Al Electrodes Research Articles

Self‐powered sensor based on compressible ionic gel electrolyte for simultaneous determination of temperature and pressure

AbstractThe simultaneous detection of multiple stimuli, such as pressure and temperature, has long been a persistent challenge for developing electronic skin (e‐skin) to emulate the functionality of human skin. Meanwhile, the demand for integrated power supply units is an additional pressing concern to achieve its lightweightness and flexibility. Herein, we propose a self‐powered dual temperature–pressure (SPDM) sensor, which utilizes a compressible ionic gel electrolyte driven by the potential difference between MXene and Al electrodes. The SPDM sensor exhibits a rapid and timely response to changes in pressure‐induced deformation, while exhibiting a slow and hysteretic response to temperature variations. These distinct response characteristics enable the differentiation of current signals generated by different stimuli through machine learning, resulting in an impressive accuracy rate of 99.1%. Furthermore, the developed SPDM sensor exhibits a wide pressure detection range of 0–800 kPa and a broad temperature detection range of 5–75°C, encompassing the environmental conditions encountered in daily human life. The dual‐mode coupled strategy by machine learning provides an effective approach for temperature and pressure detection and discrimination, showcasing its potential applications in wearable electronics, intelligent robots, human–machine interactions, and so on.

Functionalized MXene ink enables environmentally stable printed electronics

Establishing dependable, cost-effective electrical connections is vital for enhancing device performance and shrinking electronic circuits. MXenes, combining excellent electrical conductivity, high breakdown voltage, solution processability, and two-dimensional morphology, are promising candidates for contacts in microelectronics. However, their hydrophilic surfaces, which enable spontaneous environmental degradation and poor dispersion stability in organic solvents, have restricted certain electronic applications. Herein, electrohydrodynamic printing technique is used to fabricate fully solution-processed thin-film transistors with alkylated 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine functionalized Ti3C2Tx (AD-MXene) as source, drain, and gate electrodes. The AD-MXene has excellent dispersion stability in ethanol, which is required for electrohydrodynamic printing, and maintains high electrical conductivity. It outperformed conventional vacuum-deposited Au and Al electrodes, providing thin-film transistors with good environmental stability due to its hydrophobicity. Further, thin-film transistors are integrated into logic gates and one-transistor-one-memory cells. This work, unveiling the ligand-functionalized MXenes’ potential in printed electrical contacts, promotes environmentally robust MXene-based electronics (MXetronics).

High-Density, Nonvolatile, Flexible Multilevel Organic Memristor Using Multilayered Polymer Semiconductors.

Nonvolatile organic memristors have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation electronics, emphasizing the need for vertical device fabrication to attain a high density. Herein, we present a comprehensive investigation of high-performance organic memristors, fabricated in crossbar architecture with PTB7/Al-AlOx-nanocluster/PTB7 embedded between Al electrodes. PTB7 films were fabricated using the Unidirectional Floating Film Transfer Method, enabling independent uniform film fabrication in the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) configuration without disturbing underlying films. We examined the charge transport mechanism of our memristors using the Hubbard model highlighting the role of Al-AlOx-nanoclusters in switching-on the devices, due to the accumulation of bipolarons in the semiconducting layer. By varying the number of LbL films in the device architecture, the resistance of resistive states was systematically altered, enabling the fabrication of novel multilevel memristors. These multilevel devices exhibited excellent performance metrics, including enhanced memory density, high on-off ratio (>108), remarkable memory retention (>105 s), high endurance (87 on-off cycles), and rapid switching (∼100 ns). Furthermore, flexible memristors were fabricated, demonstrating consistent performance even under bending conditions, with a radius of 2.78 mm for >104 bending cycles. This study not only demonstrates the fundamental understanding of charge transport in organic memristors but also introduces novel device architectures with significant implications for high-density flexible applications.

