Airport Facility Research Articles

Assessment of atmospheric corrosivity based on exposure of concrete airfield pavement samples

Many research areas focus on atmospheric corrosion based on the exposure of material samples, monitoring them periodically, and determining their size at fixed time intervals. The article presents an innovative approach to the atmospheric corrosion affecting the pavement, specifically the cement concrete samples. Tests in natural conditions involve the corrosion resistance assessment of specially prepared samples of the tested material in natural atmospheric conditions at a given airport facility. The manuscript proposes an atmospheric corrosion assessment method.

Role of Airports’ Tangible and Intangible Features as Alternate Sources for Retail Revenue Generation – A Study of Karachi Airport in Pakistan

The airline industry is among those industries that deal with a large number of customers for the purpose of travelling. However, COVID-19 impacted the revenue streams of the airline industry as travelling by air observed a significant decline. Since airports are an important element of airline operations, they were more affected than airlines as their revenue streams were mainly generated from different consumer spending and rental services. It was realized during COVID-19 that the diversification of revenue streams played a vital role in airports' sustainability and self-sufficiency. This study aims to determine the role of airports’ tangible and intangible features as alternate or additional sources of revenue and observe the mediating role of customer satisfaction. After a careful literature analysis and flipping over various studies, it appears that a lot of research is done on the contribution of the non-aeronautical revenue towards the financial stability of airports, but no study focuses on the role of airport physical features on airport retail revenue and how it can affect airport revenue streams. Therefore, this research study aims to analyze the mediating impact of Customer Satisfaction on the relationship between Airport Environment factors and Airport retail Revenue. Cronbach’s alpha, Reliability, discriminant validity, SD. analysis is used for analysis. The result shows that airport environment and airport design have a significant positive impact on airport retail revenue, while the result also shows that the airport facility has a weak relation with airport retail revenue. It is evident from the results that airport environment and airport design, with an indirect effect on customer satisfaction, can increase the airport retail revenue.

Explainable semi-supervised AI for green performance evaluation of airport buildings

Despite the global sustainability trend, airport buildings have received limited attention regarding their environmental impact within the built environment and aviation sectors. With less than 1% of green building certifications worldwide, there is a lack of essential green performance assessment tools, including frameworks, primary datasets, and models that require less human supervision. Previous research has addressed these issues by proposing frameworks, primary datasets, and a supervised method that leverages Classification and Regression Trees. However, these methods still rely on human effort to fix credit scores and assign category weights, necessitating significant supervision from human experts. This study presents a green performance evaluation model for airport buildings using an explainable semi-supervised AI approach to reduce human dependency during the inference of green scores. Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering algorithms (agglomerative and divisive) are employed to construct the models. The dataset's dimensionality is reduced based on metrics such as scatter coefficient, Psi Index, variation, and permutation. The cluster numbers are determined using elbow point and silhouette coefficient values, resulting in cluster initializations between 6 and 12. Performance measures, including the rand index, mean absolute error, precision, recall, F1-measure, and accuracy, are evaluated for the models. The AHC and DHC models exhibit a maximum accuracy of 74%, albeit with different cluster numbers. Consequently, models are developed with suitable cluster numbers to derive green rules with improved predictive accuracy. Each agglomerative and divisive hierarchical clustering model yields 12 practical green rules that can assist airport operators and facility managers in enhancing the green performance of their airport buildings. These explainable green rules serve as guidelines to improve airport facilities. Additionally, a web-based green rating tool is developed to demonstrate the proof-of-concept, utilizing the green rules extracted from the agglomerative model.

A connectivity-based methodology for new air route identification

The change of routes at an airport has a huge impact on airlines’ revenue and city economy where the airport is located. Planning a successful route is a complicated decision-making process that involves considerations beyond the origin and destination. Past studies rarely consider how the addition of new routes or revision of existing routes affects the global aviation network and consequently impacts direct and transfer demands. A new data analytic approach is proposed to identify new and long-lasting routes and to assess connection quality from the global network perspective. It includes a comprehensive methodology for analysing the aviation network, evaluating potential route quality, deciding which routes warrant the selection, and estimating the long-and-short term traffic volume forecasts of the selected new routes. Seven attributes have been developed for route selection, covering growth, volume and connectivity-potential. Assessing connectivity potential permits the evaluation of the importance of a potential destination airport by considering the changes in competitive position that other airports connected to the same destination can expect when that new route is added to the network. This approach exploits the geographical relationships between airports and combines the network route supply data over a 9-year period to make assessment decisions on new destinations. A list of promising new destinations is created that can enhance the origin airport’s connectivity-potential and improve the competitive advantage of airports. Managerial implications are also proposed for different aviation stakeholders to facilitate their strategic planning on airport facility and capacity expansion, airline competition, multi-airport region collaboration and air service agreements.

