Air Traffic Control Research Articles

UTJECAJ LJUDSKIH ČIMBENIKA NA SIGURNOST ZRAČNOG PROMETA

This paper explores the significant impact of human factors on aviation safety, with a particular emphasis on air traffic operations as a complex chain where human factors play a crucial role. With the rapid growth and technological advancement in aviation, operations are becoming increasingly complex, leading to increased workload on the crew and other personnel. This intricate chain encompasses various phases, including flight planning, execution, air traffic control, and ground operations, when human factors plac a pivotal role at every step. Air traffic operations are highly sensitive to human errors, especially under conditions of high stress, fatigue, or emotional tension. The rapid growth of air traffic and technological advancement often lead to the neglect of human factors. However, research indicates that these factors remain one of the primary causes of incidents and accidents in aviation. To ensure flight safety in this dynamic environment, it is crucial to understand and effectively manage human factors by providing support to personnel and ensuring compliance with regulations and best practices.

ОЦЕНКА УТОМЛЕНИЯ АВИАЦИОННОГО СПЕЦИАЛИСТА МЕТОДОМ СЛУЧАЙНОГО ЛЕСА

The article examines the fatigue of flight personnel and members of the air traffic control service as a risk factor affecting flight safety. The proposed software solution based on the random forest method makes it possible to identify the state of fatigue in an aviation specialist after passing a series of tests evaluating a decrease in performance based on existing symptomatic attributes. The introduction of the presented solution into flight safety management systems at aviation enterprises will improve the corresponding reliability indicators of both pilots and air traffic controllers.

Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on liver function in Basra oil company workers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are considered one of the most widespread categories of environmental pollutants. This study was conducted to discover the effect of PAH from the oil fields pollution in Basra on liver function. The relationship between PAH in air compared to blood serum and its effect on liver function parameters were studied. 120 blood samples were collected from male workers aged between 25-40 years from 3 different regions. Group 1 was from the Rumella field, while group 2 was from the West Qurna field, and group 3 was from an uncontaminated area far from the oil fields in the city center (control). Higher levels of PAH were found in group 1 and group 2 in the blood serum as compared to control in both air and serum. In control, significantly higher levels of PAH were found in air as compared to serum levels. As for PAH levels in the air, a higher level was detected in group 1 compared to group 2, while a lower level was detected in control. As for liver function tests, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin were the higher level in group 1 and 2 compared to control. In contrast, the levels of albumin and total protein were lower in the group 1 and 2 compared to the control. In conclusion, it is suggested that environmental pollutants such as PAH may cause liver diseases by reducing the function of liver in human.

ОБЗОР АДАПТИВНЫХ СИСТЕМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДЛЯ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ МЕХАТРОННЫХ ПЛАТФОРМ

The article considers modern approaches to adaptive control for unmanned mechatronic platforms, including ground, air and underwater devices. Various methods of adapting control systems to changing operating conditions are analyzed, such as the use of predictive models, neural networks and self-learning algorithms. Particular attention is paid to the problems of control under uncertainty and limited computing resources. The advantages and limitations of using adaptive systems in real-life sce-narios are presented, and the prospects for their further development are discussed.

Subchronic inhalation of a novel electronic nicotine delivery system formulation and its corresponding base formulation.

Fresh Menthol 3% Nicotine (FM3) is a novel JUUL e-liquid formulation. Its potential toxicity and that of the corresponding base formulation relative to a filtered air (FA) control was studied in a subchronic inhalation study conducted in general accordance with OECD 413. Aerosols generated with an intense puffing regime were administered to rats in a nose-only fashion at 1400µg aerosol collected mass/L on a 6 hour/day basis for 90 days with a 42-day recovery. Exposure atmospheres met target criteria. Systemic exposure was confirmed by plasma measurement of nicotine. No test article-related mortality, clinical signs (other than reversible lower body weight gains in males), clinical pathology or gross findings were noted during this study. No microscopic lesions related to base formulation exposure were identified. Minimal microscopic lesions were observed in the FM3 6-hour exposure group. Microscopic lesions observed in the FM3 6-hour exposure group comprised only minimal laryngeal squamous metaplasia in one male and one female animal. No microscopic lesions related to FM3 exposure remained after the recovery period. Exposure atmosphere characterization indicated that conditions were achieved to permit thorough assessment of test articles and results indicate a low order of toxicity for the FM3 Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) formulation and its base formulation.

