Lebbeck Research Articles

The effects of feeding dried browse leaves on rumen ammonia levels, methanogens and protozoa amplification of sheep in the Coastal Savannah of Ghana

Tanniferous browse leaves are reported to inhibit methanogens and protozoa activity in the rumen, thus contributing to a reduction of methane emission. This study evaluated the influence of feeding dried browse leaves to sheep on rumen ammonia concentration, the base pair at which protozoa and methanogens were amplified and double stranded DNA concentration (dsDNA) from rumen fluid and faeces. The eight treatments were urea treated rice straw, Albizzia lebbek (AL), Moringa oleifera (MO), Millettia thonningii (MT), AL + MO, AL + MT, AL + MO + MT and MO + MT. After feeding 32 ram lambs for 3months, one ram lamb on each of the eight experimental diets was randomly selected and slaughtered to obtain rumen fluid. Genomic DNAs were extracted from methanogen and protozoa strains obtained from rumen liquor and from faecal matter of sheep. Rumen ammonia was determined using spectrophotometer. Methanogens and protozoa from rumen fluid and faeces were amplified at 1100 base pair, 200-1100 base pair, 320-1100 base pair and 200-750 base pair respectively. Rumen ammonia concentration, dsDNA from rumen fluid and faeces ranged from 14.51 to 23.01mg/dl, 65 to 900µg/ml and 100 to 950µg/g respectively. The rumen ammonia concentration met the requirements for efficient growth of microbes. The presence of methanogens and protozoa in the rumen fluid and in the faeces indicated that dried browse diets were able to inhibit the growth of both protozoa and methanogens in the rumen by eliminating them, and thus, were excreted in the faeces. Hence, feeding of dried browse leaves can contribute to lower methane emission.

Population biology, ecological niche modelling of endangered and endemic Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle in Western Himalaya, India

Pittosporum eriocarpum, an endemic, endangered, and multipurpose tree of the Indian Himalayan Region, is found in restricted pockets. The available studies on the species reveals that the studies are mostly focused on taxonomy and ethnobotany/resource use patterns. Therefore, the present study assessed the populations; analyzed the physico-chemical properties of soil; developed Ecological Niche Model; and standardized seed germination protocol for conservation. Sixteen populations of P. eriocarpum were surveyed and sampled in Himachal Pradesh. The density of P. eriocarpum ranged from 10 to 40 Ind/ha, it was highest in the rocky habitat (15 Ind/ha) and west aspect (40 Ind/ha). Pinus roxburghii, Pistacia chinensis ssp. integerrima, Grewia optiva, Albizia lebbeck, Quercusoblongata and Bauhinia variegata were major associated trees. Soil was analysed for the physico-chemical properties. In most of the populations,P. eriocarpum was in the form of saplings and seedlings. P. eriocarpum density had a significant negative correlation with pH. To predict potentially suitable habitats for P. eriocarpum, species occurrence data, bio-climatic variables, and the maximum entropy distribution modelling approach were used. The model's results revealed that 9.37 % of Himachal Pradesh is appropriate for species reintroduction. Both GA3 and KNO3 were highly effective for increasing germination and decreasing MGT and played a significant role in the seed germination. Despite the high viability of seeds, species cannot regenerate and spread in their native environments. This might be a result of overexploitation, intensive grazing, and competition among associated species. For in-situ conservation, regular monitoring and complete habitat protection are recommended.

Phytochemical Composition of Extracts from Acacia nilotica Pods and Albizia lebbeck Stem Bark and Their Effect on Morphologies of Rat Spermatozoa

The study evaluated the phytochemical constituents of crude extracts from Acacia nilotica pods and Albizia lebbeck stem bark and tested the potential effects of their extracts on M. natalensis spermatozoa morphologies. A portion of the grounded materials from each plant was extracted in distilled water and 70% methanol. The aqueous and methanolic plant extracts were assessed for the phytochemicals with antifertility potentials. Also, a total of 90 male rats were randomized into 9 groups (n = 10) and treated with either A. lebbeck or A. nilotica methanolic extracts for 15, 30, or 60 days. Results indicated that in both plants flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and phenols were present in the aqueous and methanolic extracts. Judged by the intensity of colour change after a chemical reaction, saponin was more intensely present in both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the A. lebbeck stem barks while flavonoids and tannins were relatively more present in the A. nilotica sourced corresponding extracts. Spermatozoa with normal head-abnormal tail, normal head-tailless, abnormal head-normal tail, and both head and tail distortion were more revealed in rats treated with either A. nilotica or A. lebbeck extracts relative to the control. In conclusion, the studied A. nilotica and A. lebbeck extracts are rich in flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and phenols that possess some antifertility properties as reflected on the observed adverse effects on rat spermatozoa morphologies.

