Al-Hilla City Research Articles

Nurses Practices Related to Enteral and Parenteral Nutritional Therapy for Unconscious Patients

Background: Enteral nutrition reduces the mortality rate and prevents the development of pressure sores. Specific complications with parenteral nutrition, particularly in unconscious patients, include line sepsis and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. This is important because parenteral nutrition reduces the duration of unconscious patients' hospital stay. Objectives: 1. Assess Nurses’ practice regarding unconscious patients’ nutrition. 2. Identify the demographical characteristics of studied population. 3. Find out the relations between practices of nurses and their demographical and employment characteristics. Methodology: A descriptive – observational study design is the choice to study a specific phenomenon of interest regarding assessing nurses practices regarding enteral and parenteral nutritional therapy from period between (November 2022- July 2024). Non-probability convenient sample of (125) nurses who work in the intensive care units were selected. This study conducted in the intensive care units which located at three teaching hospitals in Al-Hilla city- Iraq. Results: The data reveals that the majority, 55.2%, fall within the 20-30 year age range. Interestingly, the sex distribution is nearly equal with 52% males and 48% females. The result recorded the major of study sample were poor level of practice regarding enteral and parenteral nutritional therapy for unconscious patients. Conclusion: There is a substantial need for improvement in nursing practices related to ENT, such as nutritional assessment, equipment preparation, and adherence to protocols.

Nurses Knowledge Related to Enteral and Parenteral Nutritional Therapy for Unconscious Patients

Background: Enteral nutrition is the preferred method of providing essential nutrients to unconscious patients with a functioning gastrointestinal tract. Nurses play a pivotal role in ensuring safe and effective delivery of enteral nutrition therapy support, encompassing a range of responsibilities before, during, and after feeding. Objectives: 1. Assess Nurses’ knowledge regarding unconscious patients’ nutrition. 2. Identify the demographical characteristics of studied population. 3. Find out the relations between knowledge of nurses and their demographical and employment characteristics. Methodology: A descriptive –cross sectional study design is the choice to study a specific phenomenon of interest regarding assessing nurses knowledge regarding enteral and parenteral nutritional therapy from period between (November 2022- July 2024). Non-probability convenient sample of (125) nurses who work in the intensive care units were selected. This study conducted in the intensive care units which located at three teaching hospitals in Al-Hilla city- Iraq. Results: The data reveals that the majority, at 55.2%, fall within the 20-30 year age range. Interestingly, the sex distribution is nearly equal with 52% males and 48% females. The result recorded high percentage fair level of nurses knowledge according to sum score. Conclusion: Nurses demonstrate significant gaps in knowledge across various aspects of ENT, including indications, complications, and nutritional content.

Detection Of Escherichia Coli Virulence Genes ( Pap , Afa , Iha Ipr2 And Hly ) Isolated From Patients With Urinary Tract Infections In Babylon Province, Iraq

The current study included a collection of 110 urine samples of both sexes of different ages for patients with urinary tract infections, who consulted Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital and the Children and Maternity Hospital in Al-Hilla city, through the period from May 2020 to December 2020, to investigate some virulence factors associated with Escherichia coli bacterium. The results of the biochemical tests revealed that 74 (67.3%) isolates were belonging to E. coli that was isolated from the urine samples. The results also indicated that the females were more infected 47 (63.5 %) with urinary tract infections than males 27 (36.4 %). Some virulence factor genes have also been investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which are (pap, afa, iha, ipr2 and hly genes). The PCR results for E.coli genes revealed that, 11 isolates contain pap gene (7 ( 14.8 %) and 4 ( 14.8 %)), while 9 isolates possesses afa gene ( 6 ( 12.7 %) and 3 ( 11.1 %)), whereas 5 isolates have gene iha (3 ( 6.3 %) and 2 ( 7.4 % )) , In addition to 30 isolates have irp2 gene (21 ( 44.6 % ) and 9 ( 33.3 % )) and 27 isolates contain hly gene ( 19 ( 40.4 %) and 8 ( 29.6 %)). These percentages are for females and males respectively. Conclusions: E.coli is the bacterium that dominant the UTIs. Females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. The irp2 gene responsible for taking iron is the most genetically studied genome that causes UTIs, followed by the gene hly responsible for producing α-hemolysin enzyme second among the gene of the virulence factors under study.

