Alawi Research Articles

Integrasi Sastra Arab dan Islam serta Pengaruhnya Terhadap Sastrawan Muslim Modern

In his work, some modern Muslim literature shows a relationship between Arabic literature and Islam. This is shown in some of the literary works of Muslim writers who made Islam a Worldview and thought in his writing. Abu Bakar Siradjuddin, for example, who persistently spread Islam in Europe through his Literary Works and received a good response was even followed by several other poets. In contrast to Siradjuddin, Ahmad Al Alawi, an Algerian poet, also spread Islam through his 1955 manuscripts and literary books. This shows that the existence of Arabic and Islamic literature is still sustainable. Although on the other hand, there are new cultures, but this does not change the pattern of Muslim Literature. This article uses a description analysis method to describe the study of the Integration of Arabic and Islamic literature as an object of art and life revealed from the soul with full faith in Islam. So the resulting Texts also hold on to the view of Islamic life. (Islamic Worldview)

MUSÂHİBLİK KURUMU ÜZERİNDEN ALEVİ OCAKLAR VE GRUPLAR HAKKINDA BAZI DEĞERLENDİRMELER

MUSÂHİBLİK KURUMU ÜZERİNDEN ALEVİ OCAKLAR VE GRUPLAR HAKKINDA BAZI DEĞERLENDİRMELER

دينار علوي نادر باسم إبراهيم بن موسى الجزار ضرب سنة 200هـ

دينار علوي نادر باسم إبراهيم بن موسى الجزار ضرب سنة 200هـ

<i>A History of the ‘Alawis: From Medieval Aleppo to the Turkish Republic</i>, by Stefan Winter

A History of the ?Alawis: From Medieval Aleppo to the Turkish Republic, by Stefan Winter. Princeton University Press, 2016. Hb. $ 85.00, ISBN-13: 9780691167787.

The Alawis of Syria: war, faith and politics in the Levant

The Alawis of Syria: war, faith and politics in the Levant

Cycle of fear: Syria's Alawites in war and peace. By Leon Goldsmith

Cycle of fear: Syria's Alawites in war and peace. By Leon Goldsmith

Unlocking the Alawite Conundrum in Syria

Unlocking the Alawite Conundrum in Syria

Females lead population collapse of the endangered Hawaii creeper.

Population collapses result from drastic environmental changes, but the sexes may differ in vulnerability. Collapse of the endangered Hawaii creeper (Oreomystis mana) at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge resulted from food limitation associated with increased numbers of an introduced bird (Japanese white-eye, Zosterops japonicus), which competes with the creeper for food. Both creeper sexes had stunted bill growth and the greatest change in molt of native species in the community. With a surge in numbers of white-eyes, a recent cohort of adult females had very low survival after breeding, while adult males from the same cohort, and older females and males, continued to have high survival. Lower female survival resulted in a significantly more male-biased adult sex ratio. Recent low female survival was based on a great cost of reproduction, indicated by molt-breeding overlap that was previously avoided, and lower fat during the lengthy fledgling period. The difference in female survival between cohorts was associated with stunted bills from being reared in and then breeding in an increasingly poor food environment. Trend analysis of survey data indicate that the bird is declining throughout the refuge, with males being 72–80% of adults left six years after the white-eye increased. Competition over time was consistent with that previously documented over space on the Island of Hawaii. Adaptive management to recover the bird in this protected area needs to focus on improving both adult female survival and the adult sex ratio.

Additional Data on the Occurrence of the Plantaris Muscle in the Hawaiian Finches (Carduelinae: Drepanidini)

New data are presented on the phylogenetically informative plantaris muscle in the Drepanidini. The primitive condition (presence) corroborates the basal placement of the creepers of the genera Oreomystis. and Paroreomyza. The derived condition of the plantaris (absence) was found in the Hawaii Creeper (Loxops mana), previously considered by some to be congeneric with Oreomystis, and agrees with other evidence placing that species in Loxops. The Hawaii Akepa (L. coccinneus), Anianiau (L. parvus), and Kauai Amakihi (L. stejnegeri) also lack the plantaris. This condition still appears to define a monophyletic group within the Drepanidini.

