Alanine Aminotransferase Enzyme Activities Research Articles

C60 Fullerene Reduces the Level of Liver Damage in Chronic Alcohol Intoxication of Rats.

The liver is the main organ responsible for the metabolism of ethanol, which suffers significantly as a result of tissue damage due to oxidative stress. It is known that C60 fullerenes are able to efficiently capture and inactivate reactive oxygen species in in vivo and in vitro systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether water-soluble C60 fullerene reduces the level of pathological process development in the liver of rats induced by chronic alcohol intoxication for 3, 6, and 9 months, depending on the daily dose (oral administration; 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) of C60 fullerene throughout the experiment. In this context, the morphology of the C60 fullerene nanoparticles in aqueous solution was studied using atomic force microscopy. Such biochemical parameters of experimental animal blood as ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) enzyme activities, CDT (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) level, values of pro-antioxidant balance indicators (concentrations of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and GSH (reduced glutathione), activities of CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GPx (selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase)), and pathohistological and morphometric features of liver damage were analyzed. The most significant positive change in the studied biochemical parameters (up to 29 ± 2% relative to the control), as markers of liver damage, was recorded at the combined administration of alcohol (40% ethanol in drinking water) and water-soluble C60 fullerenes in the optimal dose of 1 mg/kg, which was confirmed by small histopathological changes in the liver of rats. The obtained results prove the prospective use of C60 fullerenes as powerful antioxidants for the mitigation of pathological conditions of the liver arising under prolonged alcohol intoxication.

Bioactivity, phytochemistry studies and subacute in vivo toxicity of ethanolic leaf extract of white mulberry (Morus alba linn.) in female mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional uses of Morus alba L. leaf extracts (MLE) have been reported for treating hyperglycaemia and diabetes. Phytochemical compounds in the leaves demonstrated the ability to enhance insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretory function, suggesting their potential value in reducing blood glucose and treating diabetes. However, the phytochemical constituents and safety of the herbal medicines need to be verified in each experimental field from different growing areas. Studies on the phytochemistry and toxicity of Morus alba leaves in Southeast Asia, especially in Brunei, have never been investigated. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the bioactivity and phytochemistry of Morus alba ethanolic leaf extract from Brunei Darussalam and its subacute toxic effects in the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) female mice. Materials and methodsThe phenolic yield and antioxidant of the extract were analysed. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography were utilised to determine the phenolic compound of the MLE. In the subacute toxicity study, twenty-five female mice were randomly divided into five groups: the control group, which received oral gavage of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide solvent (DMSO), and the MLE treatment group, which received the extract at a dose of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Physiology, haematology, biochemistry, and histology were evaluated during the study. ResultsMorus alba leaf depicted total phenolic 10.93 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), flavonoid 256.67 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g DW, and antioxidant bioactivity content of 602.03 IC50 μg/mL and 13.21 mg Fe2+/g DW. Twenty compounds in the Morus alba ethanolic leaf extract were identified, with chlorogenic acid (305.60 mg/100 g DW) as the primary compound. As for subacute toxicity in this study, neither mortality nor haematological changes were observed. On the other hand, administration of 500 and 1000 mg/kg MLE resulted in mild hepatocellular injury, as indicated by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The histopathological score showed mild hepatocellular necrosis in administering 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of MLE. The parameters of renal injury were within normal limits, with the increase in eosinophilic cytoplasm observed in the histological scoring at 1000 mg/kg of MLE. ConclusionsMorus alba leaf extract showed abundant polyphenols. In a study on subacute toxicity, MLE caused mild hepatotoxicity in mice. The toxic effect of the extract may be due to kaempferol and chlorogenic acid compounds. The 125 mg/kg MLE dose was safe with no adverse effects.

Long-term dietary exposure to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen can affect the physiology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on multiple levels, even at “environmentally relevant” concentrations