The efficacy of ammonium ionic liquid to inhibit the parasitic process for Al-air battery

The main objective of this study is to determine how effectively the ammonium ionic liquid (tris(2 hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium methylsulfate [THMA]+[MS]− works in minimizing parasitic reactions during Al-air battery discharge. The findings obtained indicate that the use of [THMA]+[MS]− reduced the rate of hydrogen gas output during the immersion of Al substrate in the 4.0 M KOH solution. The effectiveness of the ammonium ionic liquid under comparable conditions is confirmed using the linear cathodic polarization method. The addition of [THMA]+[MS]− to a pure 4.0 KOH solution improved the anodic efficiency and capacity density of the battery. Aside from being a novel study for [THMA]+[MS]− as electrolyte battery additives, theoretical research were employed to analyze the mechanism and data interpretation. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of inhibitor-Al interactions performed with Forcite's Materials Studio module add to the data that ammonium ionic [THMA]+[MS]− may suppress the parasite process. SEM, EDX, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS) tests for Al electrodes under different circumstances following battery discharge at 20 mA cm−2 support the performance of [THMA]+[MS]−.

Optimizing electrocoagulation for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: a fuzzy axiomatic design approach

White meat consumption is increasing day by day, and accordingly, there is an increase in the amount of wastewater resulting from the processes. Today, the reuse of wastewater has become a goal within the scope of the Green Deal. For this reason, wastewater treatment with high pollution and volume has gained importance. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) method, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, has been used. With this method, coagulation, electrocoagulation (EC), dissolved air flotation (DAF), and anaerobic treatment alternatives preferred in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) treatment were compared with each other and their information contents were calculated. The information content from the smallest to the largest is EC, DAF, coagulation, and anaerobic treatment, respectively. This treatment method was chosen because the smallest information content is in electrocoagulation. EC was applied to bloody PSW containing 1% blood by volume. The effectiveness of Fe and Al electrodes for PSW treatment in the batch EC reactor has been compared. The effective surface areas of 2 anodes and 2 cathodes connected bipolarly in the processes are 288 cm2. The electrolyte, pH, time, and current density effects on energy consumption were also investigated. The optimum conditions for Al and Fe electrodes were found to be 0.5 g·L−1 NaCl concentration, pH 5, 0.639 mA·cm−2 current density, and 5 min time. Under optimum conditions for the Fe electrode, COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were determined as 76.3%, 71.8%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. Moreover, the highest COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were achieved with an Al electrode (82.2%, 82.3%, 82.7%, and 78.9%, respectively). The experimental data were fit to a variety of isotherms and kinetic models to determine the characteristics of the EC. The results indicated that the pseudo-second-order equation provided the best fit for COD removal. Under optimum conditions, the operating cost was calculated as $3.39 and $3.09 for Al and Fe electrodes, respectively. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design method was used for the first time to select the most appropriate treatment method for PSW. In addition, blood, a major problem for the poultry slaughterhouse industry, was mixed with PSW at a ratio of 1% (v/v) and treated with EC for the first time with high removal efficiency. By treating PSW, which has a high pollution load, with electrocoagulation, the pollution load of the water to be given to secondary treatment has been greatly reduced.

Low permittivity MgF2-LiF ceramics with ultra-low dielectric loss for ULTCC applications

In this work, MgF2–xwt%LiF (x = 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0) ceramics have been prepared through the standard solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron micrographs revealed the successful preparation of dense MgF2–LiF composite ceramics at an exceptionally low sintering temperature range of 525–600°C. The optimal microwave dielectric properties (εr = 5.09 ± 0.03, Qf = 100,733 ± 1646 GHz, τf = −67.4 ± 3.3 ppm/°C) were achieved in MgF2–0.5 wt%LiF ceramics after sintering at 550 °C for 3 h. The present ceramics exhibited an outstanding combination of low-εr, high Qf, and an ultra-low sintering temperature, surpassing the performance of most low-temperature-fired dielectric materials. Moreover, the theoretical Qf value, extrapolated from the fitting of infrared reflectivity spectra, was calculated to be 326,583 GHz, indicating significant potential for further Qf improvement. Additionally, the chemical compatibility with Al electrodes was confirmed, suggesting promising potential for ultra-low temperature co-fired ceramic (ULTCC) applications.

