Airtight Conditions Research Articles

Comparison of historic Grübler dyes with modern counterparts

Seventeen Grübler dyes produced in Germany between 1880 and 1939 were examined in this study. These dyes were: fuchsin-bacillus, diamond fuchsin, fuchsin S acid, rubin S, safranin O water soluble, safranin yellowish water soluble, methyl eosin, Sudan III, scarlet R, auramine, orange G, aniline blue, pyronin, carmine, lithium carmine, hematein and aurantia. Spectrophotometry and staining characteristics were used to determine the maximum absorbance and efficacy of each dye in common staining techniques. The spectral curves and staining characteristics of these dyes compared well with modern dyes used as controls. Fuchsin bacillus and diamond fuchsin are synonyms for basic fuchsin. Fuchsin S acid and rubin S are synonyms for acid fuchsin. The scarlet R sample was the same as the Sudan III. The two safranins were the same. The basic fuchsin samples were unsuitable for preparation of Schiff's reagent. Both basic fuchsin and pyronin samples were less concentrated than modern counterparts. It is noteworthy that the dyes worked well after up to 100 years in storage, and this observation indicates that dyes can have a long shelf life when stored in cool, dry, air-tight conditions.

Inferring ventilation and moisture release rates from field psychrometric data only using system identification techniques

System identification techniques are developed allowing room or building ventilation and moisture release rates to be inferred from field psychrometric data only. The techniques have been developed primarily to allow the surveying of a large number of houses so that statistical properties can be compiled, in which high accuracy of individual results is not required. This system provides an alternative to PFT tubes, with some economic advantages. These techniques give rise to two parameters (describing the hygroscopic properties of the room) from which ventilation and moisture release rates can be calculated given indoor and outdoor psychrometric data only. Results within 30% of measured values have been obtained, except for the case of moisture release rates under air-tight conditions where results seem unreliable.

Growth of Penicillium roqueforti, P. carneum, and P. paneum during malfunctioning airtight storage of high-moisture grain cultivars

Penicillium roqueforti is an important spoilage fungus in high-moisture grain stored under airtight conditions where a malfunctioning storage system allows air leakage. It has recently been propose ...

Pichia anomala as a biocontrol agent during storage of high-moisture feed grain under airtight conditions

Abstract Pichia anomala is antagonistic against a range of spoilage molds in vitro as well as against Penicillium roqueforti in high-moisture wheat during malfunctioning airtight storage in laboratory experiments. The use of Pichia anomala to improve the postharvest control of Penicillium roqueforti during airtight storage of feed grain was evaluated in outdoor silos. Inoculated and control winter wheat (cultivar Kosack) in 160-kg portions were stored at a water activity of 0.93 for 12 months in silos that were opened twice a week. During the first 2 months, inoculated Pichia anomala increased to about 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/g, while naturally occurring Pichia anomala in the treatments without inoculated yeast increased from 104 to 106 CFU/g. During the same period, CO2 concentrations increased to almost 70% and stabilized at 50–60%. During the coldest period, O2 concentrations of

The role of ethylene on direct shoot bud regeneration from mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) leaves cultured in vitro

The role of ethylene in the regulation of shoot bud regeneration from leaf explants of mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) was studied by culturing leaf segments (2 mm) on woody plant medium supplemented with BA (20 μM), ethylene inhibitors AgNO 3, AVG or ethylene precursor ACC, under aerated or airtight condition. In aerated cultures, the first emergence of shoot buds occurred on midribs within 18 days of incubation and 92% of the explants regenerated buds by day 42. With airtight cultures sealed with rubber septa stoppers, a large accumulation of ethylene, callus production and a marked delay of at least 12 days in shoot bud regeneration were observed. The addition of ACC to the culture medium also dramatically delayed shoot regeneration and enhanced callus proliferation. Under airtight conditions, both AgNO 3 and AVG were effective in preventing the delay of shoot regeneration and callus formation. However, only AVG suppressed ethylene production. Ethylene or ethylene inhibitors did not affect the percentage of regenerating explants after 49 days of culture. As ethylene only delayed the emergence of shoot buds, it is presumed to regulate some of the early developmental stages associated with shoot bud regeneration in mangosteen leaf explants.

A convenient method for the dry preservation of living fungal or bacterial cultures

Integrated storage and pre-treatment (ISP) combines biopreservation of moist material under airtight conditions and pre-treatment. Moist wheat straw was inoculated with the biocontrol yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus, the xylan degrading yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis or a co-culture of both. The samples and non-inoculated controls were stored at 4 or 15 °C. The non-inoculated controls were heavily contaminated with moulds, in contrast to the samples inoculated with W. anomalus or S. stipitis. These two yeasts were able to grow on wheat straw as sole source of nutrients. When ethanol was produced from moist wheat straw stored for four weeks at 4 °C with S. stipitis, an up to 40% enhanced yield (final yield 0.15 g ethanol per g straw dry weight) was obtained compared to a dry sample (0.107 g/g). In all other moist samples, stored for four weeks at 4 °C or 15 °C, 6–35% higher yields were obtained. Thus, energy efficient bio-preservation can improve the pre-treatment efficiency for lignocellulose biomass, which is a critical bottleneck in its conversion to biofuels.

