AKR Lymphoma Research Articles

Spontaneous AKR lymphoma with T and B-cell characteristics.

THE existence of surface immunoglobulin on thymus-derived cells (T cells) has been difficult to demonstrate and is still controversial1–6. Therefore the presence of easily detectable surface immunoglobulin (sIg) is considered to be a reliable marker for lymphoid cells of bone marrow origin (B cells)7. To our knowledge no cell line has been reported to bear both easily detectable sIg (that is, by immunofluorescent staining) and T-cell markers, although two murine T-cell lines have been reported to bear small amounts of sIg detectable only by extremely sensitive methods (2,8). We now report the existence of a murine lymphoma line with both T and B-cell characteristics by the criteria of easily detectable sIg, presence of Thy1.1 (θ AKR) antigen9, and mitogen responsiveness.

Mouse fetal antigens in Rauscher leukemia.

Recently, various reports on fetal antigens associated with the plasma membranes of virus-induced tumor cells have appeared. Hanna et al. also suggested the presence of a fetal antigen on the cell membrane of Rauscher virus-induced leukemia cells. We were able to demonstrate the presence of cross-reacting antibodies against embryonic cells and Rauscher leukemia cells in the sera collected from C57BL/6 mice immunized with Rauscher leukemia cells, employing the indirect immunofluorescence test. Such cross-reacting antigenicity was also found in AKR lymphoma cells by the absorption test. The antibody was completely absorbed with embryonic cells, but not with adult spleen cells or adult C57BL/6 thymocytes. The absorption test showed that this antigen was different from Gross and Friend-Moloney-Rauscher antigens. The antigen detectable by the serum first appeared in 12-day-old embryos. It was found abundantly in the cells from the digestive tract and lungs, but not in the cells from the liver or brain. A natural antibody against the fetal antigen was also found to exist in the sera from a few aged C57BL/6 mice. The presence of the natural antibody, however, could not be related to the history of pregnancy of the mouse.

Induction of leukemia in BALB mice by allogeneic AKR leukemic cells.

AbstractThe intrasplenic inoculation of AKR lymphoma cells into 1‐month‐old BALB mice, followed by a syngeneic intraperitoneal passage, led to the development of short‐latency leukemia of host origin within 24 days; the incidence of leukemia averaged 83% in 88 mice. Electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of intracisternal A and extracellular C‐type viral particles in leukemic lymph nodes. These results were obtained with eight AKR lymphoma inocula out of 107 trials and were never observed in BALB controls and with normal AKR spleen inoculum, except in one animal. In the surviving groups, the incidence of long‐latency leukemia, averaging 19 months, was significantly increased to 45% in the 541 mice which had received AKR lymphoma inocula, as compared to 30% in those receiving normal AKR spleen inocula; the latter value was also significantly higher than the 15% spontaneous incidence of the BALB strain. A number of tumors were observed in the experimental groups. Antigenic studies, using the indirect cytotoxic test, demonstrated the presence of the G (Gross) antigen, in both short‐ and long‐latency leukemias.

The effects of allografts of thymic epithelial reticular cells on the lymphoid tissues of neonatally thymectomized mice

Neonatal thymus placed in a Millipore diffusion chamber for one week loses its cortical cells, while the epithelial reticular cells remain viable. Grafts of these remnants in neonatally thymectomized mice are completely reconstituted from cells of the thymectomized host. Evidence is presented which suggests that the bone marrow may be a source of cells which reform the thymus cortex. These remnant grafts result in lymphoid reconstitution of neonatally thymectomized mice. The grafted animals also reject allografts of skin and lymphoma cells in a normal manner. However, these C3H mice, neonatally thymectomized and reconstituted with allografts of AKR thymic epithelial reticular cells, are tolerant to grafts of AKR lymphoma cells.