Investigation of illumination-dependent electrical and photodiode properties and conduction mechanism of the Al/p-Si contact with Schiff base compound (Pyr-Pic) interlayer

In this paper, an organic semiconductor, N-(2-((pyren-4-yl)methyleneamino)ethyl)-5- nitropyridin-2-amine (Pyr-Pic), was synthesized and was used as an interfacial organic layer to fabrication of Al/Pyr-Pic/p-Si/Al diode. The device’s characteristic parameters were determined under various operating situations using current–voltage (I-V) measurements. Thermionic emission theory (TE), the Cheung methodology, and Norde functions were the three methods used to determine the device’s electrical properties, such as the ideality factor, barrier height, and series resistance. Based on the I-V measurements conducted under illumination circumstances, the fabricated device exhibits photoresponse properties in the reverse bias region. An examination of the forward log(I)-log(V) plot of the Al/Pyr-Pic/p-Si diode indicated that ohmic conduction dominates carrier transport in the lower bias regions, while the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) governs transport in the medium bias regions, and the trap-charge limit current (TCLC) mechanism is responsible for transport in the higher bias regions. The current voltage mechanisms in the reverse bias area can be characterized by using Poole–Frenkel emission (PFE) and Schottky emission (SE) theories. The device exhibits photovoltaic characteristics when it is illuminated through an Al electrode. The typical photovoltaic parameters were estimated at room temperature and under illumination conditions.

High performance Al anode for Al-air battery enabled by coordinating In and Sb additions with discharge parameters

High performance of Al anode for Al-air battery was achieved via coordinating minor In and Sb additions with discharge parameters. The electrochemical behaviors, discharge performance and surface structures of aluminum electrodes are systematically investigated to understand the alloying chemistry coordination of indium and antimony. The results show that coordinating indium and antimony can significantly activate the Al electrode without aggravating the hydrogen evolution. The assembled Al-air cell with Al-0.05In-0.05Sb electrode exhibits a desirable specific capacity and energy density of 2638 Ah·kg−1 and 3166 Wh·kg−1, respectively. Furthermore, antimony has better activating effect than indium, especially at discharge current density over 40 mA·cm−2. The activating mechanisms are discussed in detail.

A hybrid system for Nickel ions removal from synthesized wastewater using adsorption assisted with electrocoagulation.

The presence of heavy metal ions in water environments has raised significant concerns, necessitating practical solutions for their complete removal. In this study, a combination of adsorption and electrocoagulation (ADS + EC) techniques was introduced as an efficient approach for removing high concentrations of nickel ions (Ni2+) from aqueous solutions, employing low-cost sunflower seed shell biochar (SSSB). The combined techniques demonstrated superior removal efficiency compared to individual methods. The synthesized SSSB was characterized using SEM, FT-IR, XRD, N2-adsorption-desorption isotherms, XPS, and TEM. Batch processes were optimized by investigating pH, adsorbent dosage, initial nickel concentration, electrode effects, and current density. An aluminum (Al) electrode electrocoagulated particles and removed residual Ni2+ after adsorption. Kinetic and isotherm models examined Ni2+ adsorption and electrocoagulation coupling with SSSB-based adsorbent. The results indicated that the kinetic data fit well with a pseudo-second-order model, while the experimental equilibrium adsorption data conformed to a Langmuir isotherm under optimized conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the activated sunflower seed shell was determined to be 44.247mg.g-1. The highest nickel ion removal efficiency of 99.98% was observed at initial pH values of 6.0 for ADS and 4.0 for ADS/EC; initial Ni2+ concentrations of 30.0mg/L and 1.5g/L of SSSB; initial current densities of 0.59mA/cm2 and 1.32 kWh/m3 were also found to be optimal. The mechanisms involved in the removal of Ni2+ from wastewater were also examined in this research. These findings suggest that the adsorption-assisted electrocoagulation technique has a remarkable capacity for the cost-effective removal of heavy metals from various wastewater sources.

Theoretical assessment of discharge effects on the decomposition tendency of C6F12O over metallic surfaces

AbstractC6F12O is proposed to be one potential eco‐friendly insulation gas to replace SF6. However, the assessment of its decomposition properties and the compatibility with metal electrodes in discharge faults is still challenging, which greatly hinders the development of its insulation and arc‐extinction applications. Herein, a theoretical method is proposed to reasonably address the discharge effects on C6F12O decomposition over typical Cu and Al electrodes at atomic scale. The results show that both the external electric field and the excess electrons could affect the activation of C6F12O by changing the electron acceptance of C6F12O and the orbital hybridisation during the surface bonding. On metal surfaces, the C‐F single bond in adsorbed C6F12O is the weakest position to decompose, and its cleavage could be promoted by the discharge effects. After the C‐F breaking, the C‐C cleavage remains unfavourable on Cu (111), but it is significantly promoted on Al (111), indicating a higher corrosion risk on the Al surface via continuous C6F12O decompositions. The proposed method as a valid supplement to the experiment reveals the discharge effects and the decomposition tendency of C6F12O on metal electrodes in discharge faults, which broadens the means for insulation gas evaluation.

