Air Tightness Test Research Articles

폴리에틸렌 하수관 연결용 전기발포융착 이음관에 관한 연구

A electro-foaming fusion wrap fitting for polyethylene sewer pipe was built and foaming mechanism has been studied. A foaming sheet, supporting sheet and clamping band is assembled into a all-in-one structured electro-foaming fusion wrap fitting. To specify foaming and fusion of electro-foaming fusion wrap for PE sewer pipe, series of fusion tests were performed in various conditions. A parallel plate compression test up to 50 % of inner diameter deflection has been performed to check integrity of fusion quality and it was found that there were no visible signs of crack in wrapped area of fitting. Also air tightness test based on KS M 3511-2 has been performed to evaluate perfectness of wrap fusion quality and we found there were no pressure drop up to 10 times higher value than KS standard regulation.

Reply to D'Andrilli and Rendina

(i) The exclusion of patients with mild (grade 1) intraoperative air leak. We included all patients with air leaks in our study as we did not want to make any assumptions about the length of time it would take for air leaks to resolve, whatever the grade of air leak. We allocated our patients into the two groups by minimization which ensured balance between the groups with respect to air leak grades among other factors [4]. Although it may appear that we had a smaller proportion of patients with moderate/severe air leaks (Grades 2/3), further inspection of the definition of air leak grades in fact indicate a likely cross-over in our grading system. D’Andrilli et al. graded mild as ‘countable bubbles’ and moderate as ‘a stream of bubbles’. In our grading system, Grade 1 was defined as ‘a single stream of bubbles’ and Grade 2 ‘multiple (2–5) but discrete bubble streams’. We considered it possible to count the number of streams which equates to the number of sources. It is likely that a substantial proportion of patients graded as 1 in our study would have been included in the Italian study as ‘moderate’ according to their grading criteria. However, the grading of air leak is extremely subjective and inter-observer variation is inevitable. It would be impossible to conclude with certainty if this has in fact contributed to the difference in results in the two trials. (ii) Dose of product applied in each patient. We would like to confirm as stated in our study, that patients in the CoSeal group did in fact receive an additional application of CoSeal if there was a persistent air leak after the first application, and often meant using a double volume of sealant similar to the Italian study. The air tightness test was performed for a third time after the second application, but no further CoSeal was applied if an air leak persisted at this stage.

Structure Design and Test of the High Pressure Vessel for Corrosion Testing

This paper have completed the structural design of the GF3.5 25/500, and the cover of the high pressure vessel, flange, the body of the high pressure vessel was stress check, security check, the last combination of pressure tests, air tightness test, Commissioning completion of the three major test the final design.

A Study of Air-Tightness in Australian High-level Bio-containment Facilities

To assess the air-tightness of physical containment level 3 (PC3) bio-containment facilities in Australia, the seal integrity of 18 PC3 facilities was quantified by means of an equilibrium pressure air-tightness test conducted at positive pressure. The results of the test, which measured the leakage of air from the facility, indicate a variation in the air-tightness of the tested facilities which correlated with the facilities' age and method of construction. The results of the test also provided information on the contribution of different types of penetrations of the facility barrier to the overall air-tightness of a PC3 facility. These results demonstrate that while newer facilities constructed using modern technology had the greatest air-tightness, older facilities constructed using cheaper construction materials and methods also achieved a high level of air-tightness. Possible risks to health and human safety from facilities with decreased air-tightness are discussed.

Use of a latex cover sheath for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) instead of regular disinfection of the echoscope?

Better visualization of cardiac structures is an advantage of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Because of this, the transesophageal approach is an essential window in the assessment of various cardiovascular disorders. Quick consecutive access to this instrument should not be delayed by time-consuming cleansing procedures of the probe. In this study we used a sterile latex condom in routine TEE examinations as a barrier to contamination of the echoscope, observing practical use and the incidence of perforations. Defects were detected after the procedure by visual inspection and by an airtightness test. Maneuvers or situations associated with an increased likelihood of injury were checked for. In 180 studies a total of 168 patients were consecutively examined; insertion was feasible in all but one case (99.5%). We found 8 of 181 (4.4%) sheaths defective following the procedure. Visual inspection was less sensitive (only 3 of 8) for finding defects than an airtightness test (8 times). Teeth in situ and/or a bite guard are the only sharp edges during insertion and removing the probe; these seem to be the main risk factors in latex perforation. Application of a cover sheath for each examination saves approximately two-thirds of the time otherwise necessary for a cleansing bath, and easy handling of cover sheaths for TEE make them an alternative to regular disinfection in general. For reasons of safety we recommend checking each used cover sheath after examination for holes so as not to jeopardize the following patient by the possible spread of germs from contaminated probes. Not only visual inspection but also a second method, for example, an airtightness test, is mandatory.