PERAN UNIT TERMINAL INSPECTION SERVICE DALAM PELAKSANAAN PENGAWASAN TERHADAP FASILITAS LANDSIDE DI BANDAR UDARA TJILIK RIWUT PALANGKARAYA

ABSTRACT, Terminal Inspection Service (TIS) officers when carrying out surveillance still often find facilities that are damaged or unfit for use, coupled with a lack of TIS personnel, totaling 3 people. This researcher aims to find out how the Terminal Inspection Service Unit carries out a monitoring system for landside facilities at airports and to find out what obstacles and efforts are faced by the Terminal Inspection Service Unit (TIS) when carrying out surveillance of airport landside facilities.
 This study uses a qualitative method. The tools used were data collectors with the results of observations, interviews and documentation at the Terminal Inspection Service (TIS) unit. Observations, interviews and documentation as supporting documents to answer the research question formulation, then used data validity tests and finally the researchers performed data analysis techniques. which consists of data reduction, Data Presentation and Drawing Conclusions.
 The results of this study indicate that 1) The control system carried out by Terminal Inspection Service (TIS) officers refers to PM 178 2015 concerning service standards for airport service users and refers to the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the Terminal Inspection Service Unit (TIS) for facility supervision. carried out periodically every day this is done to ensure that every airport facility functions properly and is safe to use so that zero accidents do not occur in accordance with airport principles. 2) data obtained that Terminal Inspection Service officers are still experiencing problems, both constraints on coordination between divisions and constraints on facilities that are still inadequate in dealing with service users and constraints on the number of personnel totaling 3 people due to lack of human resources which makes TIS officers experience pressure such as boredom, fatigue caused by facilities that are often damaged, plus the number of personnel who are so few, numbering 3 people, of course, the need for a Human Resources (HR) budget to fix all of this, but currently the budget is not enough to repair all facilities and lack of personnel.

ADVANCING ENERGY CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRACTICES THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE THERMAL-COOLING LOAD ANALYSIS IN AIRPORT BUILDING

The global discussion on conserving energy's importance has persisted, paralleling the surge in energy use over two decades. This rise presents challenges for local energy supply to diverse buildings. Designing energy-efficient buildings has become crucial in reducing energy usage and promoting sustainability. This research comprehensively analyzed and assessed thermal-cooling loads within an airport building using Panasonic software. The investigation primarily focuses on evaluating cooling load and thermal dynamics within the airport facility, emphasizing enhancing energy efficiency, and ensuring thermal comfort. Additionally, duct sizing design was conducted to achieve a comprehensive HVAC installation. From the result of the investigation, it was found that the highest Cooling Load at the airport occurs at 4:00 PM, aligning with the peak temperature resulting from heat transmitted into the building, reaching 263,591 Watts for the Airport Lounge and 82,202 Watts for the Luggage Room. Building energy management must be undertaken to minimize the energy consumption during that period. By thoroughly examining thermal-cooling loads within an airport building, this research contributes to decision-making for designing and operating HVAC systems, thereby advancing sustainable building practices.

Building information modelling for airport facility management: the case of a US airport

Facility management (FM) at airports involves the use of systems such as computerised maintenance-management systems (CMMSs). Currently, the integration of building information modelling (BIM) with CMMSs is yet to reach maturity, resulting in the inability to reuse BIM data produced prior to the operation and maintenance phase. The lack of accurate equipment data and its untimely handover contribute to failed CMMS programmes. The studied US airport had a low CMMS utilisation, resulting from a lack of equipment data from recent and old construction projects, and it also lacked an efficient process for acquiring, storing and exchanging asset data from construction into its CMMS. To address this, the airport sought solutions to reuse BIM data in the CMMS. Utilising a design science research methodology, this research proposed and tested a solution technology innovation comprising a BIM–FM integration framework and a structured workflow based on BIM and Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (Cobie) for FM data delivery into a CMMS. The proposed solution was tested on a real-world project at the airport, showing efficacy in providing the required equipment data in a timely and accurate manner as compared with the existing practice. The study provides practical evidence of application of BIM and Cobie in FM data delivery from a handover perspective.

