* APPROACHES TO RISK AND DISASTER: Introduction: Danger and ModernityRisk and Damaging Events * The Geographicalness of Disaster * Natural Hazards * Technological Hazards * Social Hazards: Violence and the Disasters of War * Vulnerability Perspectives: The Human Ecology of Endangerment * Active Perspectives: Responses to Disaster and Adjustments to Risks * COMMUNITIES AT RISK, PLACES OF DISASTER: 'Unnatural' Disasters: The Case of Earthquake Hazards * Contexts of Risk: Mountain Land Hazards and Vulnerabilities * Risks in the City * Place Annihilation: Air War and the Vulnerability of Cities * Holocaust: Genocide and Geographical Calamity Concluding Remarks: the perspective of ideas