Tablet Albendazole Research Articles

Assessment of albendazole efficacy against Ascaris lumbricoides at three sites of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Kerala in India

Objective: To assess efficacy of albendazole against Ascaris (A.) lumbrìcoides among school-children at three sites of Rajahmundry, Sundergarh and Wayanad. Methods: Sites were selected based on soil-transmitted helminths prevalence, different sociocultural-geographical characteristics and operational feasibility. 9-12 Years old children from 14 schools were included. The study was conducted in two rounds: baseline & follow up survey. All eligible children found positive for A. lumbricoides at baseline were administered supervised single tablet albendazole 400 mg under the National Deworming Day Initiative. During post-treatment follow-up survey, eligible children who provided second stool sample were included in the final analysis. Stool samples were examined using WHO recommended Kato-Katz technique. Efficacy was estimated based on cure rate (CR) and Fecal Egg Count Reduction Rate (FECRR) among children found positive in baseline and follow-up surveys. Results: 328 Out of 625 (52.5%) were found positive for A. lumbricoides in the baseline survey and 85 out of 178 samples (47.8%) during post-treatment follow-up survey. Overall, the estimated CR was 52.2%. FECRR (95% CI) for albendazole was 72.6% (79.2%-66.0%). The FECRR was highest in East Godaveri [89.7% (96.8%-82.6%)], followed by Sundergarh [86.4% (95.3%-77.5%)] and Wayanad [69% (81.7%-56.4%)]. Conclusions: Our study confirmed overall reduction in FEC although with varying albendazole efficacy for A. lumbricoides infection at three different locations in India. However, these finding may be assessed in context of ongoing MDA under Filaria control program and further studies by in vivo as well as in vitro methods are required to reach to a conclusion on possible resistance if any.

Primary Disseminated Peritoneal Hydatidosis: A Rare Presentation of Common Infectious Disease

Introduction: Human hydatidosis, being caused by the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus, rarely presents as disseminated peritoneal disease which can be either primary or secondary. Iatrogenic secondary peritoneal echinococcosis is more common while primary form of infection is found occasionally. Radiological imaging including ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) scan is considered the most essential diagnostic modality. The mainstay of treatment for localized hydatid cysts or infected cysts and multiple septations is the surgical management in the form of excision. Disseminated hydatid disease presents with varied manifestations involving multiple organs. However, primary peritoneal hydatidosis is being rare entity, accounting for only 2% of cases of abdominal hydatidosis. The dissemination to multiple organs usually occurs through either lymphatic or systemic circulation. Case Report: In this case report, we present an uncommon presentation of primary disseminated peritoneal hydatidosis. On further evaluation, the patient was diagnosed to have peritoneal hydatidosis with hepatic and lung hydatid cyst involvement on contrast-enhanced CT abdomen. The patient was managed conservatively with oral tablet albendazole 400 mg twice a day during his 1st admission and later presented again with acute abdomen, and then, radical surgery in the form of pericystectomy was carried out but patient developed large gastric perforation, for which again surgery was attempted, but patient succumbed to his illness. In this case, the rare presentation of primary disseminated peritoneal hydatidosis as acute abdomen was observed. Conclusion: Primary disseminated peritoneal hydatidosis as the presentation of acute pain abdomen is rare entity. This case emphasizes an atypical presentation of hydatidosis.

Predictors of Low Birth Weight Neonates Delivered in a Hospital of Rupandehi, Nepal

INTRODUCTION Low birth weight has been defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as weight at birth of <2500 grams (5.5 pounds). Low birth weight is more common in developing than developed countries. Intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity or both cause low birth weight. It contributes to a range of poor health outcomes and it is closely associated with fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibited growth and cognitive development, and Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) later in life. Low birth weight infants are about 20 times more likely to die than heavier infants. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to find out the prevalence and predictors of low birth weight among 327 singleton neonates delivered in a Universal College of Medical Sciences, Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Nepal by using Enumerative sampling technique. Semi-structured, pre-tested interview and record report was used to collect data and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 16. RESULTS The study findings revealed that the prevalence of low birth weight is 28.5% and there is statistically significant association between parity (p= <0.000), mode of delivery (p= 0.001), ANC visit (p= 0.016), iron supplement (p=<0.000), tablet calcium (p=<0.000), tablet albendazole (p=0.023), food taboos (p= 0.058), rest at night (0.000), alcohol (0.015) during pregnancy parity (p= <0.000), mode of delivery (p= 0.001), ANC visit (p= 0.016), and low birth weight neonates. CONCLUSION The study concluded that the factors those were associated with low birth weight, which can be prevented at pregnancy period through good prenatal care and intervention programs such as health education on diet, rest, time to time check up, taking medicines, early identification of complication.

