Albino Rats Of Local Strain Research Articles

Impact of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Obesity and Its Association with Macrophage Recruitment: Experimental and Immunohistochemical Study.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown in humans and animals to have anti-adipose effects. The current study aims to assess the prophylactic and therapeutic impact of CLA and its effect on recruited macrophage type using immunohistochemistry against CD68 and CD 163. Forty adult male albino rats of local strain were included in the study and divided into control, CLA-supplemented, obese, CLA-prophylactic obese, and CLA-treated obese groups. Biopsies from visceral fat of the investigated groups were obtained and assessed for histopathological changes and immunohistochemical staining for CD68 and CD163. Obese group showed hypertrophied adipocytes and infiltration by inflammatory cells compared to other groups. The obese group showed a marked increase in the CD68 positivity compared with that in the control and CLA-supplemented groups. CLA-prophylactic and CLA-treated groups showed mild immune reaction with a significant decrease in CD68 positivity compared to the obese group. The obese group showed a significant decrease in the CD163 positivity compared with that in the control and CLA-supplemented groups. Adipose tissue in obese is characterized by inflammation with more M1 than M2 macrophages. CLA could direct the recruited macrophages toward the anti-inflammatory subtype (M2) which encourages its beneficial effects in prophylaxis from obesity.

EFFECTS OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AND/OR OCIMUM BASILICUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON INDUCED DIABETES IN ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome that is rising in prevalence worldwide in both humans and animals. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is caused either by inadequate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, impaired insulin signaling, or both. Objective: To evaluate the possible protective effects of rosmarinus officinalis and/or ocimum Basilicum on induced diabetes in adult male albino rats. Material and methods: The present work was carried out form 15th of June to 30th of July 2021. Fifty adult male albino rats of local strain weighing 135 - 150 g were chosen to be the model of the present study and kept in suitable cages (45 x 30 x 30 cm, 5 rats per cage). They were divided into five equal groups: Group I (Control group) received no treatment; Group II (Diabetic group) was subjected to induction of diabetes by intraperitoneal alloxan injection (120mg/kg BW for two days), Group III (Rosemary group) subjected to induction of diabetes and received Rosemary fortified diet (at 0.05%) for four weeks, Group IV (Basil group) subjected to induction of diabetes and received Basil fortified diet (at 0.05%) for four weeks, and Group V (combined group) subjected to induction of diabetes and received Rosemary and Basil fortified (0.025% each) diet for four weeks. Checking of blood glucose was done, rats with high blood glucose (250 mg/dl or more) were considered diabetic. At the end of the study, blood samples were withdrawn and serum was separated for determination of serum fasting glucose, insulin, glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results: Rats of groups III, IV and V showed significant decreases in serum glucose levels in comparison to the control group. In addition, dietary fortification with Rosemary and/or Basil significantly increased glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels, while values for malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased. Conclusion: Dietary fortification with Rosemary and/or Basil leaves powder at 0.05% separately or 0.025% in combination might be used as promising modulators of blood glucose levels as well as nutritional management tools for the prevention and control of diabetes mellitus.

Effect of Ginger and Cinnamon on Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Male Albino Rats

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder. It is a pathological state leads to long term complications causing damage of different tissue and organs as heart and blood vessels. Ginger is one of the most important plants with several medicinal, nutritional and ethnomedical values. Cinnamon contains proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins [A, C, K, B3], Minerals like Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorous, Sodium and Zinc. Aim of the work: Evaluation the effects of ginger and cinnamon extracts administration on diabetic adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy adult male albino rats of local strain were divided into equal seven groups as follow: Group I: served as control group received normal saline, Group II: high fat diet control group, Group III: high fat diet diabetic control group, Group IV: High fat diet, diabetic and metformin group, Group V: high fat diet, diabetic and ginger group, Group VI: high fat diet, diabetic and cinnamon group and Group VII: high fat diet, diabetic, ginger and cinnamon group. Results: Metformin, ginger and cinnamon administration to diabetic rats leads a significant decrease of blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin level, cholesterol, TG, LDL, atherosclerosis index, atherogenic index, MDa, TNF α and CRP levels associated with significant increase in serum insulin and catalase levels. Conclusion: Metformin, ginger and cinnamon have a protective effect against abnormalities in diabetic rats due to its antioxidant properties.