The effect of carbon dioxide gas alone or in combinations on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and T. confusum du Val (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

Adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and T. confusum du Val exposed to various mixtures of N 2 or He and O 2 were killed when the O 2 concentration reached to 1·7% or below, whereas the adults exposed to CO 2 : O 2 mixtures were killed mostly due to the deleterious effects of CO 2 itself. At 26·7°C and 38 ± 6%r.h., 95 per cent mortality of T. confusum adults was obtained by an exposure of 271 hr to 45% CO 2 : 55% air mixture; 58 hr to 62% CO 2 : 38% air mixture; and 47·5 hr to 80% CO 2 : 20% air mixture, while for T. castaneum adults 95 per cent mortality required 192, 60, and 44 hr respectively. Data obtained by exposing mature and immature stages of both species to 100% CO 2 suggest that adults were the most susceptible, followed by larvae, eggs and pupae. Generally speaking, inactive stages (egg and pupal) were more tolerant to CO 2 than active stages (larval and adult). Increasing the temperature from 15·6° to 26·7°C resulted in increased insect mortalities; the degree of response varying in different stages. Increasing r.h. decreased the susceptibility of adult insects to 100% CO 2. Under airtight conditions 200 adult T. castaneum with 8 g of food medium sealed in 1·2 1. glass flasks depleted the O 2 supply from 20·9% to a critical 1·7% level in 7 days, and adults of T. confusum depleted to the 1·6% level in 5 days of airtightness, and both species produced about 20% of carbon dioxide gas.

Soil Analysis of Trifluralin: Methodology and Factors Affecting Quantitation1

AbstractA simplified soil extraction procedure was evaluated for the recovery of trifluralin (a,a,a,‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine). Soil recovery values for the herbicide compared favorably with those reported in the literature. Recoveries of 90 to 93% of soil‐incorporated trifluralin were obtained over a 7‐day period, regardless of soil moisture conditions, ranging from 0 to 200% of field capacity, and whether treated soils were exposed to the atmosphere or maintained under airtight conditions. After 14 days, herbicide recovery for all treatments was approximately 64%.Trifluralin in methanol or N‐hexane solution was rapidly degraded by ultraviolet light. In a 24‐hour U.V. exposure study, seven degradation products were observed using gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). Under laboratory conditions trifluralin solutions were maintained in the dark for 30 days without degradation but exhibited a 1.4% loss per day when maintained under laboratory light conditions.Linear electron capture detector response was shown to be related to injection volume of trifluralin solutions when analyzed quantitatively.

The effects of temperature rise and oxygen depletion on insect survival in stored grain

An analysis has been made of the interaction between heat production and oxygen consumption within a bulk of infested wheat stored under air-tight conditions. Solutions of appropriate heat conduction equations are presented and examples are given of the temperature rise within the infested region. It is concluded that oxygen depletion will normally prevent the temperature rising to a lethal figure at any point in the bulk.

The adsorption of atmospheric oxygen by wheat

A laboratory study of the desorption of oxygen from samples of Australian wheat of low moisture content showed that the amount of atmospheric oxygen adsorbed was very small, and its rate of evolution was such that it would make little difference to the fate of a population of insects in grain stored under airtight conditions.

Air-tight storage of grain; its effect on insect pests—IV Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and some other Coleoptera that infest stored grain

The independent effects of reduced oxygen tensions and increased carbon dioxide tensions on the mortality of adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) and the larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts have been examined. Their apparent respiratory quotients under air-tight conditions have been measured by following the changes occurring in the air among grain infested by each of the species. It is demonstrated that the five species of insects are killed by oxygen depletion and not by the accumulation of carbon dioxide.

Recent Work on Mercury as an Insecticide against Insect Pests of Stored Grain

A review of the work carried out on mercury as a preservative against stored grain pests is given.The influence of the duration of exposure to mercury vapour upon eggs of different stages of development is discussed.Temperature and humidity within ordinary limits do not affect the efficiency of mercury.Under airtight conditions this preservative is effective within a radius of three feet in receptables with or without grain.Paper strips coated with mercury cannot be recommended for grain stored in bags and kept in piles because pressure and weight of the grain, or even shaking, will cause the mercury to be expelled from the strips.Mercury dispersed in chalk cannot be used for grain destined for consumption. It is, however, quite suitable for preserving grain for seed.Plastering the walls with mercury paste or afflxing slabs to the walls of godowns is not effective owing to the limited range of mercury vapour.Application of mercury in various types of receptacles is discussed and advocated. Fumigation with mercury does not seem to be practicable.

Investigations of the Rough Rice Grains Stored in Airtight Conditions since 1904 and 1906

Investigations of the Rough Rice Grains Stored in Airtight Conditions since 1904 and 1906

On Effects of Water Contents of Rice Grains upon their Biochemical characters in the Storage of Air-Tight Conditions

On Effects of Water Contents of Rice Grains upon their Biochemical characters in the Storage of Air-Tight Conditions