What is the key to efficient airport facility management and high service quality? Learnings from Berlin Brandenburg Airport's Technical Control Centre transformation

Terminal and airport facilities are highly intensive in terms of capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenses (OpEx) and have a substantial impact on airports' carbon footprint as well as their operational stability. Despite that, technical operations receive little attention in today's airport ops discussions, which is quite counterintuitive. Technical control centres (TCCs) are the epicentres of technical operations. The case study of Berlin Brandenburg Airport's Technical Control Centre demonstrates the steps of a successful transition. Four dimensions (people, processes, organisation and systems) are considered to achieve the objectives of a premium customer experience and technology leadership while operating under growing cost pressure. Three key factors supporting the development towards a smart control centre are identified: IT to ops integration, smart work environment and supply–demand alignment. The case study concludes with an outlook on upcoming challenges and chances to unlock the full potential of a state-of-the-art technical control centre, as Berlin's journey continues.

The Impact of Airport Facility Service Quality on Brand Experience and Passenger Satisfaction: Considering the Mediating Role of Brand Engagement

In the past decade, as more and more passengers choose to fly on trips, China’s airport infrastructure construction has achieved world-renowned achievements. Despite the growing opportunities and demands for using brand research to assist airport industry services in improving, few studies have investigated the impact of service quality in terminal facilities on brand due to the diversity of service. This study uses structural equation models based on empirical research to explore the impact of facility service quality, including processing facility and non-processing facility, on airport brand experience and passenger satisfaction. This study also aims to assess the mediating effect of brand engagement on the relationship between facility service quality, brand experience, and passenger satisfaction. At the same time, this study also uses importance–performance map analysis (IPMA) to find specific items influencing brand engagement. The sampling method used a random sampling approach, with a total of 186 questionnaires distributed at Shanghai Pudong International Airport for data analysis. The results show that airport facility service quality is significant for brand engagement and experience, as well as for satisfaction, especially for processing facilities. In addition, the IPMA results show that facility services involved in the check-in process is of high importance, which requires more attention from managers. Overall, the findings of this study extend the understanding of service quality, brand engagement, brand experience, and passenger satisfaction in the context of an international airport, and they offer implications for Shanghai Pudong International Airport regarding the improvement of its facilities and brand.

Analisis Kelayakan Panjang dan Tebal Perkerasan Runway Untuk Pesawat Jenis B737-900ER yang Beroperasi di Bandar Udara Banyuwangi

Runway is an airport facility which is very important for aircraft landing and taking off. The runway is a square area on the surface of the airport that is prepared for aircraft take off and landing, without a well-planned and managed runway, the aircraft will not be able to use the airport. In designing the runway, it is strictly regulated regarding the length, width, orientation (direction), configuration, slope / slope, and thickness of the runway pavement. This final project will analyze the feasibility of the runway length and the thickness of the pavement (runway) for the operational plan aircraft that will be used in the next 20 years. With ARFL corrections to the existing runway conditions, the current runway length is 2,500 meters. For the next 20 years traffic flow is forecasted using linear regression analysis from 2011 to 2037. From the forecasting results, it was found that the total aircraft movement was 19,138 movements (R1), so it was planned to use the B 737 900 ER aircraft because this aircraft had a passenger capacity of 220 seats. This aircraft is the reference for the planning of the runway dimensions. Some of the resulting planning analyzes include: the length of the planned runway is 2,498 meters long and 45 meters wide. Meanwhile, the pavement planning analysis resulted in a surface layer thickness of 4 inches, a base coarse layer of 13 inches, and a subbase thickness of 22 inches.