THE EFFECT OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. EXTRACT ON HIGH FAT DIET-INDUCED OBESITY IN ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Obesity is one of the most serious global health problems of the 21st century and it is considered as a principal risk factor in the initiation of various non-communicable chronic diseases such as dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Objective: The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. extract (RE) on serum cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, glucose and insulin, as well as enzymatic activity of serum GPx, SOD and catalase, body weight, adiposity index and insulin resistance in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats of local strain were randomized into four equal groups. The first group was fed on basal diet and received 0.2 ml distilled water daily by oral intubations and kept as control group. The second group was fed on basal diet and received RE (100 mg/kg body weight daily by oral intubations). The third group was fed on high fat diet and received 0.2 ml distilled water by oral intubations, and the fourth group was fed on high fat diet with RE (100 mg/kg body weight daily by oral intubations). Results: Rats fed HFD showed significant increase in body weight, body weight gain, adiposity index, serum cholesterol, LDL, TG, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, and significant decrease in serum HDL and GPx, SOD and catalase in comparison to control group. Rats fed HFD with RE showed significant decrease in body weight, body weight gain, adiposity index, serum cholesterol, LDL, TG, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR, and significant increase in serum HDL, GPx, SOD and catalase in comparison to HFD group and showed significant increase in body weight, body weight gain, adiposity index, serum cholesterol, LDL, TG in comparison to control group. Rats fed basal diet with RE showed insignificant changes in comparison to control group. Conclusion: The administration of RE showed increased oxidative activities of serum SOD, GPx and catalase enzymes as well as improvement of lipid profile and decreased glucose, insulin, body weight, adiposity index, and insulin resistance in HFD fed rats.

Ameliorative Effect of Exercise Training on Age-Related Vascular and Biochemical Changes in Rats

AbstractBackground: Physical exercise is suggested as a life style modification to improve the age related patho-physiologic heamodynamic alterations.Aim of Study: The present study was designed to evaluate the possible ameliorating role of aerobic exercise training in improving age associated vascular dysfunction and hemody-namic disturbance.Material and Methods: Thirty male albino rats of local strain were used for this study. Rats were divided into three main groups: The young control (aged 3-4 months, weighing 150-200gm) (n=10), aged sedentary (aged 22-24 months, weighing 300-400gm) (n=10) and aged exercised group (aged 22-24 months, weighing 300-400gm) (n=10). Rats in the aged exercised group practiced moderate intensity treadmill exercise for 5 days/week for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks rats were subjected for rat tail-measurement of SBP. Then, fasting retro-orbital blood samples were collected for measuring serum lipid profile (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C and TGs) and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-a). Lastly, rats were sacrificed and abdominal aorta was exposed for assessing MNV and RP using Doppler ultrasound.Results: In aged sedentary group, there were significant increase in SBP, RP, serum (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C) and serum TNF-a associated with significant decrement in MNV when compared to the corresponding values in the young control ones. Exercise training for six weeks significantly restored age-related vascular and biochemical changes except for HDL-C and TC there was insignificant diffrence when compared to the corresponding values in aged sedentary group.Conclusion: Regular exercise training in aging has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular functions by accelerating blood flow and decreasing resistance to blood flow, also it has an additive beneficial effect on the associated dyslipidemia and chronic inflammatory state in aging.

The Influence of Acesulfame-K and Aspartame on Some Physiological Parameters in Male Albino Rats

Background: the easiest method of reducing calories is to replace the high caloric food products with sweetened ones. Aim of the work: this study aimed to determine the effects of acesulfame-k or aspartame on some physiological parameters in male albino rats. Materials and methods: we used thirty male albino rats of local strain weighing from 100 to120 gm. The period of the experiment was 30 days. The animals were divided into three groups; Group 1: control, Group 2: rats received acesulfame-k (15 mg/kg/day) and group 3: rats received aspartame (50 mg/kg/day). Results: there was an increase in serum glucose and insulin level in rats that received aspartame. In addition, there was increase in ASAT and ALAT activities, serum creatinine, serum urea and lipid profile except HDL-C in both treated groups as compared to the control group. Meanwhile, there was a drop in serum testosterone level and serum T3&T4 levels in aspartame group as well as in total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio in both treated groups as compared to control group. Conclusion: aspartame has more dangerous effects than acesulfame-k.