Measurement of Natural Radionuclide Activity in Soil Samples from Different Regions in Al-Hilla City, Iraq

Measurement of Natural Radionuclide Activity in Soil Samples from Different Regions in Al-Hilla City, Iraq

Clinical and demographic characteristics of autistic children in Al-Hilla city

Abstract Background: An increase in the number of cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been reported around the world in the recent years, identifying the major risk factors and main associations helps increase our knowledge and planning for future studies. Objective: To identify the major risk factors for ASD and associated medical and psychiatric comorbidities in Al-Hilla city. Materials and Methods: This is a record review study done in five centers for behavioral therapy of autistic children in Al-Hilla city from January 15, 2023, to May 15, 2023, on 204 children with ASD, their ages ranged from 2 to 12 years old, full history and clinical examination was done for all children. Results: Out of 204 children studied, 70.58% were males and 29.4% were females with a male-to-female ratio of 2.4:1. Their ages ranged from 2 to 12 years old, and 62.7% presented between 4 and 6 years of age. About 62.7% presented with speech delay, 17.6% had a family history of similar problems, 19.6% had sleep disturbance, 41.2% had gastrointestinal problems, 13.7% had epilepsy, and 50.9% had hyperactivity. Conclusion: We found a higher male-to-female ratio, delayed presentation to medical attention, most children present with speech delay and most patients had associated medical and psychiatric problems.

Epidemiological Profile of Communicable Diseases in Childhood within the Babylon Governorate, Iraq from 2017 to 2021

Background: Notifiable communicable diseases are a significant public health issue in Iraq, particularly among children. Aims: This study aimed to comprehensively assess the epidemiological profile of childhood communicable diseases in Babylon Governorate, Iraq, over the period 2017–2021 Methods and Material: Data from 11,925 cases of notifiable communicable diseases were collected from the health department in AL-Hilla City, Iraq, between 2017 and 2021. The data were analysed according to the mode of transmission, type of infection, and age and sex patterns. Results: The majority of the reported communicable diseases (85.4%) were droplet and airborne infections, with pneumonia being the most frequently reported respiratory infection (76.8%). The reported cases of pertussis, viral meningitis, bacterial meningitis, chickenpox, and mumps showed a significant decrease during the study period, while the incidence of measles had two peaks in 2019 and 2020. Viral hepatitis A and typhoid fever were the most frequently reported foodborne infections. Kala-azar was the most common arthropod-borne infection, while brucellosis and rabies were the most common zoonotic infections. Pneumonia and meningitis affected infants and children aged 1-4 years more commonly than other age groups, while pertussis affected infants and children aged 1-4 years more frequently than other age groups, with a female predominance. Measles affected infants and children aged 1-4 years more commonly than older age groups, with a male predominance. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence and trends of notifiable communicable diseases among children in AL-Hilla City, Iraq, between 2017 and 2021. The findings highlight the need for improved surveillance and prevention measures.

Assessment of Vitamin D3 Level Among a Sample of Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending Diabetes and Endocrinology Center in Al-Hilla City

Vitamin D is found in foods in two primary forms: cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), with vitamin D3 being a fat-soluble vitamin. that is necessary for calcium homeostasis and the maintenance of proper function in a variety of tissues. Humans get vitamin D from their diets or from being exposed to ultraviolet B radiation from the sun. Aside from its well-known effects on bone health, vitamin D has been hypothesized to play a role in various disease states and health situations, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. To assess vitamin D3 concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes, using the Vitamin D Total III kit on the Cobas E 411 device. A total of 300 people were recruited, with 150 people suffering from type 2 diabetes serving as cases and 150 healthy volunteers of the same gender and age being used as the control group. Both genders were represented, with an age group between 30 – 79 years. The collection of data lasts for five months, beginning Started in November 2022 to April 2023. The data was analyzed with the readily available statistical package SPSS-28, and Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the relationship among vitamin D, T2DM, and control. Data were provided in simple frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and range measures. Type 2 diabetes patients' mean ± SD ages were 55.4 ± 10.1, while controls had a mean ± SD of age of 55.3 ± 10.0. the sociodemographic features of T2DM and participant control. Shows A statistically significant association was found in the variables of age groups, school level (P = 0.0001), and marital status (P = 0.008). The BMI: mean ± SD (29.69 ± 5.14) of T2DM was higher than the BMI: mean ± SD (24.41 ± 1.95) of controls, as well as the waist-to-height ratio, which showed that the mean ± SD (0.527 ± 0.046) of T2DM was greater than the control mean ± SD (0.483 ± 0.019) at level (P = 0.0001); T2DM patients had deficient and insufficient vitamin D3 levels (38.7% and 33.3%, respectively), whereas controls had deficient and insufficient vitamin D3 levels (28.7% and 30.0%, respectively). It was found that there is a significant difference between low vitamin D3 levels and individuals with type 2 diabetes, and A lack of vitamin D3 is related to an increased risk of developing T2DM.