The Role of the Vegetative Part in Some Plant Species to Uptake and Accumulate Lead Element from Polluted Air (an Applied Study in Baghdad /Karkh in Iraq)

The current study was conducted to test the efficiency of the vegetative part (plant leaves) of plant species of shrubs and trees involved in forming semi-artificial vegetation in the city of Baghdad, Karkh, in the uptake and accumulating the lead element that pollutes the air in the city atmosphere. Five plant sampling sites were selected: Al-Kadhimiyah, Al-Mansour, Al-Ma'aml (Al-Salam district), Al-Adl, and Al-Ameriya district intersections (Al-Seklat), and symbols were given (A, B, C, D, E) respectively. The spread and distribution of plants vary in terms of human activities and pollution levels, affecting the five sites that recorded more than 20 species. For a real comparison between plant efficiency and the effect of the nature of the region, species of recurrent and non-recurring shrubs and trees were selected in their presence at the study sites and included (Conocarpus lancifolius, Ziziphus spina christi, Eucalyptus sp., Albizia lebbeck), and non-recurring (Nerium oleander, Dodonaea viscosa, Phoenix dactylifera, Olea europaea, Myrtus communis, Ficus nitida, Citrus aurantium). The study's results showed a variation in the ability of plant species in lead accumulators. The first site of the plants (Conocarpus lancifolius, Ziziphus spina christi, Albizia lebbeck, Eucalyptus sp., Nerium oleander, Dodonaea viscosa, Phoenix dactylifera, Olea europaea, Myrtus communis, Ficus nitida, and Citrus aurantium) was recorded at (0.46, 0.56, 0.36, 0.55, -, 0.68, -, -, 0.33, 0.29, 0.84) respectively. The second site of the same plants was (0.74, below the detection limit, 0.25, 0.57, -, -, 0.16, -, -, 0.31, -) respectively. The third site was (0.95, 0.65, 0.832, 0.831, 0.86, 1.02, -, -, -, 0.436, -, 0.532), respectively. The fourth site was (0.34, 0.95, 0.48, 0.40, -, 0.19, -, -, -, -), respectively. The fifth site was (0.48, 0.50, 0.49, 0.41, -, -, -, 1.45, -, -, -, -) ppm, respectively. The current study was conducted from October 2021 to May 2022

Effects of tree leaf biomass on the yield and its yield contributing characters of hybrid rice

A field experiment was conducted in the Agroforestry Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from November 2016 to April 2017 to find out the effects of Sadakoroi (Albizia procera), Kalokoroi (Albizia lebbeck) and Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis), leaves biomass with different fertilizers dose applications on the yield and yield contributing characters of Chinese Hybrid Rice. There were 10 treatments : T1 = Sadakoroi (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot ) + 15% RFD (Recommended fertilizer dose), T2= Sadakoroi (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot )+ 30% RFD, T3 = Sadakoroi (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot )+ 45% RFD, T4 = Kalokoroi (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot) + 15% RFD, T5 = Kalokoroi (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot) + 30% RFD, T6 = Kalokoroi (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot) + 45% RFD, T7 = Akashmoni (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot) + 15% RFD, T8 = Akashmoni (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot) + 30% RFD, T9 = Akashmoni (leaf biomass 2 kg /plot) + 45% RFD and T10= Control ( 100% RFD). The boro hybrid rice var. SQR6 was used as a test crop. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The result showed that green leaf biomass had a significant effect on the yield contributing characters. The panicle length varied from 21.0 to 25.5 cm. The number of leaves on hill-1 varied from 40.2-25.9. The number of effective tillers on hill-1 varied from 12.27-10.63. The highest grain yield of 8.87 t ha-1was obtained from treatment T10 followed by 8.77 tha-1 noted with T3 where Sadakoroi leaf biomass was applied. Therefore, this study suggests that the green leaf biomass of Sadakoroi and Kalokoroi can be applied to the improvement of yield and yield contributing characters of rice. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2022, 47(2): 44-52

