Alar Cells Research Articles

Porotrichum cavifolium comb. nov. (Musci: Neckeraceae)

Recent collections and new morphological information justify the transfer of Pireella cavifolia to Porotrichum and its treatment within Neckeraceae in the Moss Flora of Mexico. New morphological evidence and a review of recent collections of Pireella cavifolia (Card. & Herz.) Card. have led to the following reevaluation of its relationships. Pireella cavifolia is a small, dendroid moss known from the West Indies and Mexico south through Guatemala (San Marcos, Croat 40961A, MO) to Panama (Darien, Allen 8917C, MO) and Colombia (Risaralda, Wolf 1435, MO). The species has undifferentiated alar cells and clearly differs from other members of Pireella in having obovate leaves that are broader above and lack a distinct flattened apical portion. The sporophyte of P. cavifolia is unknown. Allen (1987), in a broad survey of pseudoparaphyllia in the Pterobryaceae, found that the family is characterized by the presence of filamentous pseudoparaphyllia. In his survey, the only two species that lacked such structures were considered misplaced in the Pterobryaceae. Pireella cavifolia does not have filamentous pseudoparaphyllia; instead, it appears to have either folious pseudoparaphyllia or rudimentary branch leaves around its branch primordia. The absence of sporophytic evidence for P. cavifolia makes its placement problematical, but on the basis of its lack of filamentous pseudoparaphyllia we exclude the species from the Pterobryaceae. The presence in this species of folious structures around the branch primordia, a dendroid habit, undifferentiated alar cells, and especially the occasional production of flagelliform gemmiferous branches all indicate the Neckeraceae as a likely placement for it. Within the Neckeraceae, Porotrichum could accommodate it. This transfer is therefore made so that the species can be treated within the Neckeraceae for the Moss Flora of Mexico. Porotrichum cavifolium (Card. & Herz.) Magill & Allen, comb. nov. Basionym: Pirea cavifolia Card. & Herz. in Card., Rev. Bryol. 38: 39. 1911. Pireella cavifolia (Card. & Herz.) Card., Rev. Bryol. 40: 17. 1913. TYPE: Mexico. Hidalgo: Honey-station, Pringle 15668 pro parte (holotype, PC). Illustrations: Theriot (1940, pl. 54, 5a-5f as Jaegerinopsis ramosa); Arzeni (1954, pls. 22-23). Acknowledgment. We thank the anonymous reviewer of the manuscript for useful comments.

Leucoloma crosbyi (Dicranaceae), a New Species Endemic to Northern Madagascar

Leucoloma crosbyi, a new species from northern Madagascar, is described, resulting from a revision of the pantropical genus. Diagnostic characters include: robust habit; narrow, opaque, juxtacostal bands tapering to basal region; costal-laminal transition zone with 2-9 multito bistratose rows; interior cells forming broad scarious region; narrow hyaline margin; and longitudinally thickwalled alar cells. It is most closely related to L. grandidieri Ren. & Card. and has been confused with L. talazaccii Ren. & Card. Ferdinand Renauld published Essai sur les Leucolomas in 1909, the first and only comprehensive treatment of Leucoloma, enumerating 131 species for the world. Renauld & Cardot (1915) produced Les Mousses de Madagascar, which described 38 species of Leucoloma for Madagascar. Crosby et al. (1983) listed 51 species for Madagascar and nearby islands, based on available literature. From current revisionary work on the genus, collections from Montagne d'Ambre by Crosby in 1972 have resulted in the description of a distinct taxon, Leucoloma crosbyi LaFarge-England. Leucoloma is a large pantropical genus that has a strong center of diversity in the rainforests of east Africa, Madagascar, and surrounding islands. Specific endemism for this region is 94 percent. The revision of the genus is expected to modify this figure, though rates of endemism should remain high for this region. The species described below supports this view. Leucoloma crosbyi LaFarge-England, sp. nov. TYPE: Madagascar. Diego Suarez: Montagne d'Ambre, Parc National, 10 km along trail between Petit Lac and Grand Lac, 12?34'S, 49?12'E, 13 Nov. 1972, 1,200 m, Crosby & Crosby 7167 (holotype, MO; isotype, ALTA). Figures 1-12. Dioicous. Plantae robustae, pallide vel glauco-virides ad 5 cm altae. Folia longa et flexuosa. Cellulae juxtacostales papillosae densissimae obscurae in vittis utrinque /5 distalis costae latere dispositae. Latibasis scariosa sensim angustata versus marginem hyalinam. Cellulae alares planae, rufo-fuscae, scalariformes. Setae 1.0-2.0 mm longae. Capsulae 0.9-1.5 mm longae, ovales ad oblongae, erectae, immersae. Dentes peristomii quasi ad basim divisi. Calyptrae mitratae. Species haec ab Leucoloma grandidieri Ren. et Card. differt vix rugosis laminis et foliis longioribus, costa latiore et vittis cellularum juxtacostalium papillosarum versus basim angustioribus. Dioicous. Plants robust, erect to spreading, pale to glaucous green or tan to light-brown, forming loose tufts up to 5 cm tall. Stems red, nontomentous, elliptic in transverse section (0.36-0.32 mm long by 0.31-0.24 mm wide), central strand lacking, outer 3-5 layers of red-brown, thick-walled cortical cells with smaller lumen than the homogenous inner, yellow to tan walled cortical cells; stems densely leave , unbranched or sympodially branched, fertile branches distally ramulose from subapical innovations below perichaetia or perigonia, 1 to several. Rhizoids smooth, red-brown, several to numerous at the base of stem or potentially deciduous branches encircling supporting axis. Juvenile leaves 0.3-3.0 mm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apices shortly acu inate to acuminate, at base of each branch and stem. Leaves erect to wide spreading wet or dry, 4.0-6.5 mm long, 0.2-1.2 mm wide, narrowly ovatelanceolate to lanceolate, plane to slightly concave below, not to slightly transversely rugose in medial region, tapering gradually to a long, subulate, subtubulous, nonrugose acumen; apices flexuose to slightly incurved when dry. Mean acumina to shoulde , shoulder to base ratio is 1: 1.65. Margins plane, entire, with a distinct, narrow, hyaline border ranging from 1 to 2 cells at the base of the leaf, reaching a maximum width of 3-6 cells (9.6-16.8 Aum wide) in the median region of the leaf, narrowing to a single cell in the upper region and ending below the apex; apex rounded or acute, serrulate to multiserrate. Costa 52.8-106.0 gum wide at base, subpercurrent, ending 3-6 cells below the apex, shiny, translucent; transverse section plano-convex to elliptic, 24.0-33.6 ,m diam., with abaxial and adaxial stereids in 3-5 rows, guide cells 4-6 in a single row, sometimes double. Juxtacostal cells 4.8-12.0 Aim long, 4.8-7.2 ,m wide, irregularly quadrate NOVON 2: 119-122. 1992. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.11 on Tue, 18 Oct 2016 05:56:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Weissiodicranum insularum gen. et sp. nov.