Impact of Lightning Strikes on Airport Facility and Ground Operations

Impact of Lightning Strikes on Airport Facility and Ground Operations

Dissecting lightning strike hazard impact patterns to National Airspace System facilities in the contiguous United States

Lightning strikes pose a severe threat to the United States (US) National Airspace System (NAS). Although the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) implements lightning protection practices and procedures to protect personnel, electronic equipment, and structures within the NAS, many lightning-induced outages still occur. To date we found that most research on lightning-induced facility outages has focused on understanding the physical processes of lightning strike effects on aircraft and airport ramp operations. Very little research has been done on examining the overall patterns and characteristics of such hazards to aviation from a geo-spatial standpoint. To bridge this gap, we analyze nationwide lightning strike spatiotemporal data and FAA airport facility outage records from 2009 through 2020 and apply innovative pattern recognition methods to identify key characteristics of lightning strike hazards. Our results uncover the complexities of lightning strike hazard impact patterns to NAS facilities, identifying five distinct typologies with climatological signatures critical to creating better hazard mitigation strategies.

공항시설물에 대한 BIM 기반의 공통 데이터 표준 구축 방안

Building Information Modeling(BIM) technology continues to develop and is now being applied to infrastructure facilities. As smart technology based on BIM is applied to the construction industry, the construction of the same data in a common environment is considered to be a very important step in various applications. This study was conducted on methods to establish an open BIM-based airport facility information common data environment. Therefore, this study develops the element technology to establish a common data environment for the integrated management of airport facility information, and aims to standardize data in the common data environment among various technologies and applications. In order to achieve the aim, in this study, the required technologies were derived by examining the common data environment and examining the civil engineering facility field and the case of integrated airport facility management. Through this, standards and development for information standard framework, information requirement level, BIM guidebook, and BIM library were developed in connection with national and higher standards. Through these standards, it is expected that the integrated management of various airport facilities will be efficiently carried out through a standard data platform in the future.

THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY TO REDUCING ENERGY USE IN LARGE COMMERCIAL U.S. AIRPORT BUILDINGS THROUGH LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (LEED) CERTIFICATION

There is a growing movement in the U.S. (e.g., airports) to obtaining LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification to reduce energy use. LEED advocates assert, on average, 25% less energy used by LEED-certified buildings compared to conventional commercial buildings. In the absence of studies regarding large U.S. LEED commercial airport buildings, a systematic quantitative review, content analysis and SWOT was performed to determine the economic feasibility of reducing energy use in airport buildings. A systematic quantitative literature review, combined with a comparison of LEED cost-benefit studies, and LEED certification objectives - to - airport facility energy requirements and U.S. government energy reduction initiatives was performed. Positive and negative (Pro/Cons) energy reduction findings were catalogued, charted, and analyzed. The findings from 1) LEED commercial building studies, 2) the LEED cost-benefit studies, and 3) the comparison of LEED certification program to large commercial U.S. airport energy requirements and trends were synthesized using a SWOT analysis. In aggregate, there was negligible correlation between commercial U.S. building LEED certification levels and energy use reduction. In spite of noteworthy findings regarding on-site energy reductions, there was insufficient evidence to suggest LEED reduced overall (site and source) energy use. Therefore, little evidence supports the cost-effectiveness and economic feasibility to reducing energy use simply through the LEED certification process. This study presents the pros and cons in applying LEED certification to reducing energy use in commercial airport buildings.

Maternal transfer and occurrence of siloxanes, chlorinated paraffins, metals, PFAS and legacy POPs in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) of different urban influence

Urban herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are exposed to contaminants from aquatic, terrestrial and anthropogenic sources. We aim to assess if differences in urbanisation affect ecological niche and contaminant concentrations in female herring gulls. Furthermore, we investigated maternal transfer from mothers to eggs for all the target compounds, including chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cVMSs), which to our knowledge have not been assessed in herring gulls previously. We compare concentrations of legacy and emerging contaminants and metals in blood and eggs between two herring gull colonies located 51 km apart, in the urban influenced Norwegian Oslofjord. While both colonies are within an urbanised area, the inner fjord is more so, as it is surrounded by Oslo, the capital and largest city in Norway Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen indicated a more marine ecological niche in the outer than the inner fjord colony, although with overlap. Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were similar in the inner and outer fjord colonies, while the short-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCP), which are recently added to the Stockholm convention and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) varied, with higher concentrations of SCCP and the cVMS decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in females and eggs of the inner fjord colony. Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) concentrations were higher in the outer fjord colony, likely linked to releases from a point-source (airport and waste management facility with open access to food waste). In blood, chlorinated paraffins contributed most the total lipophilic contaminants (inner: 78%, outer: 56%), while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the most abundant lipophilic contaminants in eggs (inner: 62%, outer: 46%). Dechloranes and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were detected in few samples. Maternal transfer, assessed by egg to blood ratios, of cVMSs were similar to the POPs with mean log ratio 0.39 (D5), while it was lower for SCCPs, with log ratios-0.77. Our results indicate comparable POP exposure of the herring gulls in the inner and outer Oslofjord, likely due to overlap in ecological niches between the colonies and wide distribution of POPs. The differences between the colonies in concentrations of PFAS, cVMS and CPs shows that point source exposures and urban influence may be more important than ecological niche for these compounds.