Crystal structure and microwave dielectric properties of Li2(Mg1–xCux)2Mo3O12 ceramics sintered at ultra‐low temperature

AbstractLi2(Mg1–xCux)2Mo3O12 (0 ≤x ≤0.1) ceramics were prepared using the conventional solid‐phase method to study the effect of the Cu2+ substitution for Mg2+ on the sintering behavior, crystal structure, and microwave dielectric properties of ceramics. The experimental results show that the substitution of Cu2+ for Mg2+ reduces the sintering temperature of the ceramics to 550°C. X‐ray diffraction patterns show that the introduction of Cu2+ does not produce a new phase, but rather promotes the formation of Li2(Mg1–xCux)2Mo3O12 solid solution. The microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics are influenced by the cell parameters, bond lengths, and structural stability. However, Cu2+ creates oxygen vacancies during sintering, thereby deteriorating the dielectric properties (Q × f decreases). The microwave dielectric properties of Li2(Mg1–xCux)2Mo3O12 ceramics are optimal at a sintering temperature of 550°C and x = 0.02, with εr = 9.17, Q × f = 7960 GHz, and τf = –58.77 ppm/°C. Additionally, these ceramics are compatible with Al electrodes.

Hierarchically structured porous natural dielectric layer for sustainable pressure sensing, gesture monitoring, and detecting spatial pressure distribution

Flexible pressure sensors are essential in intelligent skins, healthcare monitoring systems, and soft robotics to bridge mechanical movements and electrical signals. Conventional pressure sensors, however, have a variety of challenges, including a complex fabrication method, increased cost, and biocompatibility issues. This work presents a novel bio-friendly, hierarchically structured porous natural dielectric material based capacitive pressure sensor featuring a maximum sensitivity of 0.0572 kPa−1. The proposed pressure sensor uses a biofilm with a typically arranged honeycomb structure as a dielectric layer sandwiched between the Aluminum (Al) electrodes and incorporates polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulation. With a 1.44 cm2 sensing area, the device exhibits a response time (Tres) of 250 ms and a recovery time (Trec) of 156 ms, functioning within a capacitive pressure sensing range of 0–110 kPa. This device monitors various human activities and stimuli and accurately detects pressure distribution and gesture recognition.

Transformation of ZnS microspheres to non-centrosymmetric nanoplates for the fabrication of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators: Electrode surface area modification for boosting the output performance

We report the transformation of ZnS particles from microsphere to 2D nanoplate having a non-centrosymmetric phase by optimizing growth parameters of hydrothermal method, and fabrication of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). ZnS nanoplates-based PENG showed maximum open circuit voltage and short circuit current of ∼ 3.8 V and 1.8 μA, respectively. Thereafter, surface of aluminium (Al) electrode was modified by making parallel and cross-parallel lines using a cost-effective technique. Surface-modified Al-electrode-based PENG device generated ∼ 6.6 and 2.5 times higher open circuit voltage and short circuit current, respectively, with a power density of ∼ 41.5 μWcm−2. This device was successfully used as portable electronics by flashing 15 red LEDs after charging a 1 μF capacitor up to 7.1 V in 75 s. Furthermore, the device exhibited noticeable electric output signals under various kinds of human body motions, which makes it a promising candidate for self-powered wearable sensor applications.

Study on low-temperature evaporation of Ag2O-based Ag electrode and electron injection layer and their application in OLEDs

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have become one of the mainstream lighting and display technologies. The vacuum thermal evaporation is the most widely adopted method for the preparation of organic and metal materials of OLEDs. The thermal deposition of the commonly used silver (Ag) and aluminum (Al) electrodes requires high temperature and long time, which greatly increases the cost of the fabricating process. Therefore, we selected silver oxide (Ag2O) powder instead of Ag pellets as the precursor for evaporating Ag electrodes. Compared to Ag pellets and Al wires, Ag2O-based Ag electrode need lower evaporation temperature and shorter preheating time. In addition, the agglomeration phenomenon on the surface of the Ag2O-based Ag film is prevented, which also increases the carrier concentration of Ag electrode. Moreover, by doping bathophenanthroline (Bphen) in Ag2O powders, the phenanthroline-metal (Bphen-Ag) complexes with higher electron mobility and stronger electron injecting ability can be achieved. We applied Ag2O-based Ag electrode and 10 wt.% Ag2O-based Ag:Bphen as electron injection layer to achieve high-efficiency red phosphorescent inverted OLEDs, with the maximum current efficiency, external quantum efficiency, and power efficiency of 17.79 cd A−1, 20.71%, and 12.14 lm W−1, respectively. This method provides a new strategy for preparing highly efficient inverted red OLED devices.