Isolation and Identification of Enterobacter spp from pet Animals Ear Infections in Al-Hilla Veterinary Clinic, Iraq

Objective: To isolation and identification of Enterobactor spp. from ear infection in pet animals in Babylon province by traditional method Automated Vitek 2 system as well as determined the antibiotic sensitivity test. Methods; One hundred swab of ear infection were isolated from dogs and cats ear infections in different veterinary clinic in Babylon province, at a period between 1january to 1 July 2022. Results: The results of pet animals swab collection revealed that the percentage of gram negative was 71(71%) while the positive was 29 (29%) as well as the biochemical test showed that the enterococcal cloaca percent was (64%), Klebsiella (19%), positive bacteria (6%), E. coli 3% and no growth was 7%. The biochemical tests showed positive for Catalase, Citrate. They gave negative reaction for Urease, Oxidase, MR (Methyl Red), Indole. By the other hand, the result of isolated E. cloaca that was plated onto culture media. then subcultures on MacConkey agar (MAC) and XLD agar. The Antimicrobial susceptibility test of E.cloaca against 55 conventional antimicrobial revealed that E.cloaca varied to a large extent. The isolated bacteria showed sensitivity for the most commonly used antimicrobials for treatment of bacterial otitis media in dog and cat which were amoxycillin, amoxycillin+clavulanic acid, cephalospins, gentamicin and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin) azithromycin, clarithromycin, neomycin and ploymyxin-B. In contrast, the present study showed that E.cloaca resistant for three antibiotic belongs from beta lactam group (Cefsulodin, Loracarbet and Cefpodoxime). Conclusion: the production of inhibitor-resistant β-lactamases by E. cloacae isolates could be increasingly common in nosocomial pathogens other than E. coli or K. pneumoniae in pet animals ear infection in Al-Hilla city Babylon province, Iraq.

Healthcare providers’ knowledge and challenges they face regarding growth charts’ utilization in primary healthcare practice

Abstract Background: Growth charts have been used worldwide for about 40 years, but their use has always been fraught with problems. Objectives: Assessment the knowledge and challenges among healthcare providers regarding the utilization of growth charts in primary healthcare practice. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was aimed to assess healthcare providers’ knowledge toward growth chart in Al-Hilla city—Babylon Governorate—Iraq, during the period from the beginning of first January till April/2022. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire filled by physicians and nurses enrolled in this study after obtaining their verbal consents. Results: Seventy percent health workers were studied to determine their knowledge toward growth chart utilization, 51.4 were physicians, male-to-female ratio was 1:7. Results of this study revealed that 41.4% of participants had poor knowledge. Only 54.3% of the participants were exposed to previous training courses. There were significant associations between good knowledge and age group 30–39 years and exposure to combined training (theoretical and practical). Conclusions: More than half of the studied healthcare workers had good knowledge; the levels of knowledge are significantly associated with age, number, and duration of previous training.

Detection and Characterization of hly,cdtI and stxI genes, in MDR uropathogenic and intestinal E.coli isolates, Hilla city, Iraq.