Protease Content and Fibrinolytic Activity of Human Leukocytes

AbstractNeonatal thymus placed in a Millipore diffusion chamber for one week loses its cortical cells, while the epithelial reticular cells remain viable. Grafts of these remnants in neonatally thymectomized mice are completely reconstituted from cells of the thymectomized host. Evidence is presented which suggests that the bone marrow may be a source of cells which reform the thymus cortex.These remnant grafts result in lymphoid reconstitution of neonatally thymectomized mice. The grafted animals also reject allografts of skin and lymphoma cells in a normal manner. However, these C3H mice, neonatally thymectomized and reconstituted with allografts of AKR thymic epithelial reticular cells, are tolerant to grafts of AKR lymphoma cells.

A quantitative investigation of the G (Gross) antigen in preleukemic and leukemic cells

Antigenicity characteristic of tumors induced by the Gross virus has been detected and quantified in lymphoid tissue of preleukemic AKR mice. Preleukemic cells could induce cytotoxic sera in allogeneic hosts. Quantitative absorptions using graded cell doses showed that the content of G antigen was low in relation to the antigenic content in AKR lymphomas. Preleukemic cells were not sensitive to the direct cytotoxic test. This could be due to a low concentration of antigenic receptors on preleukemic cells, but may also be explained by the presence of a few, highly antigenic cells. When assaying preleukemic and leukemic AKR and Gross virus-inoculated C3H mice for humoral antibodies against the G antigen, the majority of the mice was found to be tolerant. However, a few mice produced specific antibodies. The fraction of mice producing cytotoxic sera was not increased by inoculating tissues containing the G antigen, although serum activity was raised in individual mice.

Demonstration of a tumor-specific antigen in spontaneously developing AKR lymphomas.

AbstractBy using the cytotoxic technique, a tumor‐specific antigen was detected in six out of ten spontaneously developing AKR lymphomas investigated. With more sensitive methods such as induction of cytotoxic antibodies in allogeneic hosts and quantitative absorptions, a tumor antigen could be detected in all the AKR lymphomas studied. Cross‐reaction was demonstrated between the AKR tumor antigen and a tumor antigen previously reported for Gross passage A virus‐induced lymphomas. The cross‐reactivity supports the theory that Gross virus acts as one etiological agent of the AKR lymphomas.

Studies on the relationship of viral infections to leukemia in mice. III. Failure to demonstrate acceleration of leukemia in mature AKR mice by cell-free brain filtrates from leukemic animals of the same strain.