Effect of Green Coffee on Cisplatin Induced Renal Apoptosis in Adult Male Albino Rats

Background: Green coffee as a functional food has an antioxidant effect, which can reduce the cancer incidence, promote weight-loss and improve glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Objective: Assessing the effect of green coffee administration on experimental cisplatin induced renal apoptosis in adult male albino rats of local strain. Design: Randomized Block Design was used. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats of local strain were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals each. G1: control negative group was received isotonic saline (0.5 ml, i.p.) for 30 consecutive days, G2: sham operated group mice were received green coffee extract in water (40 mg/kg/day) for 30 consecutive days, animals of G3 and G4 were administered cisplatin (8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) at 10th day, which is well known to produce significant nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals in G3 were received green coffee extract in water (40 mg/kg/day) and G4 was received isotonic normal saline (0.5 ml, i.p.) for 30 consecutive days. All rats were sacrificed after 30 days and blood was withdrawn for biochemical examinations of kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid). Kidneys were removed for determination of renal oxidative stress markers (H2O2) biochemically and caspase-3 by Immunohistochemical examination. Results: Cisplatin administration was associated with significant higher levels of BUN, creatinine, uric acid and H2O2 as compared with normal control group. Green coffee administration in cisplatin-induced renal apoptosis groups produced significant lower levels of BUN, creatinine, uric acid and H2O2 (24.4 ± 4.14, 1.730 ± 0.2830, 5.50 ± 0.850 and 0.51 ± 0.12 respectively) as compared with cisplatin-induced renal apoptosis group not administrated green coffee (27.4 ± 6, 2.04 ± .31, 7.00 ± 1.25 and 1.1 ± 0.16 respectively). Cisplatin administration increased expression of the apoptotic protein caspase-3. In contrast, treatment with green coffee extract attenuated apoptosis. Conclusion: green coffee reduced cisplatin-induced renal apoptosis. Green coffee improved the general condition of cisplatin-induced renal apoptosis rats due to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor in the Control of Glycemic State in Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Rats: A Comparative Study

AbstractBackground: Incretin hormones; glucose-dependent in-sulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have attracted considerable scientific and clinical interest due largely to their insulin-releasing and glucose-lowering properties. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is the enzyme responsible for cleavage and inactivation of GIP and GLP-1.Aim of Study: The present investigation was assigned to study and compare the effect of DPP-4 inhibitor (vildagliptin) on glycemic state in type I and type II diabetes mellitus in rats.Material and Methods: Fifty male albino rats of local strain were used. Rats were divided into three groups: Non-diabetic (10 rats); type I diabetic (non-treated, 10 rats and Vildagliptin-treated, 10 rats); type II diabetic (non-treated group, 10 rats and Vildagliptin-treated, 10 rats). Type I diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection (60mg/kg) of STZ dissolved in 0.2ml citrate buffer in adult 6 weeks old rats. 48h later fasting blood samples were taken from rat tail and rats with fasting blood glucose levels greater than 250mg/dl were considered diabetic type I. They were left for 30 days before assessment. Type II diabetes was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection (90mg/kg) of STZ to a group of 2 days old pups. 6 weeks later, fasting blood samples were taken from rat tail and rats with fasting blood glucose level ³160mg/dl were considered as diabetic type II, they were left for 30 days before assessment. In both treated groups rats were treated daily with Vildagliptin (5mg/kg) by oral gavage for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, retro-orbital fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum glucose, serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma GLP-1 levels, lipid profile, malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated.Results: Serum glucose, blood HbA1c, serum cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly higher in type I and type II diabetic non-treated groups when compared to corresponding values in non- diabetic group. All the previous parameters were significantly lower in diabetic type I and type II vildagliptin-treated groups when compared to corresponding values in non-treated groups and the same parameters were significantly lower in type II Vildagliptin-treated group when compared to corresponding values in type I vildagliptin-treated group. Serum insulin, high density lipoproteins (HDL-cholesterol) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in type I and type II diabetic non-treated groups were significantly lower when compared to corresponding values in non-diabetic group, while all the previous parameters were significantly higher in type I and type II Vildagliptin-treated groups when compared to corresponding values in type I and type II diabetic non-treated groups. The same parameters were significantly higher in type II Vildagliptin-treated group when compared to corresponding values in type I vildagliptin treated group. There was insignificant change in HOMA-IR and plasma GLP-1 level in type I diabetic (both non-treated and Vildagliptin-treated) groups when compared to corresponding values in non-diabetic group; on the other hand HOMA-IR was significantly higher while plasma GLP-1 level was sig-nificantly lower in type II diabetic non- treated group when compared to corresponding values in non-diabetic group. In type II diabetic Vildagliptin-treated group HOMA-IR was significantly lower while plasma GLP-1 level was significantly higher when compared to corresponding values in non-treated group. Upon comparing type I and type II non-treated groups; serum glucose, HbA1c and plasma GLP-1 were significantly higher while serum insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in type I non-treated group when compared to corre-sponding values in type II non-treated group. On the other hand there was insignificant difference in all other parameters between the two groups.Conclusion: Vildagliptin treatment is a good choice for type II diabetes treatment and has beneficial effects in type I diabetes.

