Nickel-cadmium Research Articles

A Rechargeable Aqueous Lithium Ion Battery with High Rate Capability Based on Metallic Cadmium and LiCoO2

An aqueous rechargeable lithium ion battery with metallic cadmium as the negative electrode, LiCoO2 nanoparticles as the positive electrode, and a neutral aqueous electrolyte solution of 0.5 M Li2SO4 and 10 mM Cd(Ac)2 is reported. It has good electrochemical performance. The calculated energy density based on the practically available capacity of the two electrodes is 72 W h kg–1; this is comparable to that of Ni–Cd batteries. The positive mercury electrode of the Weston cell is replaced by a LiCoO2 electrode, the negative cadmium amalgam by a plain cadmium metal electrode. Mercury is completely avoided. Compared with Ni–Cd batteries an alkaline electrolyte solution is not needed making the system more environment-friendly.

Simulator Modules for Learning Maintenance of Avionics Components in Solid State Cockpit Voice Recorder (SSCVR) PN. 980-6022-001 and Aircraft Battery PN. 405CH

PT GMF AeroAsia Tbk is an international company that provides the largest maintenance facilities and services in Asia. The divisions in PT GMF AeroAsia Tbk one of which is the Avionics Shop division, where the division is a part that performs maintenance of avionics components such as Solid State Cockpit Voice Recorder (SSCVR), Flight Data Recorder (FDR), Aircraft Battery and all other electronic components that is in the plane. At the Avionics Shop at PT GMF AeroAsia Tbk for the maintenance training needs of the avionics component, a simulator is needed as a learning media about the process of introducing, assembling and dismantling a PN Solid State Cockpit Voice Recorder (SSCVR) component. 980-6022-001 and Aircraft Battery PN. 405CH. The simulator is built using Unity 3D and asset modeling using Blender. The results of the functionality test state that the simulator can run well according to its function. The results of the due diligence obtained an average value of 90.4 which is included in the category of Very Good and stated that the simulator has met the needs that underlie the design of the simulator, meets the needs of all interested parties, and can be run well on several different platforms.

Achieving superior electrochemical performances on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials by cadmium oxide modification

Cadmium oxides (CdO), an important semiconductor material, have many superior properties when used as a cathode material for nickel-cadmium batteries. Here, the coating and the doped co-modified LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode are constructed by a continuous wet chemical process and a high-temperature sintering process, wherein the Cd2+ are uniformly doped in a gradient form and the CdO protective layer is distributed on the outer surface of secondary particles. The Cd-modified NCA material has more stable interfacial and crystal lattice structure, thereby inhibiting harmful phase transitions and side-reactions. Accordingly, the modified sample has excellent electrochemical performance and maintaining a complete spherical morphology during long cycling compared to the pristine sample. In addition, as a pillar ion, cadmium increases the plate spacing and lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. The electrochemical results show that the capacity retention of the modified sample Cd-2000 reached 96.5% and 90.6% after 100 cycles and 200 cycles respectively at 1 C. At the high current rate of 8 C, the initial capacity and retention (100 cycles, 3.0–4.3 V) reach 166.2 mAh g−1 and 95.2%, respectively. Besides, the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveal that CdO modification could decrease the resistance of the cell polarization and impedance increment upon cycling.

Optimization of Cation Composition on Charge-Discharge Behavior in Rock-Salt Type Lithium Titanium Oxynitride Anode Material

The lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices such as laptop computers, mobile phones and so on. Despite lithium batteries possess obvious advantages over nickel–cadmium and lead–acid cells with regards to high energy density, there are still some safety concerns with the carbon anode and a safer alternative which can offer the same performance would be preferable. Bonding in metal oxynitrides show lower ionicity and higher covalency than that in the metal oxides, since nitrogen possesses lower electronegativity than oxygen and the difference in electronegativity between metal and anions (oxygen and nitrogen) should be smaller in oxynitrides. Covalent bond can be featured by a directed bond as a results of forming an electron pair between the bond whereas ionic bond can be regarded as a non-directional bond due to electrostatic attraction between metal cations and anions. When temperature rises, durability of bond against heat would be stronger in the more covalent oxynitrides than in the more ionic oxides. In this study, we focused on rock-salt type oxynitride Li0.30Ti0.60O0.50N0.50. Although there is a synthetic report on this material[1], there is no evaluation report as an electrode material. Li rich oxynitrides such as Li7.9MnN3.2O1.6 have already been reported as superior anode materials[2]. We referred to this idea and tried to obtain a better electrochemical performance in Li0.30Ti0.60O0.50N0.50 as an anode material by enriching Li against Ti. We investigated the effects of different Ti/Li ratio in LTON on the electrochemical performance.As the result, we successfully synthesized the rock-salt type LTON (lithium titanium oxynitride, with Ti/Li=1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0) without impurity phase by solid state reaction technique as shown in Fig.1. XPS spectra revealed that the valence state of Ti increased as Ti/Li ratio decreased. Electrochemical charge–discharge cycle tests were performed at various current density of 20–200 mAg−1 with the cutoff voltage of 0.01–3.2 V. At relatively low current density (20 mA g-1), the corresponding initial discharge capacity of LTON with Ti/Li=1.25 reached about 140 mAh g-1, which was the highest capacity of all the LTON electrodes, and smaller charge-discharge hysteresis was observed. Moreover, the LTON with Ti/Li=1.25 showed excellent performance at all of current density compared with other LTON electrodes tested, as shown in Fig.2. For further understanding of the improved rate capability by changing the Ti/Li ratio, EIS measurements for LTON electrodes (Ti/Li=1.25, 2.0) were carried out, and it was found that the lithium ion diffusion coefficient increased as Ti/Li ratio decreased. In addition, In-situ XRD result suggested that the discharge and charge reactions should be reversible. XPS analysis for the pristine and discharged LTONs demonstrated that the charge compensation due to Li insertion would be performed by a reduction of Ti. The decrease of Ti/Li ratio in the oxynitrides would affect on the existence of the more number of high valent Ti such as Ti4+, which would possess a larger allowance to compensate the reduction during the discharging to show the better electrochemical performance.[1] T. Katsumata et al., Solid State Commun. 132, 583-587 (2004).[2] J. Cabana et al., Electrochem. Commun. 12, 315-318 (2010). Figure 1

Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Batteries for Electric-Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft

The primary drawbacks of battery-powered vertical takeoff and landing [electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL)] aircraft are their poor range and endurance with practical payloads. The objective of this paper is to examine the potential of hydrogen fuel cells to overcome this drawback. The paper develops steady-state and transient models of fuel cells and batteries, and it validates the models experimentally. It demonstrates fuel cell and battery power sharing in a regulated parallel configuration to achieve a reduction in powerplant weight. Finally, the paper outlines the weight models of motors, batteries, and fuel cells needed for eVTOL sizing, and it carries out a sizing analysis for on-demand urban air-taxi missions. This revealed that, for ranges within 75 miles, a lightweight (5000–6000 lb gross weight) all-electric tilting proprotor configuration is feasible with current levels of battery specific energy () if high C-rate batteries are available (4–10 C for 2.5 min). For any mission beyond 50 miles, fuel cells appear to be a compelling candidate. Although fuel cells alone do not offer significant improvements to batteries, the two electric power sources can be combined for significant payload gains. In the combined powerplant, the fuel cell is sized to the low-power cruise mode and the battery supplements during higher power. For missions of less than 50 miles, the combination provides no advantage with current technology, and battery specific energy is the principal driver.

Analysis of Different Evolutionary Techniques on Fuzzy Rule Base Generation

This paper presents the analysis of different population based algorithms for the rulebase generation from numerical data sets. As fuzzy rulebase generation is one of the key issues in fuzzy modeling. The algorithms are applied on a rapid Ni–Cd battery charger data set. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of different algorithms and conclude that SCA algorithms with local search give remarkable efficiency as compared to SCA algorithms alone. Also found that the efficiency of SCA with local search is comparable to memetic algorithms.

Lithium Ion Batteries and Next Generation Energy Storage Technology - Adoption to Aircraft and Aerospace