Package of practice for Albizia lebbeck Bark

Albizia lebbeck is an astringent, used to treat boils, cough, eye flu, gingivitis, lung problems, pectoral problems, as a tonic and to treat abdominal tumors. The main parts used for medicinal purposes are Leaves, Bark, Flowers and Seeds/Pods. But out of these, bark is commercially used in treating many diseases/ailments. To utilize plant parts in pharmacological, anti-microbial and clinical research, it is therefore necessary to identify the active principles (phyto-constituents) and also their possible side effects to enhance product quality. In view of the commercial importance of the tree, an effort has been made to standardize harvesting practices of its bark. The proposed harvesting practices of bark of A. lebbeck may play an important role in maintaining health of tree besides easy extraction of bark.

Airborne Dust and Associated Metals: A Link between its impact and sink rate within different roadside plants

<p>Transportation driven by fossil fuels increases air pollution induced by urbanisation. Heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) are life-threatening elements and their concentration is increasing alarmingly in soil in various countries. Air pollution and associated metals contaminate the environment and affect nature's abiotic and biotic components. The significance of tree species originates from their connection to the effects of pollution and the solution approach to their biological cycle. Nineteen distinct tree species dominate the region, with heavy metals sinking in the range of Cd<0.4, Cr<1, Cu<15, Fe<2, Pb<5, and Zn<2 mg/kg or parts per million. According to the findings of this study, tree species can sink heavy metals. The different trees have distinct metals-sink ratios. The competence results showed the order of heavy metal sink as Delonix Regia-red (4) > Delonix Regia-yellow (4) > Syzygium Cumini (3) > Muntingic Calabura (3) of the trees with the highest sink rates and nine species had absorbed lead metal. The nine tree species were unsuitable for heavy metal absorption or deposition. There, Albizia Lebbeck (T02), Biancaca Decapetela (T05), Brucea Javanica (T06), Ficus Elastica (T09), Ficus Religiosa (T10), Pithecellobium Dulce (T13), Tamarind (T17), Terminalia Catappa (T18), and Thespesia Populnea (T19) were very low, less than 10% of other dominant tree species. Syzygium cumini (T16) is a high-yielding tree species that absorb significant quantities of Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu). These studies confirm that, tree species can capture several heavy metals simultaneously from the polluted environment.</p>

The Drugs of Mutravaha Strotas (Renal System) - A Review

The importance of Mutravaha Strotas (urinary / Renal system) not only responsible for homeostasis of fluids in the body but also in detoxifies the body by eliminating waste products through Mutra(Urine). The renal disorders are Mutra Vriddhi (increased), Mutra Kshaya (decreased urine), Mutra Krichra (Painful micturition), Mutra Ashmari(Formation of stones), Mutra Krichra(Obstructed during micturition). The drugs are; Jambu(Syzygium cumini Linn), Amra(Mangifera indica Linn), Plaksha(Ficus lacor Buch-Ham), Vata(Ficus bengalensis Linn), Kapeetana(Albizzia lebbeck), Udumbara(Ficus glomerata Roxb), Ashwattha(Ficus religiosa Linn), Bhallataka(Semicarpus anacardium Linn), Ashmantaka (Ficus rumphii Blume), Somavalka(Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham). The Mutravirajaniya Dravyas which give normal colour to the urine are; Padma(Nelumbo nucifera), Utpala(Nymphaea stellate Willd), Nalina(Variety of Kamala), Kumuda (Nymphaea nouchaki Burm.f), Saugandhika(Variety of Utpala), Pundarika(Nelumbo nucifera A white variety of Lotus), Shatapatra(Variety of Lotus), Yasthimadhu(Glycyrhhiza glabra Linn), Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl), Dhatakipushpa(Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz). The Mutraverechaniya are the drugs which remove excess urine from the body called as Mutra Virechaniya Dravyas. The drugs belonging to this group are also acts as diuretic.This paper gives an attempt to summarize the drugs works in mutraveh strotas.