A Study on the Immunological Changes in Adult Male Obese Rats and the Possible Immune Modulator Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation

AbstractBackground: Conjugated Linoleic Acid [CLA] is suggested as a novel drug to improve obesity.Objectives: The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible role of CLA in ameliorating the pathophysiology in obese rats and modulate its immune function.Methods: Forty adult male albino rats of local strain, weighing [120-160] grams each, were used. Rats were ran-domly divided into five equal experimental groups, control, CLA-supplemented, obese, CLA-prophylactic obese and CLA-treated obese groups obesity was induced by High Fat Diet [HFD] for 12 weeks. CLA was administered orally in a dose of 1500mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks. Initial and final Body Weight (BW) and Body Mass Index (BMI) and food intake were measured. Total Leucocytic Count (TLC) and its differential count and serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) were measured. Visceral fat and total white abdominal fat to each 100 [gm]/BW were measured. Caspase 3 expression was evaluated in the abdominal fat biopsies using immuno-histochemistry.Results: High fat diet resulted in deterioration and impair-ment of most measured parameters. CLA supplementation decreased final BW of obese rats, food intake, visceral fat, and total abdominal together with increased CD8+, CD4+ T lymphocytes and eosinophilic %. Moreover, CLA supplemen-tation decreased TNF-a in CLA-supplemented and CLA-prophylactic groups but not in CLA-treated group. High fat diet increased TLC and CD4+ T lymphocytes but decrease eosinophilic % and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In addition, CLA increased the positivity of caspase 3 in CLA-prophylactics and CLA-treated obese groups.Conclusion: CLA supplementation, either as a prophylactic agent or a therapeutic one, to the high fat feed rats could ameliorate most of the detrimental effects of obesity, particu-larly those related to the immune system. This beneficial effect of CLA could be explained by its immune modulator, anti-inflammatory and pro apoptotic effects.

Effect of Valsartan and Folic Acid on Vascular Reactivity, Leptin Hormone and Some Biochemical Parameters in Fat Diet-Induced Obese Male Rats