Weissiodicranum insularum Reese gen. et sp. nov. is described on six specimens from the Galapagos, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The new species is superficially similar to Weissia breutelii C.M., with which it is sympatric in part, but is distinct in having differentiated alar cells and enlarged cells on the dorsal surface of the costa. Thefamilial placement is uncertain due to lack ofsporophytes but the new genus is tentatively assigned to the Pottiaceae. A lectotype is designated for Weissia breutelii C.M. The specimens described below were discovered during a study of herbarium material from the neotropics previously classified as Hymenostomum or Weissia. Close examination of these plants showed that although they superficially resemble W. breutelii C.M. they differ notably in having conspicuously enlarged alar cells, a feature not known in Weissia. The combination of involute leaf margins and inflated alar cells is unique and these plants are here described as a new species in a new genus. WEISSIODICRANUM Reese gen. nov. Habitu Weissio simile sed cellulae omnes foliorum plus minusve epapillosae et in regione alari inflatae satis absimile. TYPE: The type of Weissiodicranum insularum Reese. WEISSIODICRANUM INSULARUM Reese sp. nov. (FIG. 1-4) Plantae parvae nitidae, folia subulata, margine valde involuta, Weissio breutelii simillimae, sed cellulae alares subinflatae, pariete fuscato; fructus ignotus. Plants glossy, darkto yellowish-green, to 1 cm tall but mostly shorter, rhizoids reddish-brown, scanty, only at bases of stems; stems brown below, simple, or repeatedly forked distally when bearing perichaetia, in section showing 1-2 outer layers of small thick-walled cells with dark-brown walls surrounding 2-3 layers of larger thinner-walled cells with yellowish walls, and well-defined central strand of cells with very thin walls; leaves tightly crispatecurled when dry, spreading-ascending and flexuous when wet, mostly 3-3.5 mm long, narrowly subulate above, with a broader yellowish, often decurrent, clasping base; leaf margins entire, undifferentiated, narrowly involute from just above expanded portion of leaf base to apex; median leaf cells thickwalled, square to rectangular, commonly transversely elongate, averaging 7-7.8 x 5.5-6.5 Am, smooth dorsally, moderately bulging ventrally; cells of leaf base yellowish, rectangular, weakly chlorophyllose except along costa, with smooth walls, 68 alar cells in a single row along insertion inflated and with dark walls; costa strong, smooth dorsally, with bulging to bulging-papillose cells ventrally, excurrent as a sharp yellowish multicellular mucro, in section showing a median row of guide cells and dorsal and ventral tracts of stereid cells, outer cells enlarged and chlorophyllose dorsally and ventrally; perichaetia multiple, produced terminally on stem tips but repeatedly overtopped and appearing lateral, with 6-8 archegonia, leaves scarcely differentiated but commonly lacking inflated alar cells; perigonia and sporophytes unknown. TYPE: PUERTO RICO. DISTR. ARECIBO: Reserva Forestal Cambalache, just E of Garrochales, 500 ft., mesic forest over limestone, on thin soil over limestone, 4 Nov 1990, Buck 18289 (holotype, NY; isotypes, BUF, GA, LAF, MO). PARATYPES: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isla San Cristobal, between Tres Palos and Fresh Water Beach, 150-250 m, very common on soil, 22 May 1977, Gradstein & Weber M-133 (LAF, U); Isla Santa Cruz, vicinity of Academy Bay, below Bella Vista, on shallow soil, 30 Jan 1964, Weber B13007 (COLO, NY). JAMAICA. MANCHESTER PARISH: Marshall's Pen, 3 mi. WNW of Mandeville, 2300 ft., 18?05'N, 77?32'W, dry secondary forest over rough limestone, on soil, 14 Apr 1981, Buck 5777 (NY). PUERTO RICO. DISTR. ARECIBO: Reserva Forestal Cambalache, just E of Garrochales, ca. 175 m, mesic forest on limestone in haystack hills, on limestone, 11 Jun 1988, Buck 16167 (NY, LAF); near Santurce, on the ground, 15 May 1899, Heller & Heller 835 (NY). The new species is known only from the six specimens cited above. The plants show remarkable constancy in all their characters across the wide geo0007-2745/91/308-310$0.45/0 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.40 on Wed, 30 Mar 2016 05:44:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1991] REESE & BUCK: WEISSIODICRANUM INSULARUM GEN. ET SP. NOV. 309