Fault-tolerant structures against breakdown in heterogeneous ferroelectric PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 thin films based on adaptive self-repairing effects

The design of fault-tolerant structures against the breakdown of heterogeneous ferroelectric films is essential to enhance the breakdown strength. Based on the self-repairing theory, heterogeneous ferroelectric PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) film capacitors with a fault-tolerant structures against breakdown were synthesized by utilizing dielectric/electrolytic dual characteristics of the amorphous aluminum oxide film (AmAO). The PZT/AmAO composite films with Au top electrodes exhibited significant weak breakdown at low voltages, whereas the breakdown in the composite films with Al top electrodes have been repaired and no longer occurred. Compared to PZT(100 nm)/AmAO(120 nm) composite films with Au top electrodes, breakdown strength of PZT(100 nm)/AmAO(120 nm) composite films with Al top electrodes improves from 278 MV/m to 477 MV/m, energy storage density increased from 14.3 J/cm3 to 22.5 J/cm3, since the heterogeneous interface and structural defects have been repaired by adaptive anodizing of Al electrode under high electric field. Cross-sectional SEM images have confirmed the formation of fresh aluminium oxide films (AAO) at the interfaces of AmAO/Al and PZT/AmAO during the application of an electric field. Defects have been effectively repaired, resulting in an increase in breakdown strength. This study establishes a theoretical and technical foundation for the design of fault-tolerant structures against breakdown in heterogeneous ferroelectric films.

Spin-dependent recombination affected by post-annealing of organic photovoltaic devices

Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) are attracting attention because of recent rapid enhancement of their power conversion efficiency. For further improvement, optimization of fabrication processes is one useful path to a solution. During OPV fabrication, particularly of the bulk heterojunction active layer, annealing treatments contribute to the device performance. Many studies have examined annealing-related properties. However, further research must clarify how paramagnetic species in the devices play their roles by annealing. Using well-known OPVs, we investigated the relation between spin-dependent recombination (SDR) current and the paramagnetic species, which vary the numbers by post-annealing with active layers consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). A simultaneous detection method of electron spin resonance (ESR) and electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR), which we originally developed, was applied to OPVs for the first time ever reported. Results show that PC61BM anion radicals generated by post-annealing of P3HT:PC61BM OPVs with a lithium fluoride (LiF)/aluminum (Al) electrode do not contribute to the SDR current at the interface and that P3HT cation radicals enhance the SDR current. By contrast, devices with an Al electrode without LiF decrease the total SDR current, although the quantities of cation radical molecules do not vary. This finding suggests that changes of the hole blocking layer in the devices caused by the annealing treatment affect the size of capture cross sections of P3HT cation radicals. Our new method of quantitative observation of the EDMR changes through the ESR signals is expected to be useful for investigating the capture cross sections in OPVs.

Hydrophilic 1T-WS2 Nanosheet Arrays toward Conductive Textiles for High-Efficient and Continuous Hydroelectric Generation and Storage.

Flexible hydroelectric generators (HEGs) are promising self-powered devices that spontaneously derive electrical power from moisture. However, achieving the desired compatibility between a continuous operating voltage and superior current density remains a significant challenge. Herein, a textile-based van der Waals heterostructure is rationally designed between conductive 1T phase tungsten disulfide@carbonized silk (1T-WS2@CSilk) and carbon black@cotton (CB@Cotton) fabrics with an asymmetric distribution of oxygen-containing functional groups, which enhances the proton concentration gradients toward high-performance wearable HEGs. The vertically staggered 1T-WS2 nanosheet arrays on the CSilk fabric provide abundant hydrophilic nanochannels for rapid carrier transport. Furthermore, the moisture-induced primary battery formed between the active aluminum (Al) electrode and the conductive textiles introduces the desired electric field to facilitate charge separation and compensate for the decreased streaming potential. These devices exhibit a power density of 21.6µWcm-2, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.65V sustained for over 10000s, and a current density of 0.17mAcm-2. This performance makes them capable of supplying power to commercial electronics and human respiratory monitoring. This study presents a promising strategy for the refined design of wearable electronics.