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of emerging environmental contaminants, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP), on physiological functions in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were exposed for 6 weeks, and for the first time, NSAIDs were administered through diet. Either substance was tested at two concentrations, 20 or 2000 μg/kg, resulting in four different treatments (DCF 20, DCF 2000, IBP 20, IBP 2000). The effects on haematological and biochemical profiles, the biomarkers of oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption were studied, and changes in RNA transcription were also monitored to obtain a comprehensive picture of toxicity. Fish exposure to high concentrations of NSAIDs (DCF 2000, IBP 2000) elicited numerous statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) in the endpoints investigated, with DCF being almost always more efficient than IBP. Compared to control fish, a decrease in total leukocyte count attributed to relative lymphopenia was observed. Plasma concentrations of total proteins, ammonia, and thyroxine, and enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly elevated in either group, as were the activities of certain hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase) in the DCF 2000 group. The transcriptomic profile of selected genes in the tissues of exposed fish was affected as well. Significant changes in plasma total proteins, ammonia, ALT, and ALP, as well as in the transcription of genes related to thyroid function and the antioxidant defense of the organism, were found even in fish exposed to the lower DCF concentration (DCF 20). As it was chosen to match DCF concentrations commonly detected in aquatic invertebrates (i.e., the potential feed source of fish), it can be considered “environmentally relevant”. Future research is necessary to shed more light on the dietary NSAID toxicity to fish.

Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Carcass Characteristics of Black Goat Kids Fed Diets Containing Olive Cake.

This study investigated the dietary effect of incorporating different levels of olive cake (OC) on the metabolic responses, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of black goat male kids. Thirty kids (body weight = 17.3 ± 0.40 kg) were randomly distributed into one of three equally sized dietary groups: a control diet (CON), OC at 75 g/kg (OC75), and OC at 150 g/kg (OC150) of dietary dry matter (DM). The results revealed that the intake of DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was similar (p ≥ 0.11) among the three treatment groups. However, the OC150 group had the greatest (p < 0.0001) ether extract (EE) intake compared to the OC75 and CON groups. The growth measurements were similar (p ≥ 0.13) among the three groups. Feed efficiency was not affected by the inclusion of OC. In contrast to the CON diet, the cost of gain was, however, reduced (p = 0.004) in the OC diets. All three treatment groups' digestibility of DM, CP, and ADF was similar. However, when compared to the OC75 and CON groups, the digestibility of NDF was better (p < 0.05) in the OC150 group. The N intake did not differ among the three experimental groups. Nitrogen retained as g/d was higher (p = 0.04) in the OC150 and OC75 groups compared to the CON group, while retention as a percentage (g/100 g) was similar among the three groups. Except for intermuscular fat, total fat, leg fat depth, and tissue depth, the inclusion of OC did not result in any discernible treatment effects on the carcass and meat quality parameters. Only alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity was lower (p < 0.0001) in OC-treated groups compared to the CON group. In summary, incorporating OC at 75 g/kg and 150 g/kg levels into the diets of black goat kids had positive comparable effects on some parameters related to growth performance, carcass attributes, and meat quality. Importantly, utilizing olive cake led to cost savings in production and may serve as a viable alternative feed source in goat nutrition.

Micellar solution of [223Ra]RaCl2: Reaching renal excretion, potent efficacy in osteoblastic osteosarcoma in PDX model, biochemistry alterations and pharmacokinetics

Despite the successful use of the radiopharmaceutical radium-223 dichloride ([223Ra]RaCl2) for targeted alpha therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with bone metastases, some short-term side effects, such as diarrhea and vomiting, have been documented, causing patient discomfort. Hence, we prepared a nanosized micellar solution of [223Ra]RaCl2 and evaluated its biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and induced biochemical changes in healthy mice up to 96 h after intraperitoneal administration as an alternative to overcome the previous limitations. In addition, we evaluated the bone specificity of micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 in patient-derived xenografts in the osteosarcoma model. The biodistribution studies revealed the high bone-targeting properties of the micellar [223Ra]RaCl2. Interestingly, the liver uptake remained significantly low (%ID/g = 0.1–0.02) from 24 to 96 h after administration. In addition, the micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 exhibited a significantly higher uptake in left (%ID/g = 0.85–0.23) and right (%ID/g = 0.76–0.24) kidneys than in small (%ID/g = 0.43–0.06) and large intestines (%ID/g = 0.24–0.09) over time, suggesting its excretion pathway is primarily through the kidneys into the urine, in contrast to the non-micellar [223Ra]RaCl2. The micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 also had low distribution volume (0.055 ± 0.003 L) and longer elimination half-life (28 ± 12 days). This nanosystem was unable to change the enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma GT, glucose, and liquiform lipase in the treated mice. Finally, microscopic examination of the animals' osteosarcoma tumors treated with micellar [223Ra]RaCl2 indicated regression of the tumor, with large areas of necrosis. In contrast, in the control group, we observed tumor cellularity and cell anaplasia, mitotic figures and formation of neoplastic extracellular bone matrix, which are typical features of osteosarcoma. Therefore, our findings demonstrated the efficiency and safety of nanosized micellar formulations to minimize the gastrointestinal excretion pathway of the clinical radiopharmaceutical [223Ra]RaCl2, in addition to promoting regression of the osteosarcoma. Further studies must be performed to assess dose–response outcomes and organ/tissue dosimetry for clinical translation.