Orthothecium hyalopiliferum (Musci: Hypnaceae), a New Species from Sichuan, China

Orthothecium hyalopiliferum sp. nov. is described from Sichuan, China. On a recent collecting expedition to Sichuan Province, we encountered a puzzling pleurocarpous moss that was difficult to place. The slender plants occurred in the crevices of limestone boulders and vertical cliff faces in silky greenish-yellow mats. A noteworthy aspect of this new species is the absence of positive character states: stem central strand ab- sent, pseudoparaphyllia absent, leaves ecostate (or with a very short double costa), and alar cells not or weakly differentiated. Other distinctive features of this moss include its narrowly (nearly linear) lan- ceolate, plicate leaves having long slender twisted apices that end in a single row of 3-5 cells, its entire narrowly recurved leaf margins, and its narrowly rhomboidal incrassate porose leaf cells. moss are also features of the genus Orthothecium, we do not hesitate to place it in this genus. Our moss is clearly distinguished from all other species in the genus by its slender silky appearance, linear to narrowly lanceolate leaves, and long, hyaline fi- liform leaf apices composed of a single row of 3-5 cells. We therefore describe it as a new species of Orthothecium.

A New Species of Fontinalis (Musci: Fontinalaceae) in North America

Fontinalis redfearnii, a new species from Oklahoma, is similar to F. sullivantii but differs by its larger size, stiffstems, stem leaves with obtuse apices, and stiffly-patent stem leaves. While examining herbarium specimens identified as F. sullivantii during a study of the F. sullivantiiF. filiformis complex, I encountered an unusually robust specimen collected by Paul Redfearn from the extreme southeastern corner of Oklahoma. This moss differs from typical F. sullivantii, among other ways, in its larger size and in having stem leaves with broadly obtuse apices. Further support for the belief that it does not represent an aberrant form of F. sullivantii was found during a visit to the original collection locality, where additional collections of this robust taxon were made in the same stream with typical F. sullivantii. In its natural environment Redfearn's moss is clearly distinct in its larger size, rigid stems, and stem leaves that when wet spread stiffly at right angles to the stem. It is unlike any other species of Fontinalis of which I am aware and evidently represents a new species. FONTINALIS REDFEARNII Allen sp. nov. (FIG. 1-6) Species haec ab F. sulhvantiu differt statura major, caulibus plus rigidis, foliis caulinis late obtusis humidis patentibus. Plants robust, dark-green, to 15 cm long (Fig. 4); stems sparsely and irregularly branched, in section showing 2-3 outer layers of small, thick-walled reddish-brown outer cells and several layers of larger, firm-walled, yellowish inner cells; central strand absent; branches patent, their leaves imbricate at branch bases, becoming loose and erect-spreading at apices; stem and branch tips loosely foliated, never tight or attenuate; leaves strongly dimorphic; stem leaves (Fig. 1, 6) erecto-patent when dry, stiffly patent to spreading when wet, long-lanceolate, 6-9 mm long, concave at base, flat in upper 1/22/3; upper margins plane; apices (Fig. 3) broadly obtuse, entire to serrulate; median leaf cells (Fig. 5) linear flexuose, apical leaf cells (Fig. 3) rhomboidal to long-rhomboidal; alar cells (Fig. 2) enlarged, oblong to rectangular in large, bulging, well-differentiated groups, commonly brownish-red when old; lower branch leaves distinctly smaller and more concave than stem leaves but otherwise similar except apices acute to obtuse; uppermost branch leaves approaching size and form of stem leaves; paraphyllia and pseudoparaphyllia absent; axillary hairs of 8-12 cells, upper cells long, slenderly cylindrical, hyaline, becoming red with age, basal 1-3 cells brown and short-cylindrical. Sporophytes unknown. TYPES: U.S.A. OKLAHOMA. MCCURTAIN CO.: Cypress Creek, just N of Hwy. 3, T3S, R22E, Sec. 5, 34*00'N, 95*01'W, 243 m, Allen & Redfearn. Fontinalaceae Exsiccatae No. 77 (holotype Mo; isotypes ALTA, BM, CANM, DUKE, LAF, MICH, NY, PAC, MICH, US). PARATYPE: OKLAHOMA. MCCURTAIN CO.: Along Cypress Creek just north of Hwy. 3 & 7, Redfearn 19899 (Mo, NY). Etymology. -This species is named in honor of its first collector, PAUL LESLIE REDFEARN, JR., in recognition of his fundamental and substantial contributions to our knowledge of the mosses of the Interior Highlands of North America. Fontinalis redfearnii is most closely related to F. sullivantii. The two species differ, among other ways, in the smaller size ofF. sullivantii, which has flaccid stem leaves that are acute at the apex (Fig. 7). The abundance of the typical expression of F. sullivantii in the same stream as F. redfearnii seems to preclude the possibility that the latter is simply an odd ecological expression of F. sullivantii. Fontinalis redfearnit could be confused with F. flaccida, which is approximately the same size, has well-developed alar cells, and can have somewhat obtuse leaf apices. But, F. flaccida has weak stems, extremely flaccid ovate-lanceolate stem leaves, and stem and branch apices that are long and tightly attenuate.