Background:. Escherichia coli infections represent a considerable burden in human. Illness caused by E. coli have a significant burden on patients and the healthcare system, so prompt recognition, and appropriate treatment are necessary. Escherichia coli is the first bacterial pathogen in humans responsible for deaths associated with antibiotic resistance
 Aim of study: detection of hly, cdtI and stxI genes through molecular analysis in MDR E.coli isolates.
 Methods: From November 2021 to May 2022, atotal of 150 urine samples were collected from patients suffering from urinary tract infections were admitted and visit Maternity and Children Babylon Hospital in Al-Hilla city. 100 stool samples were (as control). The identification and antibiotic susceptibility profile of E.coli were done by vitek2 compact system.The isolates were subjected to PCR assays with specific primers for hly , cdtI and stxI .
 Results: Only 50(45.5%) E.coli isolates were recovered from the urine samples. In contrast, 60(60%) E.coli isolates from the stool samples. A high rate of MDR was detected among E. coli isolates, where it was( 60%) and (53.3%) in the uropathogenic and intestinal isolates, respectively.
 The PCR results were showed that MDR uropathogenic E. coli and intestinal E.coli were hardbourd hly gene (46.7%)and (90.6%), respectively. The cdtI gene was detected in (43.4%) of uropathogenic E. coli, and (40.6%) of intestinal E.coli. The stx gene was detected in (16.7%) of uropathogenic E. coli, and (43.7%) of intestinal E.coli.
 Conclusion: The presence of a high percentage of toxin in intestinal E.coli is a serious warning because of the possibility of their becoming virulent if the bacteria change their natural habitat or are exposed to a certain stress.

Knowledge of Mothers about Children Nutrition under Five Years in Babylon City, Iraq

The study aims to identify mothers' knowledge about children's nutrition under five years in Babylon city. Materials and methods: This study is a cross-sectional study on mothers' knowledge about children's nutrition under five years in primary health care centers in urban and rural of Al- Hilla city. The study period runs from November 1st, 2021, to March 1st, 2022. The data was collected by questionnaire through questions and an interview with mothers after obtaining their approval. Results: shows the total knowledge score of mothers, most of them (54.3%) scored moderate knowledge, followed by (43.9%) scored good knowledge. Conclusion: the study reveals that it did not find a statistically important association between demographic characteristics and total knowledge score, except for age groups, house type, and educational level of mother and father. Aims of the study: To identify mothers' knowledge about children's nutrition under five years in Al-Hilla city, To find an association between total knowledge score and demographic characteristics. Keywords

Food Habits of Primary School students and Their Association with Body Mass Index.

food habits are a representation of the cumulative impacts of the foods that people eat, and they effectively explain how nutrition may influence overall results of wellness measurements. The overall purpose of the research is really to determine whether food habits and body composition are related amongst Al-Hilla city's students in primary schools. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study was done in Babylon Governorate (Al-Hilla District) in Iraq from 1st ofNovember 2021 to 1stof March 2022 on 384studentswho had been selected randomly and ranged in age from 6 to 13 years. The Body Mass Index (BMI)was calculated for students.Results: According to the results of the current study, 61% of individuals had normal BMI, 17% were obese, 16% were overweight, and 6% were underweight.BMI and gender have no statistically significant association.According to the survey, the majority of individuals (87%) possess neutral food patterns, while the minority (3%) has bad eating habits.Except for consuming snacks, the study have shownno significant connection between BMI and food patterns (P. value <0.001*). Conclusion:Most primary school students have neutral eating habits. Consumption of snacks and the educational level of the mother have been discovered to be significantly correlated with body weight.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Adolescents students: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Developing country

Abstract:
 Background: The epidemic of obesity in developed countries is commonly associated with poor dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity and overweight are defined as an excessive buildup of body fat and pose a risk to health. Adolescent obesity continues to be a subject of increasing global public health importance and is considered a vital risk factor for obesity and associated morbidity in adulthood. The objective is to determine the prevalence of obesity among school adolescents and estimate the relationship between obesity and some predicted risk factors (physical activity, eating habits). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among (500) students in AL-Hilla city from the period 12th January to 2nd April 2022 at (10) secondary schools. The questionnaire is composed of two parts; Part one: involved the socio-demographic characteristics of students and their parents. This section also includes BMI was calculated by measuring height& weight; weight was measured with domestic scales and height with a meter rule and classified according to international classification. Part two is related to the risk factors of obesity. Data were collected through direct interviews with students for filling the tool required by spending approximately 20-30 minutes. Finally analyzed electronically by using (SPSS) version 24 by application of frequencies, percentages as descriptive, inferential as correlational statistics, and logistic regression. Results: Obesity and overweight were predominant at age (16-17) (58.6 %), and most of them were male (56.4 %) whose come from governmental schools (86.8 %). 28.8% of the sample were overweight and (14.4%) were obese children. Boys are riskier to be overweight and obese than girls ( OR= 1.55, 95%CI (1.33 -1.807). Adolescents who did vigorous physical activity were less risky to be obese one time compared to those with non-vigorous activity OR=1.072, 95% CI= (0.966-1.189). In addition, obesity has a likelihood to decrease five times in a student who consumed the fruit more than three times compared to those with one time (OR= 5.189, 95% CI= 5.189-5.189). Conclusion: The study conclude that around forty-three percent of adolescent school students were either overweight or obese. So, indicated that obesity was predominant at age (16-17) among Iraqi adolescent students aged 14-19 years. In addition, adolescents' eating habits and physical activity were highly significant factors in overweight/ obesity. Therefore, interventions are recommended to focus on these risk variables of overweight and obesity.