Smoothing cooling demand of buildings with PCM thermal batteries

Escalating energy tariffs and peak cooling demands due to climate change along with expanding use of variable renewable energy supply are presenting new challenges and opportunities for air conditioning system operation and control. This research presents the outcome of an investigation into the use of a thermal battery using salt-hydrate phase change material (PCM) in commercial buildings. A 1.2 m3 modular thermal battery using 15 °C melting temperature salt-hydrate PCM has been designed and fabricated. Its cooling performance and feasibility of integration into a chilled water-cooling system of commercial buildings has been comprehensively investigated. This storage unit can accommodate approximately 52 kWh of energy, featuring a rapid heat discharge rate of 32.58 kW during the initial 30 min to effectively address sudden cooling demands. The overall heat discharge rate closely aligns with simulation results, reaching approximately 96% accuracy. This has been achieved through optimisation of the heat exchanger design through mathematical simulation, detailed testing to match various operational scenarios and evaluation of economic and peak load shifting benefits. The results demonstrate the environmental and economic effectiveness of the PCM thermal battery as an independent component in building cooling systems. It provides a timely response to peak cooling demand and improves thermal comfort of the buildings.

Cluster Detection Method of Endogenous Security Abnormal Attack Behavior in Air Traffic Control Network

Cluster Detection Method of Endogenous Security Abnormal Attack Behavior in Air Traffic Control Network

Air Traffic Controller Fatigue Detection Based on Facial and Vocal Features Using Long Short-Term Memory

Air Traffic Controller Fatigue Detection Based on Facial and Vocal Features Using Long Short-Term Memory

ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ И ДЕМОДУЛЯЦИЯ СИГНАЛОВ С КОЭФФИЦИЕНТАМИ МОДУЛЯЦИИ БОЛЕЕ ЕДИНИЦЫ В ЗАДАЧАХ РАДИОМОНИТОРИНГА АВИАЦИОННЫХ ЛИНИЙ СВЯЗИ

Communication between an aircraft and ground services is the main means of organizing air traffic control and providing the safety and regularity of air transportation. In order to maintain the operability of radio communication channels is to perform radio monitoring. This article considers a radio monitoring algorithm. It makes possible to classify amplitude-modulated signals by modulation depth, to show the possibility of detection of overmodulated oscillations and to restore the initial information message with sufficient accuracy for its perception.

ОЦЕНКА ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОЦЕССА НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ В РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЦЕНТРАХ СИСТЕМЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ВОЗДУШНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Air traffic management (ATM) in regional air traffic control centers is determined by the availability of surveillance equipment that uses the radar principle of determining the coordinates of aircraft. The responsibility zones of the airspace are vast territories where the placement of radar surveillance equipment forming a single control field is not economically feasible. The presence of local areas of space with no air traffic surveillance significantly reduces the safety, regularity and efficiency of flights. The introduction of new technologies that require significantly lower economic costs needs an assessment of the possibility to use them in the relevant regional ATM centers. Therefore, an urgent scientific task is to study the possibility of using multi-position surveillance systems (MPSS) as an assessment of the accuracy characteristics and locations of system elements. The obtained research results can be applied when placing MPSS ground stations to achieve high performance indicators of the surveillance system and air traffic management as a whole.

Microstrip Patch Antenna Design at 10 GHz for X Band Applications

Microstrip patch antennas are used in satellite imaging systems, wireless communication equipment, military radios, GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) applications. Its advantages are its small size and light weight, thin structure, low power consumption, use in dual frequency applications, and patching in various geometric shapes. Developing technology has facilitated and accelerated the production of microstrip antennas. In this study, microstrip antenna design operating at 10 GHz frequency for X band applications has been made. X band is used for air traffic control, weather traffic control, vessel traffic control, defense tracking and vehicle speed detection, terrestrial communications and networking, space communications and amateur radio. HFSS program was used in antenna design. AWR program was used to find transmission line parameters. In addition, MATLAB program was used to calculate some parameters. First of all, information is given about the working principle of the antenna, the selected dielectric layer and the working frequency. Schematic drawings of the designed antenna were made from above and from the side. S11 reflection coefficient magnitude graphs are drawn below and above the operating frequency. The radiation pattern is drawn for the E-plane and H-plane at the operating frequency. 3-D (dimensional) plot of antenna gain at operating frequency is drawn. The simulations performed have shown that the designed antenna works successfully.