Convergent evolution of ‘creepers’ in the Hawaiian honeycreeper radiation

Natural selection plays a fundamental role in the ecological theory of adaptive radiation. A prediction of this theory is the convergent evolution of traits in lineages experiencing similar environments. The Hawaiian honeycreepers are a spectacular example of adaptive radiation and may demonstrate convergence, but uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships within the group has made it difficult to assess such evolutionary patterns. We examine the phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaii creeper (Oreomystis mana), a bird that in a suite of morphological, ecological and behavioural traits closely resembles the Kauai creeper (Oreomystis bairdi), but whose mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and osteology suggest a relationship with the amakihis (Hemignathus in part) and akepas (Loxops). We analysed nuclear DNA sequence data from 11 relevant honeycreeper taxa and one outgroup to test whether the character contradiction results from historical hybridization and mtDNA introgression, or convergent evolution. We found no evidence of past hybridization, a phenomenon that remains undocumented in Hawaiian honeycreepers, and confirmed mtDNA and osteological evidence that the Hawaii creeper is most closely related to the amakihis and akepas. Thus, the morphological, ecological and behavioural similarities between the evolutionarily distant Hawaii and Kauai creepers represent an extreme example of convergent evolution and demonstrate how natural selection can lead to repeatable evolutionary outcomes.

Meir M. Bar-Asher, Aryeh Kofsky, The Nusayrī-'Alawī; Religion. An Enquiry into its Theology and Liturgy

Meir M. Bar-Asher, Aryeh Kofsky, The Nusayrī-'Alawī; Religion. An Enquiry into its Theology and Liturgy

Facilitating the evolution of resistance to avian malaria in Hawaiian birds

Research has shown that avian malaria plays an important role in limiting the distribution and population sizes of many Hawaiian birds, and that projected climate change is likely to eliminate most disease-free habitat in Hawai’i in the next century. I used a modeling approach, parameterized with demographic data from the literature and the field, to examine alternate management scenarios for the conservation of native Hawaiian birds. I examined the feasibility of using management in the form of rodent control to facilitate the evolution of resistance to malaria by increasing the survival and reproduction of native birds. Analysis of demographic data from seven native species, Akepa ( Loxops coccineus), ‘Akohekohe ( Palmeria dolei), Elepaio ( Chasiempis sandwichensis), Hawai’i’amakihi ( Hemignathus virens), Hawai’i creeper ( Oreomystis mana), Omao ( Myadestes obscurus), and Palila ( Loxioides bailleui), suggest that differences in life history cause some species to be more susceptible to local extinctions from the transmission of malaria. Modeling results demonstrated that rodent control at middle, but not high, elevations can facilitate the evolution of resistance to malaria in several species of Hawaiian birds. Advocating a management approach that encourages evolutionary change in endangered species contrasts with the traditional conservation paradigm but it may be the best strategy to reduce the impacts of one of the multiple stressors that have devastated the native bird community of Hawai’i.

The Iranian Component of the Nuṣayrī Religion

The Iranian Component of the Nuṣayrī Religion

The Iranian Component of the Nuṣayrī Religion

The Iranian Component of the Nuṣayrī Religion

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS IN A HAWAIIAN RAIN FOREST

Abstract Mixed-species flocks of native and introduced birds were studied for four years in an upper elevation Hawaiian rain forest. Those flocks were characterized by strong seasonality, large size, low species richness, high intraspecific abundance, a lack of migrants, and a general lack of territoriality or any sort of dominance hierarchy. There was high variability among years in patterns of occurrence at the species level, and high variability within years at the individual level. These flocks are loosely structured social groupings with apparently open membership. The fluid, unstable movement patterns, high degree of variability in size and composition, and lack of positive interspecific associations are not consistent with the “foraging enhancement” hypothesis for flocking. Two resident, endangered insectivores, the Akepa (Loxops coccineus) and Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana) served as “nuclear” species. Flock composition was compared between two study sites that differed significantly in density ...