First-principles studies on the electronic and contact properties of monolayer Ga2STe-metal contacts.

Monolayer (ML) Janus III-VI compounds have attracted the use of multiple competitive platforms for future-generation functional electronics, including non-volatile memories, field effect transistors, and sensors. In this work, the electronic and interfacial properties of ML Ga2STe-metal (Au, Ag, Cu, and Al) contacts are systematically investigated using first-principles calculations combined with the non-equilibrium Green's function method. The ML Ga2STe-Au/Ag/Al contacts exhibit weak electronic orbital hybridization at the interface, while the ML Ga2STe-Cu contact exhibits strong electronic orbital hybridization. The Te surface is more conducive to electron injection than the S surface in ML Ga2STe-metal contact. Quantum transport calculations revealed that when the Te side of the ML Ga2STe is in contact with Au, Ag and Cu electrodes, p-type Schottky contacts are formed. When in contact with the Al electrode, an n-type Schottky contact is formed with an electron SBH of 0.079 eV. When the S side of ML Ga2STe is in contact with Au and Al electrodes, p-type Schottky contacts are formed, and when it is in contact with Ag and Cu electrodes, n-type Schottky contacts are formed. Our study will guide the selection of appropriate metal electrodes for constructing ML Ga2STe devices.

Učinkovitost obrade elektrokoagulacije kombinirane s različitim veličinama čestica prirodnog zeolita

In a previous study, the larger size of synthetic zeolite particles was highlighted as better choice for electrocoagulation combined with zeolite (ECZ). This choice resulted in a smaller rise in pH and temperature, a more significant decline in turbidity as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD), and lower electrode wastage, but with greater damage to the electrode surface. The focus of this study was to determine whether natural zeolite of three different particle sizes has the same effect on the ECZ process. The Taguchi method L9 was employed in planning the experiments, with particle sizes of natural zeolite ranging up to 600 μm, three different electrode materials (carbon steel, aluminium alloy, and sacrificial zinc anode), current density in the range of 0.003–0.018 A cm<sup>–2</sup>, and contact time in the range 10–30 min. The Taguchi optimisation results revealed a more significant decrease in COD and turbidity with the smallest particle size of natural zeolite used (90 µm) and with Al electrodes. Evidently, the zeolite particle size, together with the zeolite composition, had a significant influence on the reduction in COD and turbidity. Anode consumption ranged from 0.0172 to 0.6469 g, with minor cathode consumption evident on all electrode materials. Optical microscopy analysis indicated significant corrosion of the anodes, particularly with the largest natural zeolite particle size of 160–600 µm, while minor corrosion damage was also observed on the cathodes.

Response surface optimization of electrocoagulation for the removal of C.I. Disperse Red 343 and Isolan Bordeaux 2S-B dyes

This study investigated the color removal of C.I. Disperse Red 343 and Isolan Bordeaux 2S-B dyes through the electrocoagulation (EC) process using an aluminum (Al) electrode. It explored the effects of pH, current, and electrolysis time, essential factors influencing color removal in the EC process. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of the Response Surface Method (RSM) was utilized to comprehend the statistical behavior of the system. Both dyes exhibited color removal responses that were well-suited to the quadratic model. The coefficients of determination (R2) for color removal in the EC process were notably high, 0.9896 for C.I. Disperse Red 343 and 0.999 for Isolan Bordeaux 2S-B. Correspondingly, the R2-adj values were 0.9708 and 0.9972, respectively. These R2 and R2-adj values approaching unity affirm the consistency between experimental outcomes and statistical inferences, indicating the effectiveness of the BBD in discerning process parameter effects. The optimized pH levels for color removal were determined as 6.76 for C.I. Disperse Red 343 and 5.66 for Isolan Bordeaux 2S-B. Ideal current values were found to be 0.06 A for C.I. Disperse Red 343 and 0.08 A for Isolan Bordeaux 2S-B, with corresponding times of 12.73 min and 14.95 min, respectively. Moreover, the calculated operating costs at optimum conditions were $0.055/m3 for C.I. Disperse Red 343 and $0.088/m3 for Isolan Bordeaux 2S-B. A comparison under identical conditions revealed a higher efficiency in color removal for the C.I. Disperse Red 343 when compared with Isolan Bordeaux 2S-B.