<p><strong>Gradsteinia andicola, a remarkable aquatic moss from South America</strong></p>

A new moss genus and species, Gradsteinia andicola, is described from the northern Andes of Colombia. It is an aquatic moss known sterile and characterized by 1) oblong or oblong-ovate, concave, cucullate and recurved-apiculate leaves with a very strong and variable costa that is basically single but commonly repeatedly branched and spurred from the base, giving the leaves a polycostate appearance; 2) thick-walled, porose and irregularly uni- to multistratose lamina cells; 3) bicellular axillary hairs; 4) the presence of incomplete limbidia; 5) the absence of paraphyllia, pseudoparaphyllia, central strand and alar cells. Until the sporophyte of Gradsteinia becomes known, this very distinct genus is tentatively placed in the family Donrichardsiaceae, based primarily upon the presence of variously multistratose leaf laminae and leaf areolation.

<p><strong>A preliminary treatment of the Holomitrium complex (Musci: Dicranaceae) in Central America</strong></p>

The Holomitrium-complex (consisting of Holomitrium, Eucamptodontopsis, and Schliephackea) is a group of closely related genera in the Dicranaceae characterized by five features: 1. a strong single costa, 2. well developed alar cells, 3. long, sheathing perichaetial leaves, 4. erect capsules, and 5. undivided peristome teeth. Holomitrium sinuosum is newly described. Dicranoloma brittonae is transferred to Eucamptodontopsis. Holomitrium standleyi is a synonym of H. arboreum. Breedlovea chiapensis is a synonym of Holomitrium pulchellum and the genus Breedlovea is placed into the synonymy of Holomitrium.

A monograph of Entodon (Entodontaceae) in Australia, eastern Melanesia and southern Oceania

The moss genus Entodon C. Müll. (Entodontaceae) is revised for Australia, eastern Melanesia (New Caledonia and Fiji) and the South Pacific islands. The nine validly described species and 10 nomina nuda are reduced to two species, E. mackaviensis C. Müll. and E. plicatus C. Müll. Entodon mackaviensis, with terete branches and extensive alar development is confined to the region treated. Entodon plicatus, with complanate branches and significantly fewer alar cells, ranges from India to the far reaches of the South Pacific basin, and from Tasmania to the Philippines. Both species are described and illustrated. Some extra-limital synonymy is provided.

Comments on the Moss Genus Horikawaea (Pterobryaceae) in China

The southeastern Asiatic genus Horikawaea, including two species-H. nitida Nog. and H. dubia (Tix.) Lin - occurs in China, from southeastern China southwards, and west to Xizang. A key, illustrations, and map are provided for the two species. The genus Horikawaea was first described by No- guchi in 1937, and presently includes two species. Horikawaea nitida Nog., the type species, was orig- inally described from Taiwan and was reported from Fujian Province, China, by Wu et al. (1981), while the second species of the genus, H. dubia (Tix.) Lin has been reported from northern Vietnam, Minh- Binh Province (Lin 1984a). In 1985 Luo reported H. nitida from Xizang Province, China. However, Lin determined later that the specimen (Lang 466, PE) was better referred to H. dubia (Lin 1986a). Also, Lin (1986b) recorded H. nitida from Assam (India) with a question mark. Further collections from southwestern China have been made since these original reports. In this paper, both species of Horikawaea can be reported from southwestern China. Specimens of this genus from Jingxi County in Guangxi Province (Hu, Shun-shi 46) have small plants with strongly complanate leaves arranged in four ranks. The plants have bul- bils on the apical portions of the leaves and alar cells with poorly developed wall thickenings. Other specimens from Xizang, Guangdong, Fujian, and Guangxi Provinces consist of large or medium-sized plants that are little complanate, with eight ranks of leaves. The alar cells have obvious wall thick- enings and the bulbils are located along the stem below the apex. These specimens represent two sep- arate species in the genus Horikawaea. They can be distinguished by the following key. Plants small, strongly complanate; leaves in four dis- tinct ranks; bulbils present at apex of leaves; alar