Molecular study and DNA sequence analysis of Theileria annulata in cattle in Al-Hilla, Iraq

The current work was conducted to unveil the current situation for the infection by Theileria annulata in cattle in Al-Hilla City, Iraq. A total of 225 blood samples (200 from suspected infected animals and 25 from clinically healthy animals as a control group) were collected. These samples were subjected to a direct slide-smearing for detection using a microscope and DNA sequencing, targeting the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene of 10 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. The thin smear findings of the 200 suspected cases revealed that 63 (31.5%) were infected with Theileria spp., while 115 (57.5%) cases had no Theileria but other blood parasites; however, only 22 (11%) suspected cases showed no presence of any parasites. Unsurprisingly, the 25 blood samples from the control group demonstrated no presence of any blood parasite. Moreover, the DNA sequencing demonstrated that the Theileria spp. belonged to T. annulata species, and these sequences were nucleotide-based similar to Gene-Bank isolates from Tunisia (ON035604, ON035605, ON035606, ON035607, ON035608, ON035609, ON035610, ON035611, ON035612, and ON035613). The present study outcomes indicate that theileriosis is the dominant parasitic infection in cattle in Al-Hilla City and is highly caused by Theileria annulata.

Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge toward Urinary Incontinence in Al-Hilla City

Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge toward Urinary Incontinence in Al-Hilla City

Assessment Performance at Al- Thawra Signalized Intersection in Babil City

Hilla cities center of province Babil is one of the most important cities in Iraq 100 km (62 mi) south of Baghdad .its relate the Governorate Baghdad with Governorates south Al-Thawra signalized intersection is one of the most important intersections in AL-Hilla city Being a major crossing point to the governorates of holy Karbala and Baghdad.The excessive traffic volumes, during the peak periods (at morning and evening), of vehicles that entering the intersection increase traffic density, reduce travel speed, increase travel time, and increase the delay values This paper aims to assess the traffic performance of Al-thawra signalized intersection in Babil city that is consistent with the existing conditions and intersection's geometric properties. For all approaches, video recording has been used to collect traffic volume data. These data are taken out of videos from Babil police cameras (department of communications and information systems)..The intersection was evaluated and analyzed using the SYNCHRO 10.0 software, and the best option was selected. The outcome of the evaluation process indicated that the intersection is operated at the level of service (LOS F) and with a control delay of 162.5 seconds.by recommending a variety of strategies, ranging from signal optimization to geometric enhancements. The suggestion of widening the pavement in the north-south direction was found to be the best solution. resulting in a decrease in vehicle delays from 162.2 seconds to 95.4 seconds and the level of service remains constant (LOS F) considered an acceptable and cost-effective solution to the intersection's problems.

Knowledge of Mothers Regarding Management of Fever in their Children Under Five Years of Age in Al-Hilla City

Background: Improper fever definitions will lead to excessive treatment with its adverse consequences, or missed fever, or delayed diagnosis of dangerous illness. Mothers’ care for a feverish child can sometimes be inappropriate and harmful. Objective: To assess knowledge of mothers regarding definition and management of fever in their children under five years of age and to identify the association between mothers’ knowledge and mothers’ socio demographic factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 302 mothers of alive children aged bellow five years. The mothers were interviewed (face-to-face) after giving their verbal consent to participate in this study by using a systematic questionnaire, which included mothers’ socio-demographic characteristics and questions related to fever management. It was carried out at Babylon Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children, Al Imam Al Sadiq Teaching Hospital, and Al Noor Hospital For Children in Al-Hilla City, Iraq, from February 1 to June 15, 2022. Results: The mean age of mothers was (27.07 ± 6.33) years, 16.56% of mothers were higher education graduates, 86.75% were housewives. 0.66% of mothers had insufficient knowledge regarding fever management, 65.23% had moderate knowledge, and 34.11% had high knowledge. The mothers’ knowledge was in significant association with the mothers’ educational level, mothers’ occupation, using internet, and in significant negative correlation with number of alive children that the mothers had. Conclusion: About two-thirds of the mothers had moderate knowledge regarding fever management, about one-third had high knowledge, and less than one percent of mothers had insufficient knowledge.