Quantification of albendazole in tablets of combined composition

The Aim: Treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system remains an actual task of the medicine and pharmacy worldwide. So, to meet the needs of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market tablets based on albendazole and praziquantel were proposed. In order to establish the further production of the drug, studies were conducted on the development and validation of a method for the quantitative determination of one of the active substances – albendazole, in the presence of the second active substance praziquantel. Materials and Methods: The object of the study was samples of tablets under the conditional name “AP-helmin”. Albendazole was extracted from tablets with ethyl alcohol when heated, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution was added and the obtained sample was evaluated spectrophotometrically in the ultraviolet light (308 nm). The method was conducted meeting the requirements of State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, harmonized with the relevant European Pharmacopoeia techniques. Results: The samples comply with the Bouguer-Lambert-Behr law in the concentration range 1 × 10-3 - 1.2 × 10-2 mg/ml, the correlation coefficient is ≥ 0.9998. The studied method of quantitative determination of albendazole in the drug meets the criteria of acceptability for the range of determination ± 5.0 % by validation characteristics: specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy. The criterion of insignificance of the systematic error of the method is fulfilled – the systematic error of the method (0.24) is practically insignificant, that is, the method of analysis is characterized by sufficient correctness in the whole concentration range from 80 to 120 %. All the validation characteristics respond to the acceptance criteria. Conclusions: A method for the quantitative determination of albendazole in tablets “AP-helmin” by spectrophotometry in ultraviolet light (308 nm) was worked out. It was experimentally confirmed that the second active pharmaceutical ingredient (praziquantel) had no affect the accuracy of the results obtained.

Papillary Muscle Hydatid of Heart: A Rare Case of Disseminated Hydatidosis in A Young Female with Multisystemic Involvement

Hydatid disease, a zoonosis, most commonly caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus, involving the cardiac and brain is rare accounting for 0.5-2% and 2-5% respectively. The disseminated hydatid disease is associated with poor prognosis. A 35-year-old, female, from rural background presented cardiac OPD, PGIMER, Chandigarh in 2016 for vague discomfort in the chest and right hypochondrium. Her past medical records revealed neurosurgical intervention for the right frontal cerebral cystic lesion with negative hydatid serology, which was proven to be hydatid cyst on histopathological examination in the year 2011. Increase in the intensity of the above-mentioned chest discomfort. Echocardiography was advised which revealed a cystic lesion in the left ventricle, subsequent cardiac MR examination revealed cystic lesion in anterolateral papillary muscle of the left ventricle and the contrast examination of the abdomen revealed disseminated hydatid disease in abdomen with raised hydatid serology titers at present. Patient requested medical management over surgical intervention, and she was on tablet Albendazole 400mg every 12 Hrs. After 3-4months patient succumbed due to the anaphylaxis resulted from ruptured mesenteric hydatid cyst. Presence of isolated cerebral or cardiac hydatid disease should warrant the physicians to evaluate systematically and follow up the patient frequently with the available cross sectional imaging, which may aid in early detection and holistic management of the patient. Irregular follow up visits or non-intentional negligence of the meticulous evaluation of the subjects with hydatid disease in organs other than liver and lungs, can predispose to the disseminated disease and early mortality as witnessed in the present case.