Lithium ion batteries provide a high energy to weight ratio making the technology attractive for aircraft and aerospace applications. Introducing lithium ion battery technology, as with other types of battery chemistries, can prove challenging for a variety of reasons. As electrical load demands for aircraft increase controlling and harnessing high energy dense solutions will become more critical. The presentation will begin with a basic introduction of lithium ion battery chemistry and evolve into a discussion on the role various aspects play in safely implementing lithium ion batteries on aircraft including the key design drivers and issues that influence system safety. The presentation will also cover key operational modes, applied to aircraft in general, that can drive risk and effect a prudent power system design (cell overheating, voltage “sag” below minimums at low temperatures, etc.) in the integration of battery technologies to an aircraft. Battery design features and attributes that relate to typical operating modes in an airborne platform will also be discussed in some detail. The presentation will next evolve into a narrative on next generation energy storage technologies and supercapacitors (electric double layer devices) and their potential role in evolving airborne applications. Implementation of higher surge supportable energy storage designs, again driven by considerations at cold temperature conditions, will also be discussed, and of specific interest for Space applications. Energy and power density "road mapping targets" for evolving applications will be highlighted along with issues that influence nominal values including, but not limited to, operating temperature (cold and hot temperature extremes) typical of battery installations in harsher Aerospace environments. An illustration will be provided in the presentation of what the ideal aircraft battery looks like including the ability to float on an unregulated aircraft bus (without Batter Management Electronics) with large voltage swings, ripple content as well as other “nice to haves” (including higher packaged battery system Whrs and kilo-Watts per kilo gram than existing). A final summary will wrap up the discussion with an overview of the presentation material.

ANN System Identification for Rapid Battery Charger using Parallel 3 Parent Genetic Algorithm

Model identification is one of the main concerns in the field of system modeling. The complete modeling of an ANN system using input output data consists of two processes: architecture selection in which number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each hidden layer is to be decided. This is then followed by training of system by the given training data. The problem here is formulated as search and minimization problem. This paper presents the identification of ANN system for rapid Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries charger by applying a new version of Genetic algorithm called as parallel 3 parent genetic algorithm (P3PGA). It is a multi population based 3 parent genetic algorithm (3PGA) .The proposed approach was implemented using MATLAB R2018A and was observed to be computationally more efficient with minimum MSE. With increase in number of iterations, system performance gets improved. We further compared results of the proposed algorithm with the results of other recent soft computing based algorithms as well classical learning based algorithms namely, big bang big crunch (BB-BC), parallel big bang big crunch (PBB-BC), Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LM), error back propagation (EBP), Resilent prop (RPROP), particle swarm optimization (PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO) and artificial bee colony (ABC) for ANN model identification. The proposed algorithm outperformed all of the other 8 algorithms.

Review of Cadmium Pollution in Bangladesh.

Background.Exposure to cadmium (Cd) is a global public health concern. The primary Cd exposure pathways are inhalation and ingestion. Globally, Cd production and consumption has increased, along with nickel-cadmium battery production, alloys, anticorrosive coatings, pigments, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, semiconductors for solar cells, etc. After the end use of these elements, improper management may cause Cd pollution in different spheres of the environment and living organisms that eventually lead to adverse effects on human health.Objectives.The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the sources and routes of Cd that enter different environmental spheres, their concentrations, and describe associated human health impacts in Bangladesh.Methods.The present study searched a total of 304 peer-reviewed articles in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer Link, BanglaJOL, and university libraries and ultimately selected 71 articles. Afterwards, the relevant findings on Cd exposure through inhalation and diet and age-based impacts (i.e., adults, women, children and infants) in Bangladesh were combined. Finally, the results were processed with a cross-tabulation technique.Results.The present study found that Cd concentration in the local diet and river water is within the World Health Organization and Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute guidelines.Discussion.The concentration of Cd in sediments is comparatively higher than in river water in Bangladesh. Cadmium has been found in samples of foods, including leafy and non-leafy vegetables collected from different places in Bangladesh and may ultimately enter the human body via dietary intake of these foods. Consequently, individuals may be exposed to Cd and may be suffering from long-term adverse health effects.Conclusions.The comparison of concentrations in this study with national and international standards will assist with the formulation of effective pollution mitigation measures in Bangladesh.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Estimation of Trace Level Cadmium(II) by Polyaniline-zirconium Phosphoborate Nanocomposite-based Membrane Electrode

Present work deals with a new ion selective membrane electrode suitable for determining trace cadmium(II) concentration in environmental samples. After structural and morphological characterization, the synthesized nanocomposite was observed to be selective towards Cd(II) on the basis of distribution studies, and was further employed in fabricating Cd(II) ion selective membrane electrode. Polyaniline incorporated zirconium phosphoborate nanocomposite prepared by the sol-gel method was used as an electroactive material and the epoxy resin, araldite as binder in the fabrication of membrane electrode. The fabricated electrode exhibits sub-Nernstian response of 22.9 mV/decade over a wide concentration range, low limit of detection (4 × 10–7 M), fast response time (14 s), long life time of 4 months and wide pH working range (2.5 to 8.0). The electrode was successfully used for estimation of trace levels of Cd(II) in industrial effluents of Ni‒Cd battery and printer toner units.