Effects of exogenous bile acids (BAs) on growth, lipid profile, digestive enzymes, and immune responses of thinlip mullet, Liza ramada

An eight-week trial was designed to explore the dietary effects of commercially purchased exogenous bile acids (BAs) on growth, whole-body composition, lipid profile, intestinal digestive enzymes, liver function enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers, and serum immunity of thinlip mullet, Liza ramada. Four triplicate groups (10.50 ± 0.05 g) were fed four soybean meal (SBM)-based diets supplied with several BAs levels at 0 (control), 50, 130, or 350 mg/kg feed. Results indicated that the growth was significantly increased in groups fed BAs-based diets, especially at 130 mg/kg feed. The body composition analysis showed that feeding fish on diets supplied with BAs up to 130 mg/kg decreased moisture (%) alongside increased crude protein (%). However, the body composition of fish fed a diet with 350 mg BAs/kg had the lowest moisture (%) and the highest crude protein (%). Moreover, there were significant increases in the intestinal (protease, α-amylase, and lipase) enzyme activities in the groups supplied with BAs up to 130 mg BAs/kg. Liver function enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activities) were significantly decreased in BAs-supplemented groups compared to those fed the BAs-free group. On the other hand, the control group had higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein alongside the lower high-density lipoprotein than BAs-supplemented groups, especially at 350 mg BAs/kg feed. BAs significantly decreased hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations and increased the activity of hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity compared with those reared on the control diet. Serum lysozyme, respiratory burst, and alternative complement activities were significantly increased in BAs-supplied groups, particularly in the group supplied with 130 mg BAs/kg compared to those fed on the control diet. Accordingly, our findings recommend that including 130 mg BAs/kg in an SBM-based diet enhanced the growth, digestive enzyme activities, and liver functions, alleviated oxidative stress, boosted serum immunity, and lowered lipid metabolites in thinlip mullet. These findings will be beneficial for improving the quality of feed prepared for feeding mullets and an effective alternative strategy to support mullet farming.

Gambaran Hasil Pemeriksaan Aktivitas Enzim Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) pada Serum Setelah Disimpan Selama 14 Hari

Storage of serum at 4°C over three days causes a 10% decrease in the enzyme Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) activity. However, several laboratories store remaining serum samples for one week or even one month after examination, which is not under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). The serum storage is used to anticipate if there is an examination error. This study aims to describe the results of examining ALT enzyme activity in serum that was immediately checked and stored for 14 days. This type of research is descriptive quantitative using the Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample in this study was human blood serum, with a total sample of 10 patients. Data were analyzed descriptively for all data obtained and presented in tabular form. The average yield of ALT enzyme activity examination before storage and storage on day seven and day 14 was 50.7 U/L, 46.1 U/L, and 40.5 U/L. This study concluded that there was a decrease in the results of examining the activity of the ALT enzyme by 9% on the 7th day and 20% on the 14th day. Therefore, it is suggested that laboratory staff check the sample as soon as possible. If there is a need to repeat the analysis, verify the results or add laboratory tests, samples should be frozen to ensure stability.

Evaluation of the Effects of Extracts of Laurus nobilis on some Biochemical Parameters of Wistar Rats

Laurus nobilis is one of the most popular species belonging to the lauraceae family and it has been reported to possess many physiological properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal and wound healing effects. In this study, effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Laurus nobilis on some oxidative stress markers and liver function parameters of female Wistar rats were investigated. Five rats were randomly assigned into each of groups 1-4, of which group one (1) served as control and received distilled water. Groups 2-4 were treated with 100mg/kg bw, 200mg/kg bw and 400mg/kg bw of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Laurus nobilis respectively, for a period of 14 days. The results obtained indicated that the superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities as well as, gluthathione reductase and peroxidase activities were not significantly affected. The malondialdehyde level did not change significantly after two weeks of extract administration. The extract caused no significant (P&lt;0.05) alteration in the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as serum concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and total bilirubin. This study have shown that extract of Laurus nobilis neither altered hepatic function parameters nor promoted toxic stress in the female Wistar rats.