De-worming during pregnancy in Nepal: an effect on neonatal mortality

Background: The Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal has been administering the de-worming medication (with tablet albendazole) to pregnant women aiming at reducing maternal anemia and neonatal death since 2001. The neonatal mortality has remained stagnant for the past decade. The effect of de-worming during pregnancy on neonatal mortality is not known yet. Methods: This study is based on the database of Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2006 and 2011. This study includes the recent singleton live births within five years preceding the survey as the de-worming medication during the pregnancy was collected only in the recent live births (the last live birth) in the five years preceding the surveys. The newborn death of the pregnant women administered with de-worming medication was compared with those pregnant women who were not administered with de-worming medication during the pregnancy. An association has been established with the logistic regression model adjusting several potential confounding factors. Results: In the pooled data, the recent singleton live births were 8,147. A total of 813 and 2,274 mothers were found to have taken de-worming medication during pregnancy in the NDHS 2006 and 2011, respectively. The use of de-worming during pregnancy increased from 20% to 56% between the surveys, but the newborn deaths in de-worming group rose from 1.2% to 1.4%. The adjusted OR of the neonatal death with the de-worming was {aOR 1.129 (95% CI 0.696-1.829), P = 0.623}. Conclusion: The de-worming during pregnancy in Nepal was not found significantly associated with reduction on neonatal deaths, which suggests timely review of the program.

Hydatidosis of infratemporal fossa with proptosis \u2013 an unusual presentation: a case report\xa0and review of the literature

BackgroundHydatid disease is one of the common zoonotic diseases caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. It is endemic in sheep-raising and cattle-raising areas worldwide and humans are an accidental intermediate host following the ingestion of the larvae. Head and neck involvement of echinococcosis is a rare entity and involvement of the infratemporal region is extremely rare even in endemic areas. Only a few cases of hydatid cysts located in the infratemporal fossa have been reported in the literature. Moreover, extension of the hydatid cyst into the intraorbital region and infiltrating into the surrounding orbital bone is even rarer.Case presentationWe present a case of a 65-year-old Gurung Nepalese woman with painless proptosis of her left eyeball of 2 months’ duration with recent progressive diminution of vision for 15 days. Radiological findings showed a cystic mass in the left infratemporal fossa extending into the left orbit and involving the surrounding orbital bone. Surgical removal was carried out. On histopathological evaluation, it was reported as hydatid cyst infiltrating into the bone. She was prescribed albendazole and discharged after surgery. However, she was lost to follow up and returned after 15 months with recurrence and proptosis of the same eye. Repeat excision of the lesion was carried out and postoperatively she was administered tablet albendazole. She was found to be disease free after 6 months of follow up.ConclusionsClinical and radiological findings are important but may not be sufficient in the preoperative diagnosis of hydatid disease especially if rare sites are involved. Proptosis may be seen in several conditions and orbital or infratemporal hydatidosis, although rare, should be considered a differential diagnosis.

Application of Computational Study in High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Albendazole in the Presence of its Alkaline Degradation Product

A simple, sensitive, specific and accurate HPLC method was developed for the determination of albendazole (ALB) in presence of its alkaline degradation product. Computational and theoretical studies were done electronically and geometrically to investigate the affinity of ALB and its alkaline degradation product to the stationary phase. The analysis was carried out on an ODS SUPELCO C18 (25 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile : methanol : water (40:30:30, by volume). The analysis was performed at ambient temperature with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and UV detection at 230 nm. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 1-7 μg/ml with a lower detection limit of 0.121 and quantification limit of 0.366 μg/ml. The proposed method can selectively analyse the drug in presence of up to 85.71 % of its alkaline degradation product with mean recovery ± RSD % of 99.78 ± 0.615. The proposed method was extensively validated according to the ICH guidelines and used for estimation of ALB in tablets and the obtained results were statistically compared with those of the reported method by applying t-test and F-test at 95 % confidence level and no significant difference was observed regarding accuracy and precision.

Deworming among pre-school and school going children in a rural area: a cross-sectional survey

Background: Morbidity due to Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections can be controlled at a reasonable cost by means of mass deworming using effective drugs. Deworming campaigns targeted at high risk groups, such as school-age children, pre-school children and women of child-bearing age are the mainstay of the control strategy launched by WHO. Methods: A small sector was surveyed on the National Deworming Day (NDD) to record the percentage coverage of children in pre-school and school going children. Children were observed for any of the adverse effects within 24 hrs of taking Albendazole. Results: Out of the total of 1142 children in anganwadis and government schools of the study area, 993 (86.9%) received tablet Albendazole (400 mg) under supervision of teachers. Among these only 3 children (0.26%) reported with adverse effects like vomiting and dizziness. Conclusions: The percentage coverage of children on the NDD was about 87%. Ministries of Health can set up efficient, safe delivery, monitoring and referral systems, in order to minimise the risk and maximise the benefit of periodic deworming and increase the percentage coverage in communities where soil-transmitted helminthiasis is endemic.