Bayesian Network-Based Correlation Bias Analysis for Air Traffic Control Information Extraction

Bayesian Network-Based Correlation Bias Analysis for Air Traffic Control Information Extraction

Atlas of ozone chemical regimes in Europe

While concentrations of most air pollutants have been decreasing in Europe over the last 20 years, O3 is showing variable trends, with increasing average and decreasing peak concentrations. The complexity of O3 chemistry adds to the difficulty of understanding both the trends observed and how concentrations can be mitigated. This paper tries to answer the following questions: which emission sectors should be targeted and what levels of reduction could be achieved? To address these reflections, an Atlas of O3 chemical regimes has been constructed. For this Atlas, 22 European cities were selected and the surrogate model Air Control Toolbox (ACT) was used to evaluate the simulated changes in several ozone metrics as a result of reductions in road transport and industrial emissions. O3 chemical regimes have been classified and put in perspective with meteorological and emission data at each city location and around. The O3 sensitivity to road transport and industrial emissions differ from one city to another, but also for the same city when considering different ozone metrics and seasons (e.g., annual means versus SOMO35 or summer peaks). Counterproductive impacts yielding O3 increase when emissions are reduced are mainly encountered in regions or periods where O3 concentration are relatively low. In terms of meteorological factors, O3 chemical regimes are mostly impacted by the amount of solar radiation received but wind speed also has a considerable impact. Most cases show a higher sensitivity to emission reductions from road transport or equal sensitivity to emission reductions from road transport and industry. Very few cases are more sensitive to emissions from the industrial sector. However, the response of annual or seasonal average O3 metrics to industrial and road transport emissions can be considered relatively low with a maximum reduction of 33% for a 100% reduction of both industrial and road transport emissions. This is because anthropogenic emission can only mitigate ozone above a substantial natural tropospheric background. It is precisely this incremental anthropogenic ozone, which should be targeted by efficient policies as we also demonstrate that none of the cities studied would exceed the European target value with a 100% reduction in emissions.

Exposure to Electronic Waterpipes Increases the Risk of Occlusive Cardiovascular Disease in C57BL/6J Mice.

It is well documented that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide, with smoking being the most preventable cause. Additionally, most smokers die from thrombotic-based diseases, in which platelets play a major role. To this end, because of the proven harm of smoking, several novel tobacco products such as electronic(e)-waterpipe have been gaining popularity among different sectors of the population, partly due to their "false" safety claims. While many investigators have focused on the negative health effects of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system, virtually little or nothing is known about e-waterpipes, which we investigated herein. To investigate their occlusive CVD effects, we employed a whole-body mouse exposure model of e-waterpipe vape/smoke and exposed C57BL/6J male mice (starting at 7 weeks of age) for 1 month, with the controls exposed to clean air. Exposures took place seven times a week, according to the well-known Beirut protocol, which has been employed in many studies, as it mimics real-life waterpipe exposure scenarios; specifically, 171 puffs of 530 ml volume of the e-liquid at 2.6 s puff duration and 17 s puff interval. The e-waterpipe exposed mice had shortened bleeding and occlusion times, when compared to the clean air controls, indicating a prothrombotic phenotype. As for the mechanism underlying this phenotype, we found that e-waterpipe exposed platelets exhibited enhanced agonist-triggered aggregation and dense granule secretion. Also, flow cytometry analysis of surface markers of platelet activation showed that both P-selectin and integrin GPIIb-IIIa activation were enhanced in the e-waterpipe exposed platelets, relative to the controls. Finally, platelet spreading and Akt phosphorylation were also more pronounced in the exposed mice. We document that e-waterpipe exposure does exert untoward effects in the context of thrombosis-based CVD, in part, via promoting platelet hyperreactivity.