CancerVolume 14, Issue 3 p. 496-501 ArticleFree Access Studies on the relationship of viral infections to leukemia in mice. III. Failure to demonstrate acceleration of leukemia in mature AKR mice by cell-free brain filtrates from leukemic animals of the same strain Robert E. Carter M.D., Robert E. Carter M.D. Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorMila I. Pierce M.D., Mila I. Pierce M.D. Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this author Robert E. Carter M.D., Robert E. Carter M.D. Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorMila I. Pierce M.D., Mila I. Pierce M.D. Bobs Roberts Memorial Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: May/June 1961 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(199005/06)14:3<496::AID-CNCR2820140307>3.0.CO;2-NCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Carter, R. E., and Pierce, M. I.: Studies on relationship of viral infections to leukemia in mice; II, effect of sublethal neurotropic viral infections on development of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice. Cancer 12: 857– 860, 1959. 2 Dulaney, A. D.: Parotid gland tumor in AKR mice inoculated when newborn with cell-free AK leukemic extracts. Cancer Res. 16: 877– 879, 1956. 3 Friend, C.: Cell-free transmission in adult Swiss mice of disease having character of leukemia. J. Exper. Med. 105: 307– 318, pl. 24–27, 1957. 4 Furth, J.; Buffett, R. F.; Banasiewicz-Rodriguez, M., and Upton, A. C.: Character of agent inducing leukemia in newborn mice. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 93: 165– 172, 1956. 5 Gross, L.: “Spontaneous” leukemia developing in C3H mice following inoculation, in infancy, with AK-leukemic extracts or AK-embryos. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 76: 27– 32, 1951. 6 Latarjet, R.: Biologic considerations on viral theory of leukemia. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of the International Society of Hematology. New York, N.Y. Grune & Stratton, Inc. 1958; pp. 11– 18. 7 Law, L. W.; Dunn, T. B., and Boyle, P. J.: Neoplasms in C3H strain and in F1 hybrid mice of 2 crosses following introduction of extracts and filtrates of leukemic tissues. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 16: 495– 539, 1955. 8 Schoolman, H. M.; Spurrier, W.; Schwartz, S. O., and Szanto, P. B.: Studies in leukemia; VII, induction of leukemia in Swiss mice by means of cell-free filtrates of leukemic mouse brain. Blood 12: 694– 700, 1957. 9 Schwartz, S. O., and Schoolman, H. M.: Etiology of leukemia; status of virus as causative agent; review. Blood 14: 279– 294, 1959. 10 Schwartz, S. O.; Schoolman, H. M., and Spurrier, W.: Studies in leukemia; IX, induction of leukemia in adult C3H mice by means of cell-free brain filtrates. J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 53: 233– 240, 1959. 11 Schwartz, S. O.; Schoolman, H. M., and Szanto, P. B.: Studies in leukemia; IV, acceleration of development of AKR lymphoma by means of cell-free filtrates. Cancer Res. 16: 559– 564, 1956. 12 Stewart, S. E.: Neoplasms in mice inoculated with cell-free extracts or filtrates of leukemic mouse tissues; II, leukemia in hybrid mice produced by cell-free filtrates. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 16: 41– 53, 1955. 13 Wolley, G. W., and Small, M. C.: Experiments on cell-free transmission of mouse leukemia. Cancer 9: 1102– 1106, 1956. Citing Literature Volume14, Issue3May/June 1961Pages 496-501 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Effects of guinea pig serum on 6C3HED and AKRL1 lymphoma cells implanted in various hosts.

SummaryIn the experiments here given, serum from normal guinea pigs acted regularly and powerfully against cells of Lymphoma 6C3HED when these were implanted in mice of various breeds (C3H, AKR, A, DBA, and hybrid C3H x AKR). But it did not inhibit the cells of Lymphoma AKRL1 in hosts of the above mentioned sorts, and it likewise failed to inhibit growth of cells of 2 additional lymphomas (AKR13 and AKR17) in C3H mice. The findings make it plain that guinea pig serum does not act against the 3 types of AKR lymphoma cells even when these are implanted in alien hosts; indeed in some of the experiments guinea pig serum seemed to enhance the growth of AKRL1 cells in alien hosts. Considered together the observations weigh heavily against the supposition that the mouse host provides natural or induced isoantibodies which act in conjunction with guinea pig serum in killing the cells of I ymphoma 6C3HED in vivo, and they support the inference that cells of Lymphoma 6C3HED differ intrinsically from those of Lympho...

Inhibitory effects of normal guinea pig serum and immune rabbit serum on transplanted AKR lymphomas.

SummaryIn the experiments here given, as in those previously reported, normal guinea pig serum, given in amounts of 1 or 2 cc intraperitoneally to C3H mice one hour following the implantation of 2 million 6C3HED lymphoma cells in their subcutaneous tissues, always markedly inhibited growth of the lymphoma cells, and when 2 cc of the serum was given on the day of implantation and again on the 2 succeeding days the inhibition was regularly complete. In striking contrast, normal guinea pig serum, even when given repeatedly in the largest feasible amounts, had little or no inhibitory effect in vivo on the cells of 7 AKR lymphomas recently transplanted in AKR mice of the line in which they had originated, and it manifested only limited effectiveness against the cells of a single AKR lymphoma that had been transplanted during about 2 years in laboratory-bred mice of the line in which it had originated with later transfer to AKR mice of another inbred line. An immune serum, prepared by injecting rabbits with the...