The Status of the South American Moss Genus Syringothecium

The three species of Syringothecium are revised and reduced to two. The genus is considered synonymous with Isopterygium and the two appropriate combinations are made: I. sprucei (Mitt.) Buck and I. brasiliense (Broth.) Buck. The genus is thus transferred from the Se- matophyllaceae to the Hypnaceae. Syringothecium is a little-known genus of three described species, two from the Andes and one from southeastern Brazil. The genus is characterized pri- marily by the endostome being better developed than the exostome. Indeed, it was that character alone that led Mitten (1869) to describe the genus. He placed the genus in his tribe Stereodonteae that was characterized by capsules on long setae, leaf costae short and double, and alar cells short and dense. The tribe was extremely heterogenous by to- day's standards, accommodating genera as diverse as Leucomium, Heterocladium, Plagiothecium, En- todon, Ptychomnion, and Pleurozium. In the first edition of Die natiirlichen Pjlanzen- familien, Brotherus (1908) placed Syringothecium in the subfamily Plagiothecioideae, alongside Isop- terygium (as did Mitten). However, in Fleischer's (1923) massive rearrangement of genera in Die Mus- ci der Flora von Buitenzorg, he moved Syringothe- cium to the Sematophyllaceae. He did not give spe- cific reasons, but aligned the genus with Meiotheciopsis (= Donnellia) and Pterogoniopsis, and considered the three genera as derived from Chio- nostomum. Brotherus (1925) followed Fleischer's placement and the genus has remained there, un- questioned, since that time. I have the long-term goal of monographing the Sematophyllaceae of South America and as a result have examined the meager material that exists of Syringothecium. Although the peristomial distinc- tions that prompted the description of the genus are valid, they are not necessarily characteristic of the Sematophyllaceae. In that family the exostome teeth are often strikingly shouldered and have a median furrow. Gametophytically, the plants have some- what asymmetric leaves with long, narrow cells and minimal alar differentiation. The pseudoparaphyl- lia are filamentous. The rhizoids arise in clusters just below the leaf insertions and are smooth to slightly roughened. As may be surmised by even this minimal description, the gametophytes of Sy- ringothecium are inseparable from those of Isopte- rygium. In fact, even the sporophytic features of erect capsules with reduced peristomes are other- wise known in Isopterygium, as, for example, in I. jamaicense (Bartr.) Buck, even though not to the same degree. Therefore, with no hesitation, I here synonymize Syringothecium with Isopterygium, and thus move it to the Hypnaceae. It may be that Syrin- gothecium is truly a monophyletic group, but it is surely derived from Isopterygium and when sterile is inseparable from it. Also, the species of Isopteryg- ium are so subtly differentiated from one another, at least in the neotropics, that there is no way of deciding whether the Andean and Brazilian taxa are closely related or independently derived. For this reason I do not even bother to recognize Syringo- thecium at a subgeneric level.

Generic Distinctness of Brotherella from Pylaisiadelpha (Musci)

Buck's (1984) treatment of Brotherella Loeske ex Fleisch. as a synonym of Pylaisi- adelpha Card. is revised and the two genera are recognized here as taxonomically distinct. Brotherella (type: B. lorentiziana (Mol. ex Lor.) Loeske ex Fleisch.) differs from Pylaisiadelpha (type: P. rha- phidostegioides (Card.) Card.) in: 1) the larger plants often somewhat complanate (weakly or not complanate in Pylaisiadelpha); 2) usually weakly or nonfalcate leaves (weakly to strongly falcate in Pylaisiadelpha) with better-differentiated larger lowermost alar cells and fewer subquadrate cells above; 3) inclined to almost horizontal sporangia (usually erect in Pylaisiadelpha) with better- developed, perfect peristome; and 4) smooth or less papillose spores. The known species of Pylai- siadelpha include: P. drepanioides Card. & Dix. ex Card., P. duellii Crum, and P. tenuirostris (Bruch & Schimp. ex Sull.) Buck (syn. P. rhaphidostegioides (Card.) Card.). The remainder of the species that Buck transferred to Pylaisiadelpha may be retained in Brotherella pending study of

Entodon hampeanus C. Müll., New and Extinct in the United States

Entodon hampeanus C. Miill., a Mexican-Andean moss, is reported for the first time from the United States. It was collected in Oconee County, South Carolina, in 1958, by Wilfred B. Schofield, but remained unidentified until recently. The creation of Lake Jocassee has since flooded the site and the moss is now extinct there. Nevertheless E. hampeanus can be added to a growing list of tropical American bryophytes that are disjunctive to the Southern Appalachian Mountains. A description and illustrations of the moss are provided. In June 1958, Wilfred B. Schofield collected a sterile Entodon in Oconee County, South Carolina, and referred it to the senior author for identification. In aspect the leafy plants resembled E. macropodus (Hedw.) C. Miill., except they seemed more slender and less complanate. Microscopically, the leaf shape looked vaguely different, and the alar cells seemed more prominent, but the differences were difficult to pinpoint. The absence of capsules made identification difficult. Schofield returned to the site in October 1959, and gathered a large quantity of the moss, enough, in fact, for future inclusion in the Crum and Anderson exsiccati, Mosses of North America. The plants were put aside with the provisional label, Entodon n. sp. The material did not surface again until 1982, when a specimen of the original sterile collection was sent to Buck, who had recently completed a generic revision of the Entodontaceae (Buck 1980). He suggested that it might be Entodon hampeanus C. Miill., a Mexican-Andean species not previously known north of Mexico, but lack of fruits prevented positive identification. Fortunately, when the exsiccati material was being packeted, it was found to be in fruit; it could then be identified with certainty as E. hampeanus. Meanwhile, Duke Power Company had constructed a huge dam on the Keowee River, into which the Whitewater River flowed at the time of Schofield's collection. This dam created Lake Jocassee, which flooded the site where E. hampeanus had been collected. In spite of many diligent searches it has not been found elsewhere. This paper, therefore, happily reports the discovery of a moss new to the United States and at the same time sadly takes note of its disappearance. Nevertheless, we call attention to the moss not only because of its phytogeographic significance but in the hope that it exists elsewhere in the Southern Appalachian Mountains and that it will be rediscovered. The accompanying description and illustrations should enhance the possibility of its being found elsewhere. ENTODON HAMPEANUS C. Miill., Linnaea 18: 705. 1845. (FIG. 1-10) Plants relatively slender, yellow-green, glossy, in flat mats. Stems elongate, to ca. 5 cm long, prostrate, irregularly branched, the branches complanate-foliate; pseudoparaphyllia foliose, narrowly lanceolate; axillary hairs uniseriate, with a single, short, brown basal cell and 3-4 elongate, hyaline, apical ones. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, to ca. 2 mm long, usually widest about 1/3 leaf length, acute or more often obtuse or broadly apiculate, concave, constricted at the insertion; margins plane, densely serrulate above, subentire below; costa short and double; cells linear, smooth, subflexuose, shorter at the extreme apex; alar cells numerous, not reaching costa or reaching it in only 2-3 rows, extending up margins in 5-9 rows, quadrate to short-rectangular, gradually differentiated from those above. Autoicous. Perichaetial leaves erect with gradually spreading apices, lanceolate, 1.3-2.2 mm long, gradually long-acuminate; margins plane, distantly serrulate above, entire below; ecostate; cells linear, subflexuose, becoming broader and shorter above; alar cells scarcely differentiated from other cells across insertion. Setae light yellow to yellow-orange, to ca. 2.5 cm long, twisted; capsules erect to somewhat nodding, cylindric, to 4 mm long; annulus not differentiated; operculum high-conic; peristome inserted well below mouth; exostome teeth reddish, lanceolate, on outer surface striate below, papillose 0007-2745/88/113-115$0.45/0 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.255 on Wed, 25 May 2016 05:55:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 114 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 91