Diversity and Succession of Perennial Trees in the Rehabilitation Areas of a Limestone Mine, Saraburi Province, Thailand

This study aimed to investigate the structure and composition of plant community to i) identify tree species that can colonize, grow, and form communities and ii) identify species under natural succession whose seedlings can be used in forest rehabilitation. Experimental plots of size 40 m × 40 m were established in 13-, 10-, and 5-year-old rehabilitation areas (13YRA, 10YRA, and 5YRA), where characterized as flatted, sloped, and benched areas, respectively. The survey found 24 genera, 12 families, and 25 species of plants. Plant species that were found in all plots were Zollingeria dongnaiensis Pierre., Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz., Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth., and Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) which can potentially grow well in several conditions of post-mining areas. The 13YRA plot had the most significant number of naturally regenerating species (11 species) as the area was next to a natural forest or buffer zone and had been under restoration for the most prolonged period. The community succession of the rehabilitation plots relative to the natural forest was relatively slow. Nonetheless, the pioneer species can help to improve the environmental factors to optimum levels for the natural succession of the plant community. This can also be useful while selecting pioneer species for restoring areas previously used for limestone mining and help reduce the time for succession in terms of increasing the species composition.

Albizia lebbeck leaf extracted natural antioxidant doped biodiesel–diesel blend in low heat rejection diesel engine

Natural antioxidants are available in various biomass substances which can be used for improving human health and fuel oxidation stability. This research is aimed at using a natural antioxidant powder obtained from Albizia lebbeck leaves powder to improve the oxidation stability of an optimal Jatropha methyl ester (JME)-diesel blend. Initially, Albizia lebbeck leaves are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy for their oxidant behavior. The optimal JME diesel blend (JME20) has a mixture of 20% JME and 80% diesel. The antioxidant at different concentrations, viz., 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm, is doped in JME20, and the blends are designated as AL1, AL2, AL3, and AL4, respectively. The test engine is converted to run on the low heat rejection (LHR) mode by coating the piston with a mixture of two different ceramic materials, i.e., yttria-stabilized zirconia and cerium oxide (CeO2), with a thickness of 0.3 mm of the topcoat and 0.15 mm of the bond coat of material NiAl. The emissions, performance, and combustion of the test engine run on antioxidant-doped JME20 fuels in conventional engine operation and LHR mode are evaluated, analyzed, and presented in this paper. Results indicate that, among the four antioxidant-doped JME20 fuels, JME20AL4 gives better performance and lower exhaust emissions. The engine's cylinder pressure and heat release rate are decreased by about 4.7% and 6.4%, respectively, at full load, for JME20 AL4. The delay period and combustion duration of the fuel are improved by about 26.8% and 10.8%, respectively, at maximum load. The NO, HC, and CO emissions are reduced by about 17.3%, 19.3%, and 44.2%, respectively, for JME20 AL4, at maximum load.

Adsorption process of reactive red 2 using a low-cost activated charcoal: isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics studies

Activated charcoal with an appropriate functional group was synthesized by carbonizing method, from the stem of Albizia Lebbeck. The average 75-125 µm mesh was utilized to separate particles. The charcoal parameters of bulk density, surface area, moisture content, pH, and pHzpc have been measured, which are concurrent with literature-reported values. Chemical functionality was studied by FT-IR spectroscopy and particle size was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The dye, Reactive Red 2(Red2), adsorbs on the surface of activated charcoal through microscopic holes. General parameter variations, namely exposure time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, temperature, and pH of the dye solution, were used to find out the best condition for dye removal. Compare to the reported adsorbents that require acidic conditions (pH<5), the prepared charcoal has been capable of absorbing Reactive Red 2 at an ambient pH of 5.5. The equilibrium adsorption data were found to match with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and thermodynamic tests indicated the endothermic adsorption process. Furthermore, it has been proven by Lagergren and models, that the monolayer coverage and first-order kinetics of adsorption indicate the scalability of the adsorptive process for large-scale dye removal from waste-water streams.