Біохімічні маркери функціонального стану гепатобіліарної системи у сироватці крові щурів за умов впливу бензоату натрію й аскорбінової кислоти

One of the most common chemical compounds with antimi- crobial properties, which are often used in the food industry, are preservatives, among which sodium benzoate occupies a prominent place. The use of this xenobiotic in combination with other food additives, in particular with ascorbic acid, will contribute to their interaction in the body with the forma- tion of toxic substances. This makes it necessary to study the mechanisms of their action on tissues and organs, in particular, the the liver. The influence of sodium benzoate (750 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid (30 mg/kg) on liver functional state of rats were studied in the work. The introduction of food additives was administered per os during the 21 days. The functional state of the hepatobiliary system was evaluated by the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino- transferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), the levels of total and direct bilirubin, and the thymol test indicator. It was shown that the three-week introduction of sodium benzoate into the body leads to an increase in the enzyme activities of ALT, AST, and GGT in the blood serum, which indicates the hepatotoxic effect of the studied xenobiotic. Along with this, the protein-synthetic function of the liver decreases, as evidenced by an increase in the thymol test. The combined administration of sodium benzoate with ascorbic acid leads to more pronounced hyperfermentemia of ALT, AST, and GGT in blood serum and an increase in the content of total and direct bilirubin. Thus, the introduction of sodium benzoate together with ascorbic acid increases the destructive effect of sodium benzoate on the organs of the hepatobiliary system.

Effects of Lysophospholipid Supplementation in Feed with Low Protein or Lipid on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Intestinal Flora of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were fed diets with three experimental feeds, a control diet (Control, crude protein (CP): 54.52%, crude lipid (CL): 11.45%), a low-protein diet with lysophospholipid (LP-Ly, CP: 52.46%, CL: 11.36%), and a low-lipid diet with lysophospholipid (LL-Ly, CP: 54.43%, CL: 10.19%), respectively. The LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups represented the addition of 1 g/kg of lysophospholipids in the low-protein and low-lipid groups, respectively. After a 64-day feeding trial, the experimental results showed that the growth performance, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index of largemouth bass in both the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups were not significantly different compared to those in the Control group (P > 0.05). The condition factor and CP content of whole fish were significantly higher in the LP-Ly group than those in the Control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the Control group, the serum total cholesterol level and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity were significantly lower in both the LP-Ly group and the LL-Ly group (P < 0.05). The protease and lipase activities in the liver and intestine of both group LL-Ly and group LP-Ly were significantly higher than those of the Control group (P < 0.05). Compared to both the LL-Ly group and the LP-Ly group, significantly lower liver enzyme activities and gene expression of fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were found in the Control group (P < 0.05). The addition of lysophospholipids increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium and Acinetobacter) and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (Mycoplasma) in the intestinal flora. In conclusion, the supplementation of lysophospholipids in low-protein or low-lipid diets had no negative effect on the growth performance of largemouth bass, but increased the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, enhanced the hepatic lipid metabolism, promoted the protein deposition, and regulated the structure and diversity of the intestinal flora.

Nutritional evaluation of crambe meal as a partial replacement of soybean meal in Nile tilapia diet.

A variety of plant protein sources have been evaluated in aquafeeds. Crambe meal (CM) has potential for inclusion in fish diets because of its nutritional composition. This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crambe meal and its potential to partially replace soybean meal (SM) protein in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus diets. The ADC for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, energy, amino acids, calcium and phosphorus of CM were assessed in fish (n = 80; 65.30 ± 5.32g). Subsequently, an 80-day feeding trial was conducted with Nile tilapia (n = 140; 6.04 ± 0.25g) randomly distributed in 20 experimental cages (70L; seven fish cage-1) allocated in five circular tanks (1000L) in a recirculation water system, to evaluate the effects of replacement of SM by CM (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24% in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets) on growth, blood parameters, fillet yield and proximal composition. The CM shows good digestibility of protein (0.824) and amino acids (0.844) by Nile tilapia and its inclusion in the diet does not affect carcass and fillet yield or proximal composition. Fish fed diets with 24.0% of the SM replaced by CM showed the worst weight gain and feed conversion rate. The protein efficiency ratio decreased in fish fed diets with 12.0, 18.0 and 24.0% of the SM replaced by CM. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total plasma protein, glucose and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity trend to increase at highest levels of CM in the diet. In conclusion, CM has high digestibility of protein and amino acids for Nile tilapia. However, anti-nutritional factors present in untreated CM interfere on the growth and nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia.