A New Species of Aulacopilum from Brazil

Aulacopilum schaeferi is described as a new species from Sdo Paulo, Brazil. Its differences from other American members of the section Aulacopilum and especially A. tumidulum Mitt. are enumerated. The Erpodiaceae of the various parts of the world were given preliminary notice in my paper of 1972, at which time I recognized six species of Aulacopilum, all of them rare and local. As I pointed out, some of the species show disjunct distributions suggestive of an original range dissected by continental drift. (Some of the species of Erpodium give similar evidence of ancient dispersals.) The genus Aulacopilum has subsequently been found, for the first time, in Brazil. Daniel Vital found A. tumidulum Mitt. in the state of Mato Grosso. Subsequently Alfons Schaefer-Verwimp found the genus in Sdio Paulo. Its features are such that I feel justified in describing it as new, while freely admitting that the species of the section Aulacopilum are not as distinctive as one might wish, but not so similar that I would care to lump them either. AULACOPILUM SCHAEFERI, sp. nov. (FIG. 1-6) Plantae parvae, opaco-virides, caulibus laxe pinnatis. Ramae siccae teretes, madidae plus minus complanatofoliatae. Folia oblongo-ovata, obtuse acuta vel rotundoobtusa, non apiculata, ecostata, cellulis superioribus laxe hexagonis, pluripapillosis, alaribus in seriebus paucis oblato-quadratis. Autoicum; folia perichaetialia late oblongo-ovata, acuta. Seta ca. 1 mm longa; capsula ca. 1 mm longa, anguste oblongo-cylindrica, basi anguste contracta; operculum breviter rostratum. Calyptra laevis, sulcis integerrimis. Plants small, dull, bluish-green, loosely pinnatebranched. Stems and branches horizontal, terete when dry, loosely complanate-foliate when moist. Branch leaves 0.5-0.6 mm long, broadly oblongovate, bluntly acute or obtuse to rounded-obtuse; costa none; upper cells 10-12 gm in diameter, hexagonal, thin-walled, with 5-6 papillae on both surfaces, the alar cells ? oblate-quadrate in a few rows. Ventral leaves smaller and narrower (0.3-0.4 mm long), ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obliquely inserted in two rows. Autoicous; perichaetial branches short; perichaetial leaves somewhat larger than stem and branch leaves, broadly oblong-ovate, acute. Setae ca. 1 mm long; capsules exserted, ca. 1 mm long, narrowly oblong-cylindric above a short, narrow neck; operculum shortly erectrostrate. Calyptra longer than the capsule, clasping the seta, twisted when young, deeply 8-ridged, the ridges entire and the cells smooth throughout. BRAZIL. Sao Paulo, Serra Negra, im Stadtpark (Praqa), epiphytisch, ca. 950 m.s.m., 17.5.1986, Alfons SchaeferVerwimp 6967a (holotype-MICH). This species is closely related to Aulacopilum tumidulum Mitt., but its leaves are bluntly pointed and not at all apiculate and its capsules are longer and oblong-cylindric from a short, narrow neck. The stems and branches are terete when dry because of erect, imbricate leaves (which become wide-spreading and loosely complanate when moist). Unlike other members of the section Aulacopilum, A. schaeferi has a smooth calyptra, with entire ridges. The genus consists of two sections. All three of the American species belong to the section Aulacopilum. The section Pseudo-Erpodium consists of a single species of Australia, A. hodgkinsoniae (C.M.) Broth. It has erect branches not complanate-foliate when moist; smooth, oblong-hexagonal leaf cells; and awned perichaetial leaves. The American species of the section Aulacopilum can be distinguished by the following key: 1. Leaves bluntly acute to rounded-obtuse, not at all apiculate; calyptrae smooth; Brazil A . SCHAEFERI C rum 1. Leaves acute, apiculate to shortly piliform; calyptrae lightly papillose throughout. 2. Leaves inconspicuously hyaline-apiculate; perichaetial leaves acute; capsules oblong-obovoid; Ceylon, Mexico, Brazil, and Paraguay ..... A . TU M ID U LU M M itt. 2. Leaves more obviously hyaline-apiculate to ? awned; perichaetial leaves lance-acuminate; capsules oblong-cylindric; Argentina and New Zealand A. GLAUCUM W ils.

