemoglobin is a stable and abundant protein which allows a conventional method to be safely used for localization of leghemoglobin. Labeling of leghemoglobin was specifically confined to the cytosol matrix and nuclei. Gold particles were never observed in the peribacteroidal spaces nor in the cytoplasmic organelles of the infected cells. Decrease of leghemoglobin was observed when the plants were grown with 10.7 micromolar and 21.4 micromolar of nitrate.

Nodulation of Lupinus albus and Vicia faba by Rhizobium spp. as influenced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Abstract Nodule number per plant of Lupinus albus cv. Uniwhite and Vicia faba cv. Minor was increased 66.7% and 81.4%, respectively by co-inoculation of young plantlets with specific strains of Rhizobium spp. and Agrobacterium rhizogenes (a root proliferating organism). In all cases, however, the increase in nodule number was accompanied by a reduction in their dry weight. The number of nodules per gram root dry weight increased significantly for Lupinus albus but was unchanged for Vicia faba . This indicates an increase in root weight in Vicia faba , resulting in no change in the nodule number per gram dry matter of roots.

Evaluation of White Lupines and Triticale in Calf Starter Diets

One hundred fifty-two Holstein calves were used to evaluate white lupines (Lupinus albus cv. Ultra) and triticale in starter diets. The basal diet contained corn, oats, minerals, and vitamins. Starter components were 1) 14% soybean meal; 2) 10% soybean meal and 27% triticale; 3) 22% lupines; 4) 16% lupines and 24.5% triticale; 5) 11% lupines and 8% soybean meal; and 6) 7% lupines, 5% soybean meal, and 26.5% triticale. Dietary CP was approximately 16% of DM. Data collection began on d 4 after birth and continued through d 56. Calves were fed 3.6kg of fermented colostrum from d 4 to 14 and 4.5kg of fermented whole milk from d 15 to weaning at d 28. Starter diets and water were offered for ad libitum consumption from d 4 to 56. Dietary treatment had no effect on starter intake or weight gains. Average total gains during the experimental period were 25.6, 23.0, 23.3, 23.2, 25.0, and 21.6kg for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Calf health was excellent. Starter diets were examined in a dual flow continuous culture system to evaluate fermentation by rumen bacteria. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, and total nonstructural carbohydrate did not differ among treatments. Ammonia N concentrations ranged from 11.9 to 13.8 mg/100ml effluent. Chemical composition of bacteria, efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis, total VFA concentration in the effluent, and amino acid flow were similar for all treatments. The results indicate that lupines and triticale are satisfactory for use in calf starters when included in amounts equal to or less than those used in this experiment.

Insecticide Efficacy for Control of Lygus Bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) on White Lupin, Lupinus albus L.

Lygus Hesperus Knight and L. e/isus Van Duzee are the major insect pests attacking the foliage and seed pods on white lupin, Lupinus albus cv. Ultra in eastern Washington. Mid-April seeding of the thermosensitive ‘Ultra’ resulted in the increase of a Iygus bug population that coincided with primary pod set and flowering on racemes of lower secondary and tertiary branches. Of the insecticides tested against lygus bugs, their order of residual toxicity was acephate > chlorpyrifos > carbofuran > dimethoate > methomyl > ABG-6162 > fenvalerate. All of these materials effectively suppressed nymphal and adult stages of Iygus bugs through the critical pod-set period. These reductions resulted in yield increases of 1.1 to 43 times over the untreated check plots.

Effect of processing and methionine addition on the sensory quality and nutritive value of spray‐dried lupin milk*

SummaryLiquid and powdered imitation milks were prepared from sweet lupin (Lupinus albus cv. Multolupa) by a three‐stage grinding of blanched beans followed by homogenization and spray‐drying. Live steam injection did not alter the ‘beany flavour’, but fortification with 0.1% D‐L methionine increased the net protein ratio almost to that of casein. Fortified lupin milks were spray‐dried at inlet air temperatures of 170, 190 and 210°C, and an outlet temperature of 90°C. The effect of the thermal treatment on the protein dispersibility, available lysine and sensory quality was determined. Temperature had no effect on sensory quality, but spray‐drying at an inlet air temperature of 170°C was the best to maintain the nutritional value of the product. Spray‐drying at 170°C would improve the distribution and storage of the lupin milk as an alternative to cows milk for the institutional and vegetarian market in Chile.

Lipoxygenase from lupin seed: Purification and characterisation

AbstractLipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) from lupin seeds (Lupinus albus cv multolupa) was partially purified (38.4‐fold) by ammonium sulphate fractionation, hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration. The enzyme was associated with membrane fragments of high particle weights. Its optimum pH was 6.1 and it had Km values for linoleic and linolenic acids of 0.24 and 0.37 mM, respectively. Molecular weight determination gave a value of 92000. Incubation of linoleic acid with partially purified enzyme afforded a mixture of 13‐hydroperoxy‐9cis, 11‐trans‐octadecadienoic and 9‐hydroperoxy‐10‐trans, 12‐cis‐octadecadienoic acids in which the ratio of isomers was 16:9.