Environmental sustainability and resilience in a polluted ecosystem via phytoremediation of heavy metals and plant physiological adaptations

Natural Ecosystems are being degraded significantly due to increasing industrial pollution. Marble pollution is one of them. It was hypothesized that such a polluted ecosystem host unique set of plant species growing and tolerating the level of the pollution they dwell in. These can be used as phytoremediators successively, once the level of their tolerance is determined for environmental sustainability and resilience. The current research work was aimed to assess the phytoremediation ability of the selected resistant plant species by studying their physiological adaptations in the Marble Waste Polluted Ecosystem (MWPE) of northern Pakistan. Quantitative Ecological Techniques (QET) were adopted to sample the vegetation of polluted zones, initially. Indicator species were identified using Indicator Species and Total Importance Value, Indices. Topmost indicator plants were further evaluated for environmental sustainability and resilience based on indicator species analysis and a higher importance value index in the region for their phytoremediation abilities using Biological Concentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF) and Bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) analyses using atomic absorption spectrophotometric techniques. Physiological responses i.e., Proline accumulation and chlorophyll contents (a, b and carotenoids) for each indicator plant species were recorded and examined using standard experimental protocols. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was also used to assess heavy metals concentration. All the collected data were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling, Mixed effect modeling and Regression analysis using R software. Preliminary results showed that out of 220 species, 19 indicator plants, i.e., Adiantum capillus-veneris, Ailanthus altissima, Albizia lebbeck, Calotropis procera, Cynodon dactylon, Datura innoxia, Debregeasia salicifolia, Desmostachya bipinnata, Dodonaea viscosa, Erigeron bonariensis, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Parthenium hysterophorus, Persicaria glabra, Ricinus communis, Setaria viridis, Tamarix aphylla and Withania somnifera were the significant phytoextractor and phyto-stabilizer of potential toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Co, Cd, Ca and Mg) based on bioaccumulation coefficient, translocation and biological concentration factors. These indicators increase the accumulation of proline osmolyte and decrease chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total carotenoids as a defense or survival mechanism against pollution. These results were reconfirmed through Structural Equation Modeling, Mixed Effect Modeling and Bivariate Regression. It was concluded that the indicator plants have a significant role in the cleaning of ornamental rocks pollution and hence in the environmental sustainability and resilience. It is recommended that these indicator plants can be grown to remediate the heavy metals or PTEs released from the MWPE and their vicinities for better environmental management and pollution control in the subtropical regions of the world.

Nutritive values and phytochemical compositions of edible indigenous plants in Thailand

Indigenous edible plants are important components of food systems that are linked to food security and are important sources of nutrients with potential health benefits. Since knowledge about Thailand's various indigenous plants is limited, this study determined the nutritive values and bioactive compounds contained in eight edible indigenous plants growing within the conservation area of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Srinakarind Dam, Kanchanaburi province. Plant samples were analyzed as fresh or cooked (blanched or boiled) depending on customary preparation and consumption habits. Results showed that shoots and young leaves of Jang (Maerua siamensis Kurz), Ta-Kuk (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth), Pak-Wan-Pa (Melientha suavis Pierre), and Som-kob (Hymenodictyon exelsum Wall.) have potential health benefits in terms of nutritive values (vitamin C, dietary fiber, protein) and bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity). Shoots and young leaves of Jang were highest in protein, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. Shoots and young leaves of Ta-Kuk had the highest vitamin C level and considerable amounts of protein, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and carotenoids. Loss of vitamin C and bioactive compounds occurred most often in boiled plants rather than those that were blanched, though carotenoids increased with either boiling or blanching. This study's important findings should be translated into practical knowledge and disseminated to local communities and at the national level to encourage plant conservation, nutrition education, and the increased consumption of these indigenous plants.

A comparative pharmaceutical and analytical study of Shirisharishta prepared by Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha

Shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck Benth.) is well known classical drug used for the treatment of various types of diseases such as Shwasa, Kasa, Shosh etc. In this study 3 different sample of Shirisharista prepared from 3 different main ingredient Twak Sara and Kastha along with herbs like Pippali Priyangu etc. Shirisharishta is one such formulation mentioned under Visha Chikitsa, which is in use as a mode of Shaman Chikitsa. The reference of this Yoga is adopted from Bhaishajya Ratnavali. To formulate Shirisharista from Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha and evaluate their pharmaceutical and analytical characteristics. Shirisharishta was prepared from Twak Sara and Kastha of A. lebbeck. Organoleptic characterization pH, specific gravity, total solid content, alcohol content and TLC profile of the prepared 3 samples were determined. Heartwood is the best part of use of A. lebbeck for preparation of Shirisharishta.