Myriad Imaging Appearances of Biliary Hydatidosis

A 35 years old lady, farmer by occupation, presented to the outpatient department with intermittent pain in right upper quadrant for the last 3 months which was mild to moderate intensity, dull ache, non-radiating with occasional nausea and nonbilious vomiting, no relation of pain to meals. She had experienced similar episodes of pain 3 years back for 1 year and was managed conservatively. Pain was not associated with fever, jaundice, abdominal distension, lump in abdomen or altered sensorium. On examination she was conscious, afebrile and her vitals were normal. On per abdominal examination she had hepatomegaly. There was no evidence of splenomegaly, ascites or lump in abdomen. Investigations revealed normal haemogram and renal function tests. Liver function tests revealed normal bilirubin with elevated aspartate aminotransferase [180 U/L (40U/L)], alanine aminotransferase [97U/L (40U/L)] and alkaline phosphatase [564U/L (91U/L)]. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) showed well defined cystic lesion of size 5 × 4 cm in segment 4 of liver with peripheral calcification, showing communication with one of the peripheral branches of left hepatic duct with intrahepatic biliary radicle dilatation (IHBRD) and common bile duct dilatation up to 12 mm (Image A-C). In view of dilated common bile duct up to 12 mm and normal bilirubin, endoscopic ultrasonography examination (EUS) was planned. It showed normal gall bladder with common bile duct diameter of 11 mm with presence of longitudinal floating membranes within CBD (Image D). She underwentendoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) which revealed CBD of 15 mm with longitudinal filling defects with cystobiliary communication (Image E). On flushing and suctioning, green membranes were seen oozing from papilla (Image F). A 10 Fr x 10 cms plastic biliary stent was placed. Post biliary stenting, she was given Tablet albendazole 400 mg once a day for 3 months and repeat ERCP with cholangiogram was performed. It showed normal CBD with no filling defects. Her CBD stent was removed and discharged in clinically stable condition after stent removal.

Phenytoin/albendazole induced exanthematous eruptions: a case report

Exanthematous drug eruptions, often called “drug rashes” or “maculopapular eruptions” by non-dermatologists are the most common form of cutaneous drug eruption. Cutaneous reactions are among the most common adverse effects of drugs, including penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and allopurinol (with an incidence of up to 50 cases per 1000 new users), and particularly the aromatic amine anti-seizure medications, including carbamazepine, phenytoin, and lamotrigine (with an incidence of up to 100 cases per 1000 new users). Phenytoin is a hydantoin derivative anticonvulsant drug used primarily in the management of complex partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Albendazole is a benzimidazole medication used for the treatment of a variety of parasitic worm infestations. Carbamazepine and phenytoin are among the most common causes of antiepileptic drug-related cutaneous adverse reactions. Manifestations range from a mild erythematous maculopapular rash to life-threatening Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Albendazole induced rashes and urticaria have been reported in less than 1% of the patients. Here we present the case of a 12-year-old male patient who came to the dermatology outpatient department with complaints of itching and maculopapular eruptions all over the body. The patient gave a history of taking tablet phenytoin and tablet albendazole for neurocysticercosis since 1-week. There was no fever or any other systemic manifestations. There was no history of any other drug intake. A diagnosis of phenytoin/albendazole induced exanthematous eruptions was made. Both the medications were discontinued, and the patient was advised to take syrup sodium valproate 200 mg BD. For the rashes and itching, the patient was advised to take tablet hydroxyzine HCl 10 mg OD, tablet prednisolone and tablet levocetirizine for 5 days. Improvement was seen and the itching reduced. Rechallenge was not done. In this event, casualty assessment using Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale revealed that phenytoin/albendazole were probable causes for the adverse drug reaction.

Simple and rapid spectrophotometric assay of albendazole in pharmaceuticals using iodine and picric acid as CT complexing agents

Two simple, rapid and inexpensive spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of albendazole (ALB) in bulk drug and in tablets. The methods are based on charge-transfer (CT) complexation reaction involving ALB as n-donor and iodine as σ-acceptor (method A) in dichloromethane or picric acid (PA) as π-acceptor (method B) in chloroform. The absorbance of CT complexes was measured at 380 nm for method A, and 415 nm for method B. The optimization of the experimental conditions is described. Under optimum conditions, Beer's law obeyed over the concentration ranges 8.0-240 and 2.4-42 μg mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity of CT complexes at the respective λmax are calculated to be 1.17×103 and 5.22×103 L mol-1cm-1 respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.2273 and 0.0509 ng cm-2. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are calculated to be (0.69 and 2.08), and (0.10 and 0.30) μg mL-1 with method A, and method B, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy expressed as % RE and precision expressed as % RSD were less than 3%. The methods were applied to the determination of ALB in tablets.