EFFECTIVENESS OF REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS IN THE AREA OF RELATIONS BETWEEN AIRPORTS AND AIR CARRIERS CONCERNING SLOTS DISTRIBUTION

The article regards the issues of regulation of competitive relations on the market of air transportation in the context of economic and commercial relations between airports and air carriers. The features of the main existing approaches for slot allocation (a slot is a time interval for using airport facility for landing, ground services and take-off of planes). These approaches imply different rate of the state involvement and different regulatory regimes. The research reveals the impact of different approaches to slot distribution on the competitive situation and economic efficiency of the aviation industry. The article defines the specifics of regulation in the field of the slot distribution in the European Union and in the USA, the economic outcomes of different distribution schemes were assessed. On the basis of the research results the paths for optimization of the competition policy in the field of slot allocation were proposed.

Effect of Insulation on the Energy Demand of a Standardized Container Facility at Airports in Spain under Different Weather Conditions

Airports, broadly spread world-wide, present continuously increasing energy demands for heating and cooling purposes. Relocatable facilities within them could be built on recycling shipping containers provided with the right insulation layer, to reduce the outstanding consumption of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC). This research focuses on studying the effect of added insulation on the thermal performance of a construction in the scope of an airport facility, based on a recycled shipping container. Passive heating and cooling insulation strategies have shown good results in terms of energy savings. A series of simulations were performed along six different Spanish airports locations, selected to represent several climate conditions. Temperature evolution inside the container, and energy demands of the HVAC system were obtained to show that the insulation provided by phase change materials (PCM) is performing better than traditional insulation, or a raw container. Although there are slight behavior differences according to the climate, PCM can increase inside temperature even with no HVAC under certain circumstances.

Electricity Resilience for Airport Facility

Electricity Resilience for Airport Facility

Implementation of Law Protection of the Equal Rights for People with Disabilities in Aerial Transportation

Rights in human rights have a position or prime and first degree in community life Article 28I Paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution provides that everyone is free from discriminatory treatment. However, discriminatory treatment still occurs misses in the case of Dwi Aryani Vs Etihad Airways which is derived by the airline on the grounds that he is a person with disabilities who are in wheelchairs and no counselors. How the implementation of legal protection by airlines on equal rights for groups of People with disabilities in aviation transport The author examines this issue using legal research methods for academic purposes. The research data shows that the airport does not yet have complete facilities for groups of People with disabilities, the absence of technical regulations / implementers that further regulate the Law No. 8 of 2016, lack of socialization and education to the public, airport service providers, airlines, and field officers. This is why the protection of groups with disabilities is less effective. Governments should issue technical / implementing regulations related to the Disability Law, and conduct socialization and education to the public, airport facility providers, airlines and field workers. Groups Of People With Disabilities, Discrimination, Human Rights

Extraction of Zinc from Airport Stormwater Runoff using Oyster Shells

A pilot program was evaluated for the removal of zinc (Zn) levels from stormwater runoff at a west coast airport facility showing high levels of Zn runoff in the stormwater drainage. The research presented in this paper evaluated three aspects of the stormwater runoff: 1) water sampling from influent and effluent roof runoff; 2) whether Zn particles were absorbed into the oyster shell fragments; and 3) whether Zn particles were attached to fragmented oyster shells and/or compost materials. The use of fragmented oyster shells mixed into compost and sand served as a medium for the remediation of Zn from stormwater runoff from unpainted galvanized hangar roofing. Influent and effluent water samples determined the effectiveness of an oyster medium in the removal of Zn levels. Data obtained from the influent water samples showed excessive amounts of Zn particles in stormwater, whereas the effluent levels showed a capture rate of > 99% of Zn from the stormwater system. No signs of Zn particles were found inside the fragmented oyster shells, nor were there an abundant amount of Zn particles found in the other medium.