Dengue and natural remedies for its prevention and control: A review

Dengue virus is the most common mosquito borne viral infection and is caused by four different serotypes of dengue virus, named DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4, which belongs to Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. It is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito from one infected person to another healthy person. A frontal headache, retro-orbital pain, body aches, rashes, nausea, vomiting, weakness and a high body temperature are the main symptoms of dengue infection. Dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome can result in death in severe cases if proper treatment is not given. Several medical technologies, such as monoclonal antibodies, tetravalent subunits, inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have been adopted globally, but developing and under developed countries cannot afford them due to high costs. Various developing countries use herbal and natural remedies to prevent and control dengue. In this review, we are discussing about various plant species that have antiviral, ovicidal, larvicidal and mosquito repellent properties, as well as compound that can be used to treat dengue fever. Following species of plants Momordica charantia, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Andrographis paniculata, Cladosiphon okamuranus, Carica papaya, Momordica charantia, Andropogon citratum, Curcuma longa, Piper longum, Piper ribesoides, Piper sarmentosum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Kaempferia parviflora, Solanum villosum, Azadirachta indica, Pongamia glabra, Eupatorium odoratum, Catharanthus roseus, Nyctanthes arbortistis, Acalypha alnifolia, Delonix elata, Ocimum sanctum, Tinospora rumphii, Citrus grandis, Jatropha curcas, Ageratum houstonianum, Albizia lebbeck, Aristolochia bracteata, Houttuynia cordata, Hippophae rhamnoides, Kaempferia parvifora, Leucaena leucocephala, Mimosa scabrella, Piper sarmentosum, Psidium guajava, Rhizophora apiculata, Boesenbergia rotunda and Quercus lusitanica are widely used for treatment and control of dengue. Plant products and herbal remedies provided alternative of medicine for cure and recovery of various diseases including dengue fever.

Health Risk Assessment of Children Exposed to the Soil Containing Potentially Toxic Elements: A Case Study from Coal Mining Areas

Coal mine activities lead to the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) to the surrounding areas. The present study concerns the health risk caused due to the exposure of PTEs (Hg, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in the children residing in the areas around coal mines. The PTEs content and bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) in the plant, viz., Albizia lebbeck and Madhuca longifolia growing on the nearby soils of the coal mine affected areas were also estimated. The results demonstrated that the hazard quotient (HQ) for Cr (0.211) in the roadside soil (RSS) was higher than other PTEs. The hazard index (HI) was also at the maximum in the RSS (0.553) followed by the core zone soil (0.541). In RSS, Cr contributed the maximum for the HI value (38%) which elucidated that Cr might cause health problem in the long term. The Cr concentration (5.49 mg kg−1) was also higher than other PTEs in the plant leaves of M. longifolia and was two-fold higher than A. lebbeck. Except Cd, the accumulation of other PTEs in the leaves of both the species were low, which could be due to their low availability in soils. The BAC for Cr in M longifolia was comparatively higher than A. lebbeck and was found at the maximum for Cd (0.29) in M longifolia. The outcomes of the study elucidated that although there is no severe health risk in children, the data indicated that the prolonged exposure to PTEs might lead to serious health issues.

The Efficacy of Methyl Alcohol Extracts of Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth Seeds , Melia azedarach L. Fruits and their mixture in Comparisom with Actellic Insecticide on Eggs and adult emergence of cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)(Coleoptera:Bruc

This study has carried out in laboratory to reveal the efficacy of methyl alcohol extract of Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth seeds and Melia azedarach L. fruits , in addition to their mixtures ( 1:1) , which is compared with the insecticide Actellic 50% EC., on Eggs and adult emergence of cowpea weevil , Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) under laboratory conditions of 30+ 2 C. and 60+5% relative humidity.Results have shown that there is significant differences in percentages of egg hatching of 1 , 2 and 3 days old which is treated with concentrations of 2,4,6,8,10% of methyl alcohol extract of Albizzia lebbeck seeds and Melia azedarach fruits ; the concentrations of 1,2 and 3% of the mixture of both and the concentrations of 0.05 , 0.075 % of the insecticide. There is a converse relationship between egg hatching and concentrations . Eggs of 1 day old are more resistant than other ages , since the highest egg hatching , 87.5% and 72.2% for Albizzia lebbeck seeds and Melia azedarach fruits respectively occur with 2% concentration compared with control which is 98.00 and 96.00% for both of them respectively. While Adult emergence has reached 80.36 and 75.6 % compared with control which is 94.00 and 100.00% for both of them respectively for the same age and concentration. The lowest hatching and emergence percentages are 52.5 and 69.79% of Albizzia lebbeck seeds extract at 6% concentration and 17.5 , 72.22 % of Melia azedarach fruits extracts at 8% concentration . No egg hatching occurs at 8% concentration of Albizzia lebbeck and 10% of Melia azedarach extracts for all ages .The highest egg hatching of 1day eggs old and adult emergence is 45.49 and 87.50 % at 1% concentration for mixed extraction compared with control which is 100.0 and 96.67 % . The lowest egg hatching is 5.00 % at 3% concentration and the lowest adult emergence 25.0% at 2% concentration compared with control which is 100.0 and 93.33% for eggs of 3 days old ; and there is no adult emerged at 3% for all ages . The highest egg hatching of 55% occurs at 0.05 concentration of actellic for 1 day old compared with control treatment which is 100.0% , and there is no hatching for the other ages and concentrations.