Clinical effect and safety of liposomal-albendazole and tablet-albendazole for the treatment of human cystic echinococcosis

To explore and compare the clinical effect and safety of liposomal albendazole (L-ABZ) and tablet-albendazole (T-ABZ) in the treatment of cystic echinococcosis (CE1, CE2, and CE3). A total of 269 cases treated with cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Xinjiang Medical University the First Affiliated Hospital from 1998 to 2008 were reviewed. 51 cases were excluded and 218 cases were enrolled in this research by retrospective case-control method. Among 110 cases were treated with L-ABZ and 108 cases were treated with T-ABZ for short-term (3 months) and long-term courses (6 months) respectively. The effects and safety of the two medicines were compared by analyzing the clinical symptoms, imaging check and serologic test results. In short-term effect evaluation, the total effective rates and curative rates of L-ABZ group and T-ABZ group were 77.9% and 49.1% vs 28.4% and 13.9%, respectively. The effects of L-ABZ group was better than that of T-ABZ group, with remarkable difference in total effective rates and curative rates (x2 value was 19.581, 6.877, respectively, P is less than 0.05). In long-term effect evaluation, the total effective rates and curative rates of L-ABZ and T-ABZ group were 81.7% and 49.0% vs 47.6% and 20.6%, respectively. There was significant difference between L-ABZ group and T-ABZ group in total effective rates and curative rates (x2 value was 20.977, 15.049, respectively, P is less than 0.05). In T-ABZ group the short-term curative rates were 50.0% (15/30), 8.8% (8/91) and 33.3% (7/21) respectively in CE1, CE2, and CE3, the short-term total effective rates were 56.7% (17/30), 35.2% (32/91) and 61.9% (13/21) respectively in CE1, CE2, and CE3. The long-term curative rates were 58.3% (7/12), 28.6% (12/42) and 70.0% (7/10) respectively in CE1, CE2 and CE3, the long-term total effective rates were 75.0% (9/12), 69.0% (29/42) and 100.0% (10/10) respectively in CE1, CE2, and CE3. When compared with CE2, differences existed in CE1 (x2 = 24.887, 4.329; P is less than 0.05) and CE3 groups (x2 = 8.860, 5.076; P is less than 0.05) in terms of short-term effects. In L-ABZ group, the short-term curative rates were 47.4% (18/38), 12.2% (12/98) and 61.5% (8/13) respectively in CE1, CE2 and CE3, the short-term total effective rates were 92.1% (35/38), 65.3% (64/98) and 92.3% (12/13) respectively in CE1, CE2 and CE3, the long-term curative rates were 79.3% (23/29), 35.9% (23/64) and 50.0% (3/6) respectively in CE1, CE2 and CE3, the long-term total effective rates were 96.6% (28/29), 84.4% (54/64) and 100% (6/6) respectively in CE1, CE2 and CE3. When compared with CE2, there were significant differences in CE1 (x2 = 19.648, 9.930; P is less than 0.05) and CE3 groups (x2 = 18.880, 3.876; P is less than 0.05) in terms of short-term effect. In L-ABZ and T-ABZ groups, the drug-related adverse effects were 11.1% (12/108) and 12.7% (14/110) respectively without significant difference (x2 = 0.155, P is more than 0.05). L-ABZ and T-ABZ were both effective anti-echinococcosis drugs without dominant side-effects. The clinical effect of L-ABZ was better than that of T-ABZ.