Generalized Peukert’s Equation for Nickel-Cadmium Batteries at High Discharge Currents

Generalized Peukert’s Equation for Nickel-Cadmium Batteries at High Discharge Currents

Combustion-Synthesized Ni–Cd Ferrites and their Structural, Magnetic, and Microwave Absorbing Properties

Ni1 – xCdxFe2O4 ferrites (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) were prepared by solution-combustion synthesis and characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR spectra, hysteresis measurements, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). The ferrite particles had a size of 20–30 nm. The saturation magnetization observed for x = 0.6 composition was about 56 emu/g. The real and complex permittivity in the frequency range 8–12 GHz was found to vary between 10 and 30. The Cd content of ferrites was found to increase the MW absorption. At x = 0.6, the MW absorbance attained a value of 0.958 at f = 9.5 GHz.

Remediation of Nickel ion from wastewater by applying various techniques: a review

Abstract The remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants from the aqueous environment has touched a certain level with the development of research. Environmental pollution is increasing day by day due to industrial activities which cause a negative effect on human health and the ecosystem. Nowadays, heavy metals have a special concern due to its toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in nature. Toxic metals like chromium, nickel, arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium are the main contaminants of water because they are non-biodegradable in nature. Nickel is also a toxic metal, mostly used in industries because of its anticorrosion behaviour. As a consequence nickel is present in the wastage of electroplating, tableware, metal finishing, plastics manufacturing, nickel-cadmium batteries, fertilizers and mining industries and these waste have dangerous impact on the human health and environment and causes the diseases i.e. diarrhea, anemia, hepatitis, kidney damage, gastrointestinal distress, skin dermatitis, and central nervous system dysfunction. In the present review article, several techniques are discussed for the treatment of nickel from the industrial environment. The elimination of nickel from wastewater is not important only for economic purposes but also for environmental safety.

Structure and optical properties of nano Nix Cd1-x Fe2O4 doped with optical dyes

NixCd1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) nanoferrite powder were synthesized using flash auto combustion method. The studied powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which was used to determine the structural properties. The effect of addition dyes (perylene dye and thiophene dye) on the optical properties of Nickel Cadmium ferrite has been investigated. The optical study UV-Visible is used to calculate the band gap energies. From Tauc’s plot, it can be seen that the band gap energy of the samples is decreasing with increase in nickel content for both dyes, indicating the enhancement of the optical of ferrite.

The Ni-rich nanostructured solid solutions of Ni1−xMx (M = Cd, Co and Cu)

The nanostructured solid solutions (NSSes) of Ni–Cd (Cu, Co) with the FCC lattice were obtained by a simple chemical method. The NSSes consist of nanocrystallites (10–25 nm) which form the primary aggregates (40–80 nm) composing the secondary aggregates (100–500 nm). The Ni–Cd and Ni–Cu nanocrystallites were shown to be anisometric, which is unusual for the FCC lattice. The Ni–Cd aggregates contain the structural units consisted of the stratification of the nano-thick crystallites by the (111) and (200) faces with a wide surface in common and spatial orientation. The spatial heterogeneity of compounds for the aggregates of Ni–Cd and Ni–Cu can be explained because of the differences in the nanocrystal chemical compositions. The main reason of it is in the differences in the redox potentials of the components of the bimetallic NSSes obtained by chemical reactions. The surface of the primary aggregates contains H2O, O2, CO2 and, probably, hydroxide and oxide as nano-islets in a layer whose thickness is approximately 1–3 nm. These inclusions can be desorbed or decomposed at 100 °С–140 °С, 120 °С–220 °С and 300 °С–400 °С accordingly. The obtained non-equilibrium solid solutions (up to 5% of Cd or Cu) have saturation magnetization in low magnetic fields also decrease in this magnetization and coercivity (80–260 Oe at 300 K).

Unchanged Pulmonary Function and Increased Prevalence of Subjective Respiratory Symptoms in Non-smoking Workers with Low Cadmium Body Burden.