Assessment of Impact of Regional Analgesia on Labor and Neonates in Hilla City

Background: Epidural is the most effective form of pain relief in labor with around 30% of laboring women in the UK and 60% in the USA receiving epidural analgesia. Objectives: To assess effect of regional analgesia on labor pain, duration, outcome of delivery and neonates. Materials and Methods: Case control study included 400 pregnant woman 200 of them delivered by painless labour and other 200 whose delivered without analgesia who attended to the babylon maternity and pediatric hospital, Al sadiq hospital and private hospitals in al hilla city which included private Teiba, Al Fayhaa hospitals from first of february 2022 to June 2022. Results: The duration of first stage of labor was significantly prolonged at control mothers 26%(52) in compare to 10%(20) of mothers with epidural anesthesia had prolonged labor. While second stage shown no significant association with epidural anesthesia (P = 0.47). Fetal heart rate abnormalities shown no significant association with epidural analgesia (P = 0.96). While back pain and headache was significantly higher in mothers with epidural analgesia (P < 0.001). Conclusions: EA was not associated with a higher instrumental delivery rate and higher rate of c/s, EA not cause significant maternal or neonatal complications in primi- and multiparas. Importantly, EA associated with short first stage of labor and not higher rate effect on duration of second stage of labour.

Sociodemographic characteristics and fate of hospitalized burned patients in Al-Hilla city

Background: A burn is defined as a damage to the tissues due to high temperatures or heat, cold, electrical, chemical, friction, or irradiation. In developing countries such as Iraq, burn injuries are widespread, particularly in low-income and rural regions. Burns are considered the fourth most prevalent type of injuries worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of hospitalized burned patients, as well as patients’ fate and related risk factors. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The data were collected by interviewing patients who admitted in the burns ward center of Al-Imam Al-Sadiq Teaching Hospital or their companions, for a 3-month period from February 1, 2022 to May 1, 2022. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 27. Results: We collected data from 73 burned patients, which showed that most of them were males 53.4%, the mean age ± standard deviation was 18.76 ± 16.81 years, 65.8% living in rural areas, most patients had scald burn 43.9%, with second degree of burns and total body surface area (TBSA) <50%. About the outcome, 38.3% died. We found a significant (P-value >0.05) association between the fate of burned patients and the age, gender, place of burn, degree of burns, TBSA involved, and the presence of inhalational injury. Conclusion: The majority of the burned patients were male children, with scald burns, second-degree burns, and TBSA more than 50%. The mean age was 18.67 ± 16.81 years. The mortality rate was 38.3% and increased with age, female gender, flame burn, TBSA more than 50%, and with inhalation injuries.

Numerical simulation to the effect of applying rationing system on the stability of the Earth canal: Birmana canal in Iraq as a case study

Abstract Extreme conditions will cause the water level of high fill canal segment to change suddenly, which will affect the velocity and pore pressure of the slope. A 9 km irrigation earth canal in the city of Alsyahy, 15 km away from Al-Hilla city, and branching off from the left side of Shatt Al-Hilla at 57 km, was studied. The aim of this work is to study and analyze the effect of rationing system on the Birmana earthen canal during rapid drawdown case. Finite element modeling with Geo-Studio software was used in the present study to analyze the combined seepage and slope stability for three cycles. The resulting minimum safety factor obtained from the analysis using the saturated and unsaturated soil model was found to be 1.161, 1.142, 1.159, and 1.2 from the Janbu, Bishop, Morgenstern-Price, and Spencer methods, respectively. The factor of safety (FOS) values in three cycles are less than the required value. Finally, the FOC decreased by 66% from its value before the rationing system was applied, the area of canal and slip surface increased by 77 and 14%, respectively, due to the applied rationing system. These changes led to an irregular water distribution along the canal, in addition to a reduction in road width.