A systematic account ofPulchrinodus inflatus(musci: Pterobryaceae), genus novum

Abstract The genus Pulchrinodus is established for the species long known as Eucamptodon inflatus. Based upon the presence of pseudoparaphyllia, incrassate and porose leaf cells, strongly differentiated, inflated alar cells, rudimentary double costae, diplolepideous-type axillary hairs, an unbranched habit, stems with numerous arrested branch primordia, and rudimentary, well spaced leaves at the base, a well developed stem central strand, and near absence of rhizoids, Pulchrinodus is placed in the Leucodontales (sensu Buck & Vitt 1986). Until such time as the sporophyte of {Pulchrinodus} becomes known, the genus is tentatively placed within the Pterobryaceae (sensu lato). However, its acrocarpous habit, antheridial splash cups, and unusually long-stalked antheridia are features not found in other members of the Pterobryaceae. Pulchrinodus inflatus occurs in southern New Caledonia, south-western Tasmania, and in the North and South Islands of New Zealand.

On the ontogeny of alar cells inDrepanocladus aduncus, D. exannulatusand some other species

The development of alar cells in Drepanocladus aduncus and D. exannulatus follows quite different paths. The type of development found in D. aduncus is also found in D. sendtneri, D. capillifolius and, in a somewhat modified form, in D. uncinatus, D. lycopodioides, D. brevifolius, Scorpidium turgescens and Calliergon trifarium. The Drepanocladus exannulatus type was found in the N. European Calliergon species (except C. trifarium), in Drepanocladus tundrae, D. fluitans (incl. D. h-schulzei), D. exannulatus var. procerus, D. trichophyllus and D. badius. Outside the Calliergon-Scorpidium-Drepanocladus-complex of species types of development like that in Drepanocladus aduncus seem to be the most frequent though other quite different kinds do occur.

A Revision of Some Mittenothamnium Species Described from Mexico

Six Mittenothamnium species describedfrom Mexico are revised. Mittenothamnium pringlei, M. imbricatulum and M. subthelistegum are reduced to synonyms of Chryso-hypnum diminutivum; M. squarrosulum is transferred to Chryso-hypnum; and M. pendulinum and M. mexicanum are found to be synonymous with M. reptans. In the course of our review of the genus Mitte- nothamnium for the projected Manual of Mexican Mosses (Sharp 1977), we found that five Mexican species should be reduced to synonymy and one species should be transferred to another genus. 1. Mittenothamnium pringlei Card., M. imbrica- tulum Card., and M. subthelistegum Card. These three species were described from Mexico at the same time (Cardot 1910) on the basis of only one or two specimens. Our examination of the type specimens showed that these species all have 1) ovate to short-elliptic stem leaves with straight acumi- nations and gradually narrowed or slightly cordate bases, 2) median laminal cells with projections at both the upper and lower ends, and 3) well-differ- entiated quadrate to short rectangular alar cells in 3-6 rows. The characters of leaves and the general appearance of their plants with non-stipitate, pros- trate stems prove that these three species are iden- tical with Mittenothamnium diminutivum (Hampe) Britt. which ranges from southern North America to South America and the West Indies. In M. prin- glei the capsule is somewhat unusual in being slen- derly subcylindric as opposed to being usually ovoid in M diminutivum, but this shape of the capsule is insignificant because it intergrades to the typical ovoid form by a series of intermediate forms. Recently Buck (1984) restored the genus Chryso- hypnum for the non-stipitate species of Mitteno- thamnium and proposed a new combination, C. diminutivum (Hampe) Buck, with which treatment we agree unreservedly. Chryso-hypnum also is dis- tinguished by having laminal cells with projections at both ends, and subfilamentous to narrowly lan- ceolate pseudoparaphyllia. In Mittenothamnium s. str., laminal cells may have projections only at up- per ends or at both ends, and pseudoparaphyllia are lanceolate to triangular.

A Review of the Genus Parisia (Musci: Dicranaceae)