Polyphenol Extracts From Germinated Mung Beans Can Improve Type 2 Diabetes in Mice by Regulating Intestinal Microflora and Inhibiting Inflammation.

Studies have shown that inhibiting inflammation and regulating intestinal microflora imbalance is a significant factor in controlling the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This experiment studied the protective effect of polyphenol extract from germinated mung beans on diabetic C57BL/6 mice.ResultsFasting blood glucose (FBG) was decreased, glucose tolerance was increased, insulin resistance was decreased, serum lipid indexes in T2DM mice were improved, and the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum were reduced. Meanwhile, the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum were decreased, the concentration of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in serum was increased, inhibiting the inflammatory reaction induced by diabetes and repairing the morphology of mice liver tissue. At the same time, germinated mung bean polyphenol (GMP) can regulate the main intestinal flora, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria in diabetic mice and can also regulate species diversity and improve intestinal flora imbalance. Taken together, the experimental conclusion is a certain dose of polyphenol extract from germinated mung beans that can improve mouse T2DM by inhibiting inflammatory reaction and regulating intestinal microflora.

Protective Effects of Quercetin on Clothianidin-Induced Liver Damage in the Rat Model.

Clothianidin (CTD) is a member of the neonicotinoid group of insecticides. This study was performed to determine the effect of quercetin on clothianidin-induced liver injury (CTD) in rats. Rats were randomly assigned to a normal control (saline), a CTD control-treated group (20 mg/kg) every 3 days for 21 days, and CTD + quercetin-treated groups (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for 35 days intraperitoneally. Enzyme activity, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), was measured by spectrophotometry in serum samples by an automatic biochemical analyzer using commercial kits. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate-nitrite were measured in homogeneous liver tissue samples of animals. A significant increase in ALT and AST enzyme activity was observed in the CTD group in comparison with that of the control groups. In the clothianidin + quercetin (10 mg/kg) group, the ALT and AST enzyme levels decreased compared to the clothianidin control group significantly (P < 0.05). The MDA value of the liver increased in the clothianidin-treated group compared to that of the control groups (P < 0.05). Decreased tissue TAC level was observed in the CTD-treated group in comparison with that of the control groups (P < 0.05). The MDA level of the liver decreased in the clothianidin + quercetin (10 mg/kg) group compared to that of the CTD control group (P < 0.05). Quercetin significantly raised the level of TAC in the liver tissue of the clothianidin + quercetin (10 mg/kg) treated group compared to that of the clothianidin control group (P < 0.05). Liver nitrate-nitrite measurement showed a significant increase in the clothianidin group compared to that of the normal control group (P < 0.05). Nitrate-nitrite level in the liver was decreased in clothianidin + quercetin (10 mg/kg) compared to that of the clothianidin control group significantly (P < 0.05). Histopathological investigation revealed that contact to the CTD induced tissue disorganization and inflammatory cell infiltration, but minor histopathological alterations in the liver tissues of rats treated with CTD and quercetin (10 mg/kg) were detected.

Біохімічні маркери функціонального стану гепатобіліарної системи щурів за дії лазерного опромінення та ω-3 поліненасичених жирних кислот

Markers of the functional state of the hepatobiliary system — enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), levels of total and direct bilirubin, the value of thymol probe in the plasma of the diaphragm waves and the introduction of ω-3 PUFA were investigated. It has been found that the action of laser irradiation in blood plasma increases the enzymatic activities of aminotransferases and GGT, along with an increase in the level of total and direct bilirubin and thymol index. The corrective effect on the liver functional state is shown by ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It has been established that the protective properties of ω-3 PUFAs depend on the scheme of their introduction. The highest hepatoprotective effect of ω-3 PUFAs is manifested under the conditions of their previous introduction to the action of laser irradiation, as evidenced by a decrease in hyperenzymemia ALT, AST, GGT, a decrease in total and direct bilirubin and thymol in plasma. The introduction of ω-3 PUFA after the end of the laser diode does not change the markers of the functional state of the liver in blood plasma compared with irradiated animals that were not injected with the studied lipophilic nutrients.

The effect of camel milk curd masses on rats blood serum biochemical parameters: Preliminary study.