Foliage of Tropical Trees and Shrubs and Their Secondary Metabolites Modify In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation, Methane and Gas Production without a Tight Correlation with the Microbiota.

Simple SummaryRuminants produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as a byproduct of microbial activity during ruminal fermentation. To lessen greenhouse gases emissions, it is necessary to evaluate methane-reducing feeding alternatives for ruminants, such as the use of tropical trees and shrubs. The secondary metabolites produced by these plants have been shown to reduce ruminal methane emissions. Here, we evaluated the effect of the foliage of eleven tropical trees and shrubs edible for cattle in ruminal fermentation, methane production and microbiota in an in vitro assay. The content of condensed tannins and saponins in the foliage was variable between the species of plants. We observed a reduction in methane production and changes in microbial populations depending on the species of tree or shrub. Additionally, condensed tannins reduced methane production. The inclusion of the foliage of tropical trees and shrubs in the diet of ruminants may be a step towards diminishing greenhouses gases emissions, and therefore reducing the contribution to global warming from cattle production.Ruminants, mainly cattle, contribute to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions as methane (CH4) is produced by ruminal fermentation. Hence, various anti-methanogenic feed strategies have been studied, including the use of plants with secondary metabolites. This study evaluated in vitro ruminal fermentation metrics, microbial composition by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) and the CH4 production of the foliage of several tropical trees and shrubs: Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleifera, Albizia lebbeck, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Piscidia piscipula, Brosimum alicastrum, Lysiloma latisiliquum, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Gliricidia sepium and Bursera simaruba, using Cynodon plectostachyus grass as control. The results showed a wide variation in the chemical composition of the foliage, as well as in the ruminal microbiota. The crude protein (CP) content ranged from 11 to 25%, whereas the content of condensed tannins (CT) and saponins (S) was from 0.02 to 7%, and 3.2 to 6.6%, respectively. The greatest dry matter degradability (DMD) after 72 h was 69% and the least 35%, the latter coinciding with the least gas production (GP). A negative correlation was found between the CT and CH4 production, also between protozoa and fungi with the SGMT group of archaea. We concluded that the foliage of some tropical trees and shrubs has a high nutritional value and the potential to decrease CH4 production due to its CT content.

Effect of acid pre-treatment and potting media on seed germination and early seedling growth of Albizia Lebbek

Effect of acid pre-treatment and potting media on seed germination and early seedling growth of Albizia Lebbek

CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF ELA IN VISHAJANYA ALLERGIC SKIN REACTION W.S.R. TO URTICARIA

According to Ayurveda Visha means the substance which causes Vishada (sorrow, depression). Drugs which act against toxic substances are called as Vishaghna (Antitoxic). Acharya Charaka had described ten drugs having anti-toxic property in Vishaghna Mahakashaya. It includes Haridra (Curcuma longa), Manjishtha (Rubia Cardifolia), Suvaha (Pluchea Lanceolata), Sukshma Ela (Elettaria Cardamomum), Palindee (Operculina Turpethum), Chandan (Santalum Album), Kataka (Strychnos Potatorum), Shireesh (Albizzia lebbeck), Sinduvara (Vitex Nigundo), and Shlemantaka (Cordia Dichotoma). Sukshma Ela is one of them. The main objective of this article is to discuss the pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses of Sukshma Ela on allergic skin reactions i.e. Urticaria. This article highlights on those pharmacological properties of Ela which can be used in various allergic skin reactions i.e. Urticaria.