AbstractBackground: The development of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state has been shown to play a central role in the development of metabolic complications associated with obesity.Aim of Study: The aim was to determine the impact of oral administration of valsartan and folic acid to fat diet-induced obese male rats on the vascular reactivity & on the serum levels of leptin and some inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.Material and Methods: Fifty male albino rats of local strain were randomized into five equal groups: Control, obese, valsartan-treated obese, folic acid-treated obese and combined valsartan and folic acid-treated obese groups. Obesity was induced by feeding high fat diet and treatment was done for indicated groups for 16 weeks. Thereafter, weight and length were measured, and rats were subjected for rat tail-measurement of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP). Then, fasting retro-orbital blood samples were collected for measuring serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TGs), Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C), Malondialdehyde (MDA), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and leptin levels, as well as serum Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities, andurinary nitrite/nitrate (NOx) level. Rats were tested for Vascular Reactivity to Acetylcholine (VRACh) and sodium nitroprusside (VRSNP) by Doppler flowmeter. Lastly, rats were sacrificed and abdominal visceral fats were resected and weighed.Results: High fat diet resulted in marked impairment of all the measured parameters, except VRSNP. Treatment of obese rats with valsartan resulted in improvement of BMI, adipose tissue mass, TC, LDL, CRP, leptin, NOx, MDA, SBP and VRACh; however, total body weight, TGs, HDL-C and antioxidant enzyme activities were not affected. Folic acid administration to obese rats improves all serum lipid param-eters, increased GPx and SOD activities, and showed a better effect than valsartan on NOx, leptin andVRACh, but less effect on CRP. On the other hand, folic acid had no effect on the anthropometric parameters and SBP of obese rats. Com-bined treatment showed a reduction in total body weight, and a significant better improvement of all the measured parame-ters, except MDA, than those of isolated valsartan or folic acid treatment, with normalization of MBI, TGs, LDL-C, NOx and VRACh.Conclusion: Both valsartan and folic acid, when admin-istered separately, ameliorate the detrimental effects of fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Combined valsartan and folic acid prophylactic treatment of fat diet-induced obese rats has an additive beneficial effect on the associated dyslipidemia, inflammatory state, oxidative stress, leptin hormone level, and endothelial dysfunction that is possibly achieved by different mechanisms of action.

Impact of Exercise Training and Detraining on Some Hemodynamics and Inflammatory Mediators in Hypertensive Rats

AbstractBackground: Physical exercise is suggested as a life style modification to improve hypertension.Aim of Study: The aim of the present study was to prove that exercise training ameliorates the pathophysiology in hypertensive rats, and to investigate whether this effect is reversible after detraining.Patients and Methods: Forty-eight adult male albino rats of local strain were used. Rats were equally divided into two main groups, normotensive and hypertensive groups. Each main group was equally divided into sedentary, exercise-trained and detrained groups (n=8 for each group). Hyperten-sion was induced by subcutaneous injection of deoxy corti-costerone acetate (DOCA) in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight suspended in 0.3ml olive oil, once weekly for 4 weeks and drinking water with 1% NaCl. Rats in exercise-trained groups practiced moderate intensity treadmill exercise for 6 weeks. Rats in detrained groups practiced moderate intensity exercise for 4 weeks and remained sedentary for 2 weeks. After 6 weeks, blood samples were collected for measuring serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-10 (IL-10), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Then, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures were measured by invasive technique and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was calculated. Lastly, rats were sacrificed and heart was excised for assessing myocardial contractility (MC) and heart rate (HR) by Langendorff isolated perfused heart.Results: Exercise training for six weeks resulted in reduc-tion of MAP and HR and improvement of MC and all the measured biochemical parameters in hypertensive rats com-pared to sedentary hypertensive ones. This improvement of hypertension and cardiac performance by exercise training for six weeks is possibly by restoring the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and attenuating oxidative stress. Training of hypertensive rats for four weeks and detraining for two weeks preserved the beneficial effects of exercise on MAP, TNF-a , MDA and TAC, but the improvement was reversed in HR and IL-10.Conclusion: Exercise detraining for two weeks did not completely lose the benefit of exercise in controlling hyper-tension in rats.

Effects of Immobilization Stress on Some Reproductive Functions in Adult Female Albino Rats

AbstractBackground: Various factors can disrupt the female re-productive cycle resulting in subfertility. Reproductive disor-ders and hazards to reproductive health have become prominent public health issue.Aim of Work: Evaluation of the effects of immobilization stress on some reproductive functions in adult female albino rats.Material and Methods: Twenty adult female albino rats of local strain weighing 145-160g were chosen to be the model of the present study. They were divided into two equal groups: Group I (Control group) received no treatment, and Group II (immobilization group) were subjected to immobilization stress for two weeks. Estrus cycle was examined by daily vaginal smear for determination of its phases. Blood samples were withdrawn and serum was separated for determination of FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, corticosterone, and prolactin serum levels.Results: Chronic stress was associated with disturbed estrus cycle, gonadotrophic, estrogen, progesterone, corticos-terone, and prolactin hormones. Taken together these distur-bances affect the female reproductive functions.Conclusion: Chronic stress has a drawback effects on the female reproductive functions. So, a great importance must be considered to avoid stressful situation aiming at avoidance of its drawback effects on the body functions.