This study aimed to assess potential feeding effect of camel milk curd mass and its mixes to experimental rat’s blood serum biochemical parameters, enzymatic activity and the peptide toxicity. Fifty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 10 each). Each group was fed with camel milk pure curd mass and its mixes for 16 days. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed to collect the samples from the blood serum. Blood serum biochemical parameters total protein, cholesterol, glucose, albumin, triglycerides; the enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase were determined on the A25 automatic analyser, and peptide toxicity analysed by the reference method. The statistical data have shown no significant differences in body weight gain in all groups. Total protein decreased in group II, IV, and V; however, it increased in group III compared to the control group. Cholesterol grew up in group II and it slightly increased in group V, dropped in groups III and IV compared to group I result. Glucose increased in groups II, III, IV compared to group I; still, group V results show a slight decrease. Albumin decreased in group IV, yet in group V it increased than the group I result. Simultaneously, groups II and III results were changed with less percentage. Triglyceride grew up in groups II, V, and it dropped significantly in groups III, IV compared to the control group. De Ritis ratio of enzymes in groups II, III, and IV fluctuated between 1.31 and 0.98 IU/L; however, group V demonstrated significant data versus group I. Diets peptide toxicity in all groups was lower than control group data. The experimental results indicated that curd mass from camel milk could be used as a pure or with additives and it did not discover the observed side effects.

Reference haematology and blood biochemistry profiles of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in summer and winter seasons

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is a major aquaculture species in South and Southeast Asia with a high level of production. Standard physiological indices of candidate species are of great value for proper health monitoring and better production. Since fish physiology is grossly influenced by temperature, the reference intervals (RIs) of haematology and blood biochemistry of the healthy reference population of this species are established here in winter and summer seasons following standard methodologies and non-parametric statistics. Haemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity, glucose, urea, and creatinine levels were significantly higher in summer, while leucocyte count, globulin concentration, alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity were higher in winter suggesting the need for use of season-specific RIs for correct interpretation of test results. The normometric database would be useful in season-specific stress assessment, monitoring of well-being, and pathological progressions in this catfish which contributes about 2% to the global aquaculture production.

“Stealth” dendrimers with encapsulation of indocyanine green for photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer

Poly(amido amine) dendrimers and indocyanine green have inevitable interaction with proteins and cells, which induces biological toxicity and reduces therapeutic efficacy in vivo. To overcome these shortcomings, a new drug delivery system G5MEK7C(n)-ICG with a “stealth” layer was prepared. The surface of G5MEK7C(n)-ICG was modified with double-layer super hydrophilic zwitterionic materials. In the “stealth” double-layer structure, the outer layer was consisted of zwitterionic Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Cys (EK7) peptide, and the inner layer was composed of amino and carboxyl groups with a ratio of 1:1. DLS results showed that the average hydrodynamic size of G5MEK7C(n)-ICG was about 25–30 nm, and the zeta potential was proven to undergo a slight charge reversal with the increasing pH values of solutions. Furthermore, G5MEK7C(n)-ICG exhibited excellent biocompatibility to red blood cells and proteins resistance. Photothermal and photodynamic experiments demonstrated that G5MEK7C(n)-ICG had a good photothermal conversion effect and generated singlet oxygen (1O2) under laser irradiation. The MTT and hemolysis results showed that the toxicity of G5 PAMAM was significantly reduced after modification double-layer structure. Cytotoxicity studies and flow cytometry showed G5MEK7C(70)-ICG under laser irradiation had a good effect on killing A549 cells. More importantly, the tumor inhibition rate of mice treated with G5MEK7C(70)-ICG (under laser irradiation) was 78.2% in vivo, which was higher than that of mice treated with free ICG. Compared with free ICG, G5MEK7C(70)-ICG caused less damage to the liver according to the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Therefore, dendrimers modified with a zwitterionic double layer will be a promising candidate as a drug delivery system.

Sufentanil Protects the Liver from Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis by Inhibiting ATF4-Induced TP53BP2 Expression.

Liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a pathological process that often occurs during liver and trauma surgery. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and potential mechanisms of sufentanil on hepatic I/R injury. I/R rat model and hypoxic/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced buffalo rat liver (BRL)-3A cell model were established. Following pretreatment with sufentanil, the enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in rat serum and the changes of hepatic histopathology were evaluated to track the extent of liver injury. The levels of inflammatory factors were determined with ELISA kits and RT-qPCR. The infiltration of macrophages was assessed after detecting monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and F4/80 expression. Additionally, apoptosis was measured by means of TUNEL staining, and gene expression related to apoptosis was examined using RT-qPCR and western blotting. Then, TP53BP2 was overexpressed in BRL-3A cells exposed to H/R condition to evaluate whether sufentanil defended the liver against injury by regulating TP53BP2 expression. Moreover, the potential binding site of ATF4 on the TP53BP2 promoter was analyzed using JASPAR databases and verified by chromosomal immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Furthermore, TP53BP2 expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related protein levels were determined after ATF4 was overexpressed in sufentanil-treated BRL-3A cells. Results revealed that sufentanil significantly improved hepatic I/R injury, decreased the levels of inflammatory factors, and alleviated hepatocyte apoptosis. Notably, upregulated TP53BP2 expression was observed in hepatic tissues, and TP53BP2 overexpression markedly reversed the protective effects of sufentanil on the inflammation and apoptosis in H/R-stimulated BRL-3A cells. Additionally, ATF4 was confirmed to combine with the TP53BP2 promoter. ATF4 upregulation attenuated the inhibitory effects of sufentanil on the expression of TP53BP2 and ERS-associated proteins. These findings demonstrated that sufentanil protects the liver from inflammation and apoptosis injury induced by I/R by inhibiting ATF4 expression and further suppressing TP53BP2 expression, suggesting a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of liver I/R injury.

Study on the effect of Mongolian medicine Qiwei Qinggan Powder on hepatic fibrosis through JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

This research aimed to evaluate the antihepatic fibrosis effect and explore the mechanism of Qiwei Qinggan Powder (QGS-7) in vivo and in vitro. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were used. QGS-7 treatment significantly improved the liver function of rats as indicated by decreased serum enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Meanwhile, the hydroxyproline of liver was significantly decreased. Histopathological results indicated that QGS-7 alleviated liver damage and reduced the formation of fibrosis septa. Moreover, QGS-7 significantly attenuated expressions of Alpha smooth muscle actin, Collagen I, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), phosphorylation-JAK2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphorylation-STAT3 in the rat hepatic fibrosis model. QGS-7 inhibited HSC proliferation and promoted it apoptosis. QGS-7 may affect hepatic fibrosis through JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway so as to play an antihepatic fibrosis role.

Use of Chou’s 5-steps Rule to Study the Effect of Cereal Dietary Protein on Liver and Coronary Heart Disease Prevention

Background: The liver is a vital organ in the human body involved in the metabolic processes. The liver can be damaged due to factors such as protein deficiency, viral infection, as well as consumption of alcohol, chemical contaminants, and adulterated food. High blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity and cigarette smoking are the major risk factors for stroke, heart attack and coronary heart disease (CHD). In medical science, several synthetic drugs have been discovered and used for the treatment of people suffering from liver injury and CHD, but these are not always effective and sometimes difficult to manage by medical therapies and also found to be accompanied by other side effects. Objective: The study aimed to critically review the recent research and studies of epidemiological and randomized controlled trials to find out the effective cereal protein as an alternative preventive food to reduce the risk of CHD and protect the liver from viral hepatic diseases, focusing on daily food intake, body weight, liver weight, serum enzyme activities and cholesterols. Methods: A few of the data from our experiment were used. A literature search was performed for a reliable source of published research articles, review papers, and epidemiological and randomized controlled trials on the effects of cereal protein on animals and human intervention on Google, Google scholar, Redcube, Endnote, Scopus, SpringerDirect.com, PubMed and Web of Science. Then, the data was organized, summarized and analyzed. Results: In medical science, serum enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lipid peroxidation stress malondialdehyde (MDA) are commonly used as biochemical markers of the liver-damaging agents. Blood cholesterols (total cholesterol-TC, triglyceride-TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDLC and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol-HDLC) are used as the markers of heart diseases. The review shows that daily food intake and body weight data are not significantly differed among normal diet, casein (CAS) and cereals protein. The millet and wheat protein increase the liver weight, whereas the rice protein lowers the liver weight. The intake of cereal protein significantly reduces the activities of serum AST, ALT, LDH, MDA, TC, TG and LDLC, whereas it increases the HDLC. Conclusion: Experimental, review and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) data confirm that cereal protein appears to be beneficial in reducing the hepatic liver injury and CHD by maintaining body weight, liver weight, blood pressure, serum enzyme activities of AST, ALT and LDH, lipid peroxidation stress MDA and cholesterol concentrations both in plasma and liver.