Structure and Dynamics of Mixed-Species Flocks in a Hawaiian Rain Forest

Abstract Mixed-species flocks of native and introduced birds were studied for four years in an upper elevation Hawaiian rain forest. Those flocks were characterized by strong seasonality, large size, low species richness, high intraspecific abundance, a lack of migrants, and a general lack of territoriality or any sort of dominance hierarchy. There was high variability among years in patterns of occurrence at the species level, and high variability within years at the individual level. These flocks are loosely structured social groupings with apparently open membership. The fluid, unstable movement patterns, high degree of variability in size and composition, and lack of positive interspecific associations are not consistent with the “foraging enhancement” hypothesis for flocking. Two resident, endangered insectivores, the Akepa (Loxops coccineus) and Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana) served as “nuclear” species. Flock composition was compared between two study sites that differed significantly in density of these two nuclear species. Flock size was similar at the two sites, primarily because the nuclear species were over-represented relative to their density. This observation suggests that birds are attempting to achieve a more optimal flock size at the lower density site.

Breeding Biology and Territoriality of the Hawaii Creeper

The Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana) is an endangered honeycreeper restricted to high-elevation forests on the island of Hawaii. I found eight Hawaii Creeper nests at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge from 1991-1997. Three nests fledged one or two chicks each, one failed because of bad weather, and two were abandoned after kleptoparasitism of nest material by other bird species. Females did most nest construction and all incubation and brooding. Both sexes fed the nestlings by regurgitation, with the male making 57% of feedings. The male fed the female during incubation and brooding. At two nests construction took 11-15 days and the incubation period was 13 days. At one nest the clutch size was two and the nestling period was 18 days. Mean nest tree height and diameter were 21.7 ± 2.9 m and 54.9 ± 23.6 cm, respectively, and mean nest height was 12.0 ± 4.3 m. Four nests were in cavities and four were open. One pair built an open and a cavity nest in the same season. During the breeding season males defended a small type-B territory with a radius around the nest of 15-20 m. Home ranges were larger in the nonbreeding season (11.9 ± 7.7 ha) than in the breeding season (4.5 ± 0.2 ha) and overlapped extensively.

The Nuṣayrī Doctrine of ‘Alī’s Divinity and the Nuṣayrī Trinity According to an Unpublished Treatise from the 7th/13th Century

Le traite d'Al-Nashshābī atteste d'une atmosphere de polemique theologique tout au long du XIII e siecle parmi les Nusayrī. Les debats theologiques refletent la problematique inherente aux dogmes Nusayrī au sujet de la divinite d'Ali et de l'incarnation de la deite dans sa figure historique. Al-Nashshābī presente sa position orthodoxe: Ali est identique a l'aspect cache de la deite. Cette identification amene l'auteur a une conception tres abstraite, a un rejet de l'incarnation dans son sens fondamental. Il nie l'aspect humain d'Ali

Alawi separatists and unionists: the events of 25 February 1936

Alawi separatists and unionists: the events of 25 February 1936

Systematics of the Hawaiian "Creepers" Oreomystis and Paroreomyza

A group of small, insectivorous, straight-billed Hawaiian honeycreepers once regarded as forms of a single species Loxops maculata are actually five species that comprise two genera that are not closely related to any others in the subfamily or to each other. The two genera differ in color patterns, plumages, presence of nasal setae, wing/tail proportions, foraging behavior, diet, vocalizations, nest construction, odor, predator-response behavior, tongue morphology, and cranial features. In all respects wherein the Drepanidinae differ from other passerines, Oreornystis has the characteristics of the subfamily but Paroreomyza does not. Its placement among the Hawaiian honeycreepers is uncertain. Oreomystis includes two species, the Hawaii Creeper 0. mana of Hawaii and the Akikiki 0. bairdi of Kauai. Paroreomyza has three species: the Oahu Alauahio P. maculata, the Kakawahie P. jlammea of Molokai, and the Maui Alauahio P. montana with subspecies on Lanai (P. m. montana) and Maui (P. m. newtoni). The English epithet creeper should no longer be used for members of Puroreomyza.