THE EFFECT OF COENZYME Q10 AND/OR SILYMARIN ON RENALASE GENE EXPRESSION OF CARDIORENAL SYNDROME IN ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Therapeutic strategies in cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) should be directed to the cardio-renal connectors like renalase. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and silymarin are natural anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Objectives: Assessing the effect of CoQ10 and/or Silymarin on renalase gene expression in CRS induced by high fructose diet (HFD) in male rats. Patients and Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats of local strain were divided into 5 equal groups and subjected to the following regimens for 8 weeks: Group I: Supplemented orally with 1 ml of 2% aqueous solution of tween 80. Group II: Received HFD in the form of 30% fructose in drinking water. Group III: Received HFD and CoQ10 orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day dissolved in 2% tween-80 aqueous solution. Group IV: Received HFD and Silymarin orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day dissolved in 2% tween-80 aqueous solution. Group V: Received HFD and both CoQ10 and silymarin in the same regimen as described before. Results: CoQ10 and/or Silymarin significantly decreased plasma lipid profile, cardiac troponin-I, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) & tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) levels when compared to HFD group. On the other hand, CoQ10 and/or silymarin caused significant increase in plasma catalase level & renalase gene expression in kidney tissue when compared to HFD group. They also improved HFD -induced cardiac and renal fibrosis. Conclusion: CoQ10 and Silymarin induced improvement in HFD-induced CRS as they possessed cardio-protective, reno-protective, hypo-lipidimic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities, as well as increased renalase expression.

EFFECTS OF MUSIC AND STRESS ON HEALING OF INDUCED WOUND IN THE SKIN OF ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Wound healing is a complex process involving intrinsic dermal and epidermal cells, and infiltrating macrophages and leukocytes.Noise and music exposure have long been used to investigate their effects on biological and biochemical responses. Objectives: Studyingthe possible acceleration effect of the process of wound healing after exposure to music, and the stressor effect after exposure to noise. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats of local strain were chosen as an animal model for this study. They were divided into four equal groups:Control group, wound group, stress-exposed group andmusic-exposed group. On the day of infection, superficial surgical wounds were produced on the shaved backs of anesthetized rats by making a longitudinal midline incision, 2.3 ± 0.2 cm in length and extending down to the panniculuscarnosus.At the end of the experiment (30 days), blood samples were obtained for estimation of WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets count. Immediately after the animals were killed, 5-mm punch biopsy specimens of excised skin were taken, and immediately fixed in phosphate-buffered (pH 7.4) formalin (4%). Results: Stress- exposed group showed significant increase in both WBCs and neutrophils counts, and significant decrease in both lymphocytes and platelets counts. In music-exposed group, WBCs significantly increased and platelets significantly decreased. Histopathological examination revealed that the exposure to noise resulted in significantly slowed inflammatory process. This effect was demonstrated by increased infiltration of wounds with polymorphnuclear leucocytes (PMNL). The music exhibited significant acceleration of wound healing activity as compared to noise exposed group .The wound closure time was lesser, as well as the percentage of wound contraction was more. The epithelization of wound was found to be earlier as compared tonoise exposed group. Conclusion: Music has some antistressor effects and may accelerate wound healing.

COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF FENUGREEK (TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRACEUM) AND GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE) ON DIABETIC ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease and it is one of the major health problems due to its high prevalence, chronic nature and high risk of chronic complications. Currently available therapeutic options for DM have little or no effect on lipid profile, have various adverse effects and are far from satisfactory as far as long-term complications are concerned. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of fenugreek and ginger on lipid profile, blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty two adult male albino rats of local strain were used and divided into four equal groups: group I (control group) was given distilled water orally, group II (diabetic group), group III (diabetic treated with fenugreek extract 1g/kg body weight, single oral daily dose for 12 weeks), and group IV (diabetic treated with ginger extract (0.5g/kg body weight in a single dose orally daily for 12 weeks). Diabetes induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight) in freshly prepared physiological saline. Results: Diabetic animals showed marked significant elevations in TG, TC and LDL, accompanied with marked decline in HDL relative to the corresponding controls. Treatment of diabetic rats with fenugreek and ginger improved the sera lipids profile as shown by the significant reduction in the values of TC, TC and LDL associated with marked elevation of HDL without significant differences between both treated groups. A significant decrease in the levels of serum insulin accompanied with marked significant elevation in the levels of blood glucose and HbA1c were recorded in diabetic rats when compared to the control rats .Marked recovery in insulin, glucose and HbA1c levels was recorded in diabetic animals post treated with fenugreek and ginger without significant differences between each other. Conclusion: Fenugreek and ginger showed significant hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects in diabetic rats.

EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBLE CURATIVE EFFECT OF NIGELLA SATIVA LINN OIL ON EXPERIMENTALLY ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY IN ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: There is a great realization that the use of herbs has been considered for the treatment of human diseases such as heptotoxicity and nephrotoxicty since ancient times. Nigella sativa (NS) is one of the most important medicinal plants having strong antioxidant properties. Objectives: Study the possible curative effect of Nigella sativa linn (NSL) oil on experimentally acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats of local strain were chosen as an animal model for this study. They were divided into five equal groups: Negative control group, Positive control group, NsL oil group, Acetaminophen-treated group and Acetaminophen + NsL oil-treated group. Heptotoxicity and nephrotoxicty was induced by oral administration of acetaminophen. At the end of the experiment (24 days), blood samples were obtained for measuring of liver functions (ALT, AST and total bilirubin), kidney functions (serum creatinine and blood urea) and TNFα. Animals were sacrificed; livers and kidneys were obtained for histopathological examination, immunofluorescence analysis for Tansforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) and measurement of tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in both liver and kidney. Results: Acetaminophen-treated group and Acetaminophen + NsL oil-treated group showed significant increases in ALT, AST, total bilirubin serum creatinine,urea, TNFα and tissue MDA in both liver and kidney compared to Negative control group and Positive control group. Acetaminophen+NsL oil-treated group, when compared to Acetaminophen-treated group, showed a significant decrease in all previous parameters. Histopathological examination revealed appearance of partial improvement and evidence of some regeneration of both liver and kidney tissues of Acetaminophen + NsL oil-treated group in comparison with Acetaminophen-treated group in addition to immunofluorescence staining of expression of TGFβ in hepatocytes was improved in Acetaminophen + NsL oil-treated compared to Acetaminophen treated group, but there was no difference in the immunofluorescence staining of kidney sections of the previous groups. Conclusion: Nigella sativa linn oil has a curative role in regeneration of liver and kidney tissues in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF SOME ADIPOKINES ON TYPE II DIABETES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE ADULT MALE RATS

Background: Type 2 diabetes results from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Overweight/obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Objective: Examining the changes in leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels in obese and non-obese rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the effects on body weight, BMI, insulin resistance, HbA1c and fasting blood sugar. Materials and methods: Forty adult male albino rats of local strain were chosen as an animal model for this study. They were divided into normal control, control obese, diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus obese rats. Rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40mg/kg B.W) that successfully induced type 2 diabetes. The high fat diet was used to induce obesity.It was prepared by increasing the fat content of diet to 11-12%. At the end of the experimental period, rats were weighed and BMI was calculated. The rats were anesthetized, blood samples were collected, and the separated plasma was stored at -20˚C for biochemical assays. Results: Regarding plasma leptin and resistin levels, all groups showed a significant increase as compared with control. There was a significant decrease in plasma adiponectin levels in all groups as compared with control group. There was a significant increase in plasma L/A ratio in all groups as compared with control group. Conclusion: The decrease in adiponectin and the increase in resistin and leptin levels inplasma could be attributed to hyperglycemia and the increased insulin resistance observed in obese, diabetic and diabetic obese rats.