The study investigated the effects of low cadmium (Cd) burden on the respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in occupational workers. The study population consisted of 98 nickel-cadmium battery workers. Levels of urine cadmium, urinary creatinine (Cr), and data on the adverse respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of the participants were measured and collected respectively. The urinary cadmium level in cadmium-exposed workers (n = 53) was within the normal range but greater than 2.4 times than those of the control group (n = 45). Compared with the control group, the cadmium-exposed workers had higher prevalence of all subjective respiratory symptoms studied in the study. The prevalence of cough (30%), phlegm (23%), and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (79%) in the exposure group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the prevalence of cough (11%), phlegm (7%), and URTI (31%) in the control group respectively. There was no significant difference between the Cd-exposed workers and control group in pulmonary function test. Our findings suggested that adverse subjective respiratory symptoms were increased and pulmonary function were unchanged in low Cd burden workers. Unchanged pulmonary function may be related to age, exposure duration, and distribution of Cd in tissue. These workers need to continue being monitored in longitudinal studies.

Anthropogenic cadmium cycles and emissions in Mainland China 1990–2015

China is one of the largest producers, consumers, and emitters of cadmium (Cd). This study applies the methods of material flow analysis and inventory analysis to investigate the flows and stocks of Cd in the industry-environment system in mainland China from 1990 to 2015. Special attention is paid to the identification of emissions and corresponding sources. It was found that: (1) more than 63% of Cd input in mainland China comprised unintentional processes that were driven by domestic mining and refining of nonferrous ores, which exceeded the input driven by intentional processes; (2) China became a net importer of Cd in 2000 because of the increasing import of nonferrous ores, which then led to Cd accumulation in domestic solid wastes; (3) Cd resources were mainly consumed in Ni–Cd batteries and plastics, and the in-use stock of Ni–Cd batteries reached a peak in 2008; (4) Cd emissions started to rise in 1990 and remained steady after 2013 due to the relatively stable production of nonferrous ores. The tendency of Cd emissions, use of Cd resources, and development of Cd-relevant industries were also discussed. The results indicated that the utilization of traditional products and the production of new energy materials may become the most important application of Cd resources in China.

Lithium Ion Batteries and Next Generation Energy Storage Technology - Adoption to Aircraft and Aerospace

Lithium ion batteries provide a high energy to weight ratio making the technology attractive for aircraft and aerospace applications. Introducing lithium ion battery technology, as with other types of battery chemistries, can prove challenging for a variety of reasons. As electrical load demands for aircraft increase controlling and harnessing high energy dense solutions will become more critical. The presentation will begin with a basic introduction of lithium ion battery chemistry and evolve into a discussion on the role various aspects play in safely implementing lithium ion batteries on aircraft including the key design drivers and issues that influence system safety. The presentation will also cover key operational modes, applied to aircraft in general, that can drive risk and effect a prudent power system design (cell overheating, voltage “sag” below minimums at low temperatures, etc.) in the integration of battery technologies to an aircraft. Battery design features and attributes that relate to typical operating modes in an airborne platform will also be discussed in some detail. The presentation will next evolve into a narrative on next generation energy storage technologies and supercapacitors (electric double layer devices) and their potential role in evolving airborne applications. Implementation of higher surge supportable energy storage designs, again driven by considerations at cold temperature conditions, will also be discussed. Energy and power density "road mapping targets" for evolving applications will be highlighted along with issues that influence nominal values including, but not limited to, operating temperature (cold and hot temperature extremes) typical of battery installations in harsher Aerospace environments. An illustration will be provided in the presentation of what the ideal aircraft battery looks like including the ability to float on an unregulated aircraft bus (without Batter Management Electronics) with large voltage swings, ripple content as well as other “nice to haves” (including higher packaged battery system Whrs and kilo-Watts per kilo gram than existing). A final summary will wrap up the discussion with an overview of the presentation material.

The electrochemical behavior of nanostructured binary systems based on transition metals

By means cyclic and anodic linear sweep/stripping voltammetry methods the electrochemical behavior of bimetallic electrolytic nanoalloys and nanostructured powders Cu– Cd, Ni–Cd, Fe–Co, Fe–Ni was investigated in acidic (chloride, sulfate) and ammonia buffer media with the glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes. The conditions (supporting electrolytes, concentrations of metal ions, voltammetric parameters) of the electrochemical synthesis and voltammetric characterization of the binary systems were established.

Remediation of a former nickel-cadmium battery-factory at Jungnerholmarna

Remediation of a former nickel-cadmium battery-factory at Jungnerholmarna