Bird Collision Prevention Systems in Passenger Aviation

The purpose of this article is to present the results of a preliminary analysis of modern methods for preventing collisions between birds and aircraft. The focus was in particular on methods that enable defining the level of threat in passenger aviation and existing solutions for eliminating these threats. The first section defines the level of the existing threat of collision with birds for civil aviation on the basis of collision statistics based on collision reports submitted by pilots. The second chapter describes normative documents on methods intended to reduce the risk of collisions with birds, such as aviation rules and regulations, passenger aircraft certification, bird detection and deterrence systems, procedures of flight crews and air traffic controllers, and the development of bird detection and deterrence methods. Based on the analysis of existing solutions, the third chapter proposes a block diagram of an on-board system reducing the risk of aircraft collisions with birds by determining the level of collision risk and transmitting information about the risk level to the flight crew in order to reduce the effect of surprise among pilots, improve the accuracy of the statistics and operational safety by carrying out a technical inspection of the aircraft after the collision. The final chapter contains conclusions.

Control of Air and Root Zone Temperature Enhances Early Growth of Paprika in Greenhouses

Control of Air and Root Zone Temperature Enhances Early Growth of Paprika in Greenhouses

Toward Effective Aircraft Call Sign Detection Using Fuzzy String-Matching between ASR and ADS-B Data

Recently, artificial intelligence and data science have witnessed dramatic progress and rapid growth, especially Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technology based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Consequently, new end-to-end Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) toolkits were developed with higher speed and accuracy that can often achieve a Word Error Rate (WER) below 10%. These toolkits can nowadays be deployed, for instance, within aircraft cockpits and Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems in order to identify aircraft and display recognized voice messages related to flight data, especially for airports not equipped with radar. Hence, the performance of air traffic controllers and pilots can ultimately be improved by reducing workload and stress and enforcing safety standards. Our experiment conducted at Tangier’s International Airport ATC aimed to build an ASR model that is able to recognize aircraft call signs in a fast and accurate way. The acoustic and linguistic models were trained on the Ibn Battouta Speech Corpus (IBSC), resulting in an unprecedented speech dataset with approved transcription that includes real weather aerodrome observation data and flight information with a call sign captured by an ADS-B receiver. All of these data were synchronized with voice recordings in a structured format. We calculated the WER to evaluate the model’s accuracy and compared different methods of dataset training for model building and adaptation. Despite the high interference in the VHF radio communication channel and fast-speaking conditions that increased the WER level to 20%, our standalone and low-cost ASR system with a trained RNN model, supported by the Deep Speech toolkit, was able to achieve call sign detection rate scores up to 96% in air traffic controller messages and 90% in pilot messages while displaying related flight information from ADS-B data using the Fuzzy string-matching algorithm.

An interactive conversation with a chatbot: Does ChatGPT know standard phraseology in aviation English?

This research investigates the profound effects of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) language model, on the domain of aviation English. Within an industry that places significant emphasis on safety and accuracy, this study utilizes a qualitative case study methodology to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT. There has been an interactive conversation with ChatgGPT acting as an air-traffic controller. The observations based on the instant responses of the chatbot following the prompts demonstrated that ChatGPT shows exceptional competence in conforming to conventional aviation phraseology throughout different flight stages, ranging from ground clearances to landing, by using role-play situations. Beyond linguistic accuracy, ChatGPT facilitates dynamic and contextually relevant dialogues, enhancing aviation education and training experiences.

An ESP syllabus design in Air Traffic Controller Study Program: a describing students’ needs at Vietnam Aviation Academy

An ESP syllabus design in Air Traffic Controller Study Program: a describing students’ needs at Vietnam Aviation Academy

From Raw Data to Practical Application: EEG Parameters for Human Performance Studies in Air Traffic Control

The use of electroencephalography (EEG) techniques has many advantages in the study of human performance in air traffic control (ATC). At present, these are non-intrusive techniques that allow large volumes of data to be recorded on a continuous basis using wireless equipment. To achieve the most with these techniques, it is essential to establish appropriate EEG parameters with a clear understanding of the process followed to obtain them and their practical application. This study explains, step by step, the approach adopted to obtain six EEG parameters: excitement, stress, boredom, relaxation, engagement, and attention. It then explains all the steps involved in analysing the relationship between these parameters and two other parameters that characterise the state of the air traffic control sector during the development of real-time simulations (RTS): taskload and number of simultaneous aircraft. For this case study, the results showed the highest relationships for the engagement and attention parameters. In general, the results confirmed the potential of using these EEG parameters.