Study on the inclusion interaction of methylated-β-cyclodextrins with albendazole by spectrofluorimetry and its application

The inclusion interaction between three types of methylated-β-cyclodextrins (Me-β-CDs) and albendazole (ABZ) was studied by spectrofluorimetry. The result showed that Me-β-CDs reacted with ABZ to form an inclusion complex, 1:1 stoichiometry for Me-β-CDs−ABZ complex was established and its association constant have been determined from fluorescence data by Benesi-Hildebrand's method (double reciprocal plots). It was noted that 2,6-DM-β-CD exhibited stronger binding ability than other Me-β-CDs. Based on the significant enhancement of fluorescence intensity of inclusion complex, a simple and highly sensitive fluorimetric method is proposed for the determination of ABZ in the presence of 2,6-DM-β-CD. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of ABZ in tablets and human urine.

Development of a Spectrofluorimetric Method for Determination of Albendazole in Tablets

In this study a spectrofluorimetric method was developed to determine drug active compound in the tablets for albendazole (ABZ). For this aim, fluorescence spectra of albendazolee drug active compound in various solvents were taken, it was determined that the most suitable solvent was chloroform and excitation (λex) and emission (λem) wavelength in a row was 360 nm and 440 nm in this solvent. Calibration graphics were drawn and shown linear at 0–2.5 mg/l concentration range (R2=0.9993). Albendazole quantity in the andazol tablets was determined from directly calibration graphs and with standard addition method. Results obtained with developed spectrofluorimetric method were compared with standard USP method and it was found no difference between two methods within 95% confidence limits. It was determined that proposed method was easy and highly accuracy method to be able to use in routine albendazole analyze for the quality control.

Hydatid disease of scapula and upper third of humerus treated by en bloc excision and fibular bone grafting

35-year-old male patient presented with gradually increasing painful swelling of the right shoulder, which was incised and drained and wound persisted as a discharging sinus on the anterolateral aspect of the deltoid region with seropurulent discharge. A clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis of the shoulder was made. Plain skiagram of the right shoulder revealed multicystic lesion involving the entire scapula and upper third of the humerus with loss of joint space and pathological fracture at the junction of upper one-third and lower two-thirds of the humerus. A clinico-radiological diagnosis of hydatid disease was made. In view of the extensive involvement of the scapula with stiff shoulder and an active sinus, a two-stage surgical procedure was performed. Stage 1 consisted of en bloc excision of the scapula, upper half of the humerus and lateral end of the clavicle. Stage II surgery, consisting of fibular bone grafting. Tablet albendazole (400 mg, thrice daily) was given as systemic scolicidal agent. This case is reported in view of it's rarity and to highlight the management.

Use of an oxidation reaction for the quantitative determination of albendazole with Chloramine-T and acid dyes.

One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric procedures have been reported for the determination of albendazole and its tablets. Using titrimetry, the drug was titrated directly with Chloramine-T under acidic conditions using a Methyl Orange indicator. The spectrophotometric procedures involve treating the sample solution with a measured excess of Chloramine-T in an acid medium, followed by an estimation of unreacted Chloramine-T by reacting with a fixed amount of either Methyl Orange or Indigo Carmine dye solution and measuring the absorbance at 510 nm or 610 nm. The stoichiometric ratio, which forms the basis for the calculations in titrimetry as well as the range of the applicability, are reported. The Beer's law range and sensitivity values for spectrophotometric procedures are included. The methods were applied to the determination of albendazole in tablets with satisfactory results.

Pulmonary Hydatid Cysts and Tuberculosis in a Child – A Case Report

A 7 years old male child presented with history of cough, fever, haemoptysis and chest pain for 2 years. On examination he was moderately pale and wasted. Respiratory system examination revealed features of consolidation in both lungs. His provisional diagnosis was pulmonary tuberculosis. TC was 1500/cumm ESR- 70mm in first hour, MT was negative and sputum for AFB was also negative. Radiological finding of chest revealed two large well defined dense opacities in both mid and lower zones of both lungs and there was no calcification or air fluid level. CT scan of chest showed large irregular enhancing mass lesion having air fluid level in right lower zone, well defined cystic lesions in both lungs, no calcification was seen. On the basis of xray and CT scan report we reviewed our diagnosis as pulmonary hydatid disease. Tablet albendazole was started preoperatively. The cyst was removed surgically and specimen was sent for histopathology. Report showed hydatid cyst and pulmonary tuberculosis. So confirmed diagnosis was Hydatid cyst and pulmonary tuberculosis.He was treated with antitubercular drugs and continuation of tablet Albendazole for 6 months. He was followed up regularly and was doing well. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v29i2.7956 (J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2011; 29: 102-105)