The genus Parisia is endemic to New Caledonia and consists of three species: P. neocaledonica, P. laevipila, and P. ciliata. Parisia laevipila is best distinguished from the other species by the smooth hair-points of its leaves. Parisia neocaledonica and P. ciliata are best separated by the differences in their apical leaf cell widths (17-55 ltm vs. 12.5-17 lm). Asfirst advocated by Fleischer, Parisia is best placed in the Dicranaceae subfamily Dicranoideae near Brotherobryum and Braunfelsia. The genus Parisia was established by Brotherus (1906) to accommodate a single species (P. neoca- ledonica) collected by Le Rat in the southern moun- tains of New Caledonia. Although Brotherus con- sidered the genus tr6s curieux, the only distinguishing features of the genus that he empha- sized were its long piliferous, ecostate leaves. Broth- erus placed Parisia in the Dicranaceae, and while there are other ecostate genera in that family (e.g., Braunfelsia), no other genus combines the features of a long, hyaline piliferous apex and ecostate leaves. Other important generic character states are found in the species description and in an accompanying plate of 19 figures drawn by Th6riot: leaf cells in- crassate and porose throughout; alar cells incrassate, strongly differentiated; peristome rudimentary, at- tached below the mouth; and spores 30-35 /m, uni- cellular. Brotherus included Parisia in the appendix to his treatment of the mosses in Engler and Prantl's Na- tiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1909). His treatment of the genus is essentially identical to his earlier treat- ment (1906); the only new information he added was a description of the calyptra and illustrations of the operculum and calyptra. The 1909 treatment also included a peristome illustration of P. neoca- ledonica that is structurally different from Theriot's

Notes on Pylaisiadelpha in Mexico

Pylaisiadelpha duellii sp. nov. differs from P. tenuirostris (Sull.) Buck primarily in having small, concolorous alar cells and strongly reflexed leaf margins. Pylaisiadelpha rhaphidostegioides (Card.) Card., the type species of the genus, can scarcely be maintained distinct from P. tenuirostris except in terms of sexuality, and so a nomenclatural transfer to a variety level is provided, together with a specific combination to accommodate Pylaisiadelpha brasiliensis. The genus Pylaisiadelpha has considerable resemblance to Sematophyllum in leaf characteristics, but the capsules, which may be erect and symmetric or inclined and asymmetric, have exothecial cells without corner thickenings. The Mexican Pylaisiadelpha deplanatula (Card.) Buck has broad, complanate leaves and much resembles P. recurvans (Mx.) Buck of North American distribution, but the capsules are erect, the inflorescences autoicous, and the alar cells more conspicuously inflated. The other Mexican representatives, detailed below, have terete-foliate stems and branches and narrower leaves. As also in P. deplanatula, the leaf tips are secund. Pylaisiadelpha duellii sp. nov. (Fig. 4-6) Plantae pusillae, graciles, nitidae, obscure virides. Folia ramorum falcata, ca. 0.6-0.7 mm longitudine, oblongolanceolata, marginibus valde reflexis, superne serrulatis, cellulis alaribus parvis, non hyalinis nec inflatis. Caeterae ignotae. Plants very small and slender, in dense, shiny, dark-green mats. Branch leaves moderately falcatesecund, 0.6-0.7 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; margins strongly reflexed, sharply serrulate above; upper cells narrowly rhomboid; alar cells concolorous, small and quadrate in small, triangular areas (not at all hyaline to yellowish, thin-walled, or inflated). Sporophytes and inflorescences un-

Two Undescribed Species of Hygrohypnum from Mexico

Two species of Hygrohypnum are described as new from Mexico: H. robinsonii has falcate-secund, slenderly acuminate leaves with a short, double costa, small alar cells, and serrulate tips; H. arsenei has falcate-secund, slenderly acuminate leaves with a single costa, enlarged alar cells, and entire margins. In connection with studies directed toward the publication of a moss flora of Mexico supervised by A. J. Sharp, two undescribed species of Hygrohypnum have come to my notice. The specimens, collected by Harold Robinson in Oaxaca in 1963 and by Brother G. Arsene in Puebla in 1907 were filed in the U.S. National Herbarium at the Smithsonian Institution as Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jenn. I am indebted to Harold Robinson for making them available for examination. Hygrohypnum robinsonii sp. nov. (Fig. 1-4) Plantae parvae, graciles, pallido-virides. Folia falcatosecunda, concava, 0.5-0.7 mm longitudine, oblongo-lanceolata, sensim acuminata, acuta vel obtuse acuta, apice serrulata, costis duobus, brevibus, cellulis superioribus lineari-flexuosis, alaribus paucis, parve subquadratis. Plants rather small and slender, in loose, palegreen mats. Leaves falcate-secund, concave, 0.5-0.7 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate and acute or bluntly acute; margins erect or incurved, especially above, serrulate at the apex or in the upper 1/4; costa short and double; upper cells linear-flexuose; alar cells scarcely differentiated, a few near the margins small and subquadrate to shortoblong. MEXICO. Oaxaca, ravine near Km 104, Rte 175, Sierra Juirez, above Valle Nacional, on wet rock surface near waterfall, May 19, 1963, H. Robinson 10,168 (type, us). As compared with H. luridum, the plants are much smaller, with leaves only about one-third as long and much narrower in proportion to their length.

A Taxonomic Assessment of Grimmia obtusifolia Gao et Cao and Schistidium obtusifolium Irel. et Crum

Grimmia obtusifolia was described from Tibet, China in 1981, while Schistidium obtusifolium was described from Quebec, Canada in 1984. These two species are superficially similar in having small plants with rounded-obtuse, concave, oblong-ovate leaves. They differ in the former possessing bistratose upper leaf cells, 5 to 7 Am in width and differentiated alar cells, while S. obtusifolium has unistratose upper leaf cells (with bistratose margins) 7 to 9 Am in width and undifferentiated alar cells. Grimmia obtusifolia has not been found with sporophytes, while the systylious condition has not been verified in S. obtusifolium. Even though the generic position of these two taxa is not clear, they are distinct, but superficially similar species.