EFFECT OF MELATONIN ON HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES INDUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder. It is a pathological state leads to long term complications causing damage of different tissue and organs as heart and blood vessels. Hypertension is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Melatonin has extraordinary antioxidant potential and reduce the level of free radical burden on the level of both oxygen and nitrogen species. Objective: Evaluation of melatonin on hypertension and diabetes induced experimentally in adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy adult male albino rats of local strain were divided into equal seven groups as follow: Group I: served as control group received normal saline, Group II: diabetic group, Group III: hypertensive group, Group IV: Diabetic-hypertensive group, Group V: diabetic-melatonin-treated group, Group VI: Hypertensive-melatonin-treated group and Group VII: Diabetic-hypertensive-melatonin-treated group. At the end of experimental period, blood samples were obtained for detwrmination of glycated hemoglobin, plasma glucose, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG)), serum insulin, serum urea and serum creatinine levels. Measurments of blood pressure were performed for the hypertensive rats. Also, cardiac muscles samples were obtained for histopathology study. Results: STZ led to significant increase in blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, TG, LDL, serum urea and serum creatinine levels associated with significant decrease in serum insulin level.Cadmium led to significant increase in total cholesterol, TG, LDL, serum urea and serum creatinine levels associated with significant increase in blood pressure. Melatonin treatment led to significant decrease of blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, TG, LDL, serum urea and serum creatinine levels associated with significant increase in serum insulin level associated with significant decrease blood pressure. Conclusion: Melatonin has a protective effect against cardiac muscle abnormalities in diabetic, diabetic-hypertensive and hypertensive rats due to its antioxidant properties.

EFFECT OF MELATONIN ON HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES INDUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder. It is a pathological state leads to long term complications causing damage of different tissue and organs as heart and blood vessels. Hypertension is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Melatonin has extraordinary antioxidant potential and reduce the level of free radical burden on the level of both oxygen and nitrogen species. Objective: Evaluation of melatonin on hypertension and diabetes induced experimentally in adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy adult male albino rats of local strain were divided into equal seven groups as follow: Group I: served as control group received normal saline, Group II: diabetic group, Group III: hypertensive group, Group IV: Diabetic-hypertensive group, Group V: diabetic-melatonin-treated group, Group VI: Hypertensive-melatonin-treated group and Group VII: Diabetic-hypertensive-melatonin-treated group. At the end of experimental period, blood samples were obtained for detwrmination of glycated hemoglobin, plasma glucose, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG)), serum insulin, serum urea and serum creatinine levels. Measurments of blood pressure were performed for the hypertensive rats. Also, cardiac muscles samples were obtained for histopathology study. Results: STZ led to significant increase in blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, TG, LDL, serum urea and serum creatinine levels associated with significant decrease in serum insulin level.Cadmium led to significant increase in total cholesterol, TG, LDL, serum urea and serum creatinine levels associated with significant increase in blood pressure. Melatonin treatment led to significant decrease of blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, TG, LDL, serum urea and serum creatinine levels associated with significant increase in serum insulin level associated with significant decrease blood pressure. Conclusion: Melatonin has a protective effect against cardiac muscle abnormalities in diabetic, diabetic-hypertensive and hypertensive rats due to its antioxidant properties.

EFFECTS OF POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) FRESH JUICE AND PEEL EXTRACT ON DIABETIC MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Pomegranate is used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. Objective: Evaluation of the effectiveness of pomegranate fresh juice and peel extract on diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: Sixty adult male albino rats of local strain were distributed randomly into 6 equal groups: normal control group, control group received Pomegranate fresh juice (500 mg/kg body weight per rat orally), control group received Pomegranate peel extract (500 mg/kg body weight per rat orally), diabetic group received alloxan (140 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally), diabetic group received Pomegranate fresh juice (500 mg/kg body weight per rat orally), and diabetic group received Pomegranate peel extract (500 mg /kg body weight per rat orally). Results: Oral administration of Pomegranate juice and peel extract to diabetic rats for 4 weeks significantly decreased serum levels of TC, TG, low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-c), and liver enzymes when compared to the control group. Levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and antioxidant enzymes significantly increased as compared to the control group. Histopathological examination of liver and pancreas of Pomegranate juice-treated groups showed amelioration of histological changes caused by high level of cholesterol in diabetic group. These results were more prominent by Pomegranate fresh juice than peel extract. Conclusion: Pomegranate has antioxidant and lipid lowering effects and improves the health of pancreatic islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats.