Thermal Oxidation In Air Research Articles

The Thermal-Oxidation Behavior of Pristine and Doped Magnéli Phase Titanium Oxides

Magnéli phase titanium oxides (Ti n O2n−1, 4 ≤ n ≤ 10) are important materials for solid state and electrochemical technologies such as memristors, batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical devices for water treatment. Developing an understanding of transitions between Ti n O2n−1 and its product of oxidation, titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2), as well as strategies such as doping to modulate the conditions for such changes will enable the development of more effective devices. To elucidate a mechanism for their thermal oxidation and investigate the influence of doping, the thermal-oxidation behavior in air of Ti4O7 doped with vanadium, chromium, and iron were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These powders prepared by high-temperature H2 reduction of dopant-containing TiO2 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas adsorption analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). V- and Fe-‍doping improved the thermal stability of Ti4O7 as evidenced by higher onset temperatures in their thermograms. Three-dimensional diffusion reaction models adequately describe the solid-state kinetics of thermal oxidation of Ti4O7 in air as demonstrated by linear model-fitting. Doping shows a mixed influence on the kinetics for thermal oxidation in air reducing both the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and the activation energy.

NANOWIRE OXIDE FILM FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE ALUMINIZED 20 STEEL BY THERMAL OXIDATION

An aluminized coating for low-carbon steel with good corrosion and wear resistance was first prepared through low-temperature pack aluminization. Then, the low-temperature-aluminized steel substrate was subjected to thermal oxidation in air. The phase composition, surface morphology, roughness, and elemental distribution of the aluminized carbon steel both before and after thermal oxidation were analyzed through X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the original carbon steel substrate, aluminized carbon steel, and oxidized carbon steel were tested. Results showed that nanowires composed of iron oxide and alumina formed in situ on the top layer of the aluminized carbon steel. The corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the low-carbon steel with the nanowire oxide coating were better than those of the original carbon steel and aluminized carbon steel because the in-situ nanowire oxide film improved the density of the aluminized coating.

Influence of cerium doping on Cu-Ni/activated carbon low-temperature CO-SCR denitration catalysts.

In this study, to evaluate the effects of two methods for activation of nitric acid, air thermal oxidation and Ce doping were applied to a Cu–Ni/activated carbon (AC) low-temperature CO-SCR denitration catalyst. The Cu–Ni–Ce/AC0,1 catalyst was prepared using the ultrasonic equal volume impregnation method. The physical and chemical structures of Cu–Ni–Ce/AC0,1 were studied using scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO-temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and NO-TPD characterisation techniques. It was found that the denitration efficiency of 6Cu–4Ni–5Ce/AC1 can reach 99.8% at a denitration temperature of 150 °C, a GHSV of 30 000 h−1 and 5% O2. Although the specific surface area of the AC activated by nitric acid was slightly lower than that activated by air thermal oxidation, the pore structure of the AC activated by nitric acid was more developed, and the number of acidic oxygen-containing functional groups was significantly increased. Ce metal ions were inserted into the graphite microcrystalline structure of AC, splitting it into smaller graphene fragments, whereby the dispersibility of Cu and Ni was improved. In addition, many reaction units were formed on the catalyst surface, which could adsorb more CO and NO reaction gases. With the increase in Ce doping, the relative proportions of Cu2+/Cun+, Ni3+/Nin+ and surface adsorbed oxygen (Oα) in the Cu–Ni–Ce/AC0,1 catalyst increased. In addition, after the introduction of Ce into Cu–Ni/AC, the amount of weak and medium acids significantly increased. This may be due to the Ce species or its influence on the Cu/Ni species. Further, the active sites of the acid were more exposed. According to the results of the study, a composite metal oxide CO-SCR denitration mechanism is proposed. Through the oxidation–reduction reaction between the metals, the reaction gas of CO and NO is adsorbed and the incoming O2 is converted into (Oα), which promotes the conversion of NO into NO2. The CO-SCR reaction is accelerated, and the rate of low-temperature denitration was increased. Overall, the results of this study will provide theoretical support for the research and development of low-temperature denitration catalysts for sintering flue gas in iron and steel enterprises.

Photodetecting properties of single CuO\u2013ZnO core\u2013shell nanowires with p\u2013n radial heterojunction

CuO–ZnO core–shell radial heterojunction nanowire arrays were obtained by a simple route which implies two cost-effective methods: thermal oxidation in air for preparing CuO nanowire arrays, acting as a p-type core and RF magnetron sputtering for coating the surface of the CuO nanowires with a ZnO thin film, acting as a n-type shell. The morphological, structural, optical and compositional properties of the CuO–ZnO core–shell nanowire arrays were investigated. In order to analyse the electrical and photoelectrical properties of the metal oxide nanowires, single CuO and CuO–ZnO core–shell nanowires were contacted by employing electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID). The photoelectrical properties emphasize that the p–n radial heterojunction diodes based on single CuO–ZnO core–shell nanowires behave as photodetectors, evidencing a time-depending photoresponse under illumination at 520 nm and 405 nm wavelengths. The performance of the photodetector device was evaluated by assessing its key parameters: responsivity, external quantum efficiency and detectivity. The results highlighted that the obtained CuO–ZnO core–shell nanowires are emerging as potential building blocks for a next generation of photodetector devices.

The Thermal-Oxidation Behavior of Pristine and Doped Magnéli Phase Titanium Oxides

Magnéli phase titanium oxides (Ti n O2n–1, 4 ≤ n ≤ 10) are promising alternatives to carbon-based materials in aqueous electrochemical technologies, but their passivation during operation remains an important challenge to address. To elucidate the mechanism for their oxidation and investigate the influence of doping on their oxidation stability, the thermal-oxidation behavior in air of Ti4O7 doped with V, Cr, Fe, and Ga was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. V-doping and Fe-doping improved the thermal stability of Ti4O7 as evidenced by higher onset temperatures in their thermograms. Three-dimensional diffusion reaction models adequately describe the solid-state kinetics of thermal oxidation of Ti4O7 in air as demonstrated by linear model-fitting. Doping shows a mixed influence on the kinetics for thermal oxidation in air reducing both the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and the activation energy. Cr-doping significantly shortens the lifetime of Ti4O7 in ambient conditions as determined by kinetic predictions.

Study of photodegradation and wetting behavior on synthesis oxides of tin (stannous and stannic)

Amongst the varieties of metal oxides, tin oxides semiconducting are particularly interesting because of their promising nature as catalyst, energy harvesting, water purification, electronics device and space applications. In this study, three synthesized methods (air thermal oxidation, aqueous and non-aqueous) were adopted to explore the properties and application of stannous oxide (SnO) and stannic oxide (SnO2). Tin oxide materials were characterized through different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and photoluminescence. The optical microscopy and electron microscopy images show the morphology of the tin oxide. The percentage of tin and oxygen from the elemental analysis was ~ 55% and 44 wt% respectively. FTIR spectra confirmed the Sn–O functional from the vibration peak. XRD pattern shows the prominent diffraction peak which indicates the state of oxidation of tin oxide and crystallinity. A photodegradation activity was tested in the tin oxide sample with methylene blue to explore how tin oxide surface features absorb the integrity of a dye and degrade in the presence of sunlight. The tin oxide solution emits green fluorescence in the UV light, depending upon its concentration. The water droplet contact angle measured on the tin oxide film which was experimentally observed as 69°. The theoretically wetting behavior was also studied on a tin oxide with the effect of substrate by molecular dynamics. The results suggest that material can be utilized as a photo-catalyst, drug delivery and thin-film application of solar cells.

Effect of Ball Milling and Oxidation on Dispersibility and Dispersion Stability of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in High Viscous Heat Exchange Fluids

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) tend to agglomerate resulting in poor dispersion in most of the common solvents due to possessing long tubular structure, high Vander Waal force of attractions and poor interfacial interactions with the surrounding matrix. To improve the dispersion stability, MWCNT, were subjected to ball milling with 300 rpm for 1 h to reduce the length of the MWCNT to improve the functional groups to the MWCNT wall during chemical functionalization. MWCNTs were subjected to thermal oxidation in air at different temperatures before acid treatment to remove the amorphous carbon from MWCNT. Morphology studies of MWCNTs nanofluids were carried out by using a SEM and TEM methods to characterize the surface deformity of MWCNT structure and extent of defect formation, respectively. FT IR and XRD methods were used for the identification of different functional groups and crystalline nature of pristine, ball milled and oxidized MWCNT, respectively. Raman spectroscopy was applied to measure the relative intensities (ID/IG) to estimate the defect ratios. Preparation of nanofluid by dispersing high defect ratio MWCNTs with a concentration of 100 ppm in the base fluid by the ultra‐sonication method. Nanofluids dispersion stability and cycle stability were studied by using UV‐Visible spectroscopy and MWCNTs treated with combined ball milling and oxidation method have exhibited high stability and high dispersibility.

Facile Synthesis of CuO/ITO Film Via the Chronoamperometric Electrodeposition for Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing

We report on the synthesis of copper (II) oxide (CuO)/indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode via the electrochemical deposition method using a CuSO4 solution and then thermal oxidation in air at temperature of 400 oC for 2 h. The crystalline structure and morphology of CuO were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical properties of the CuO/ITO electrode to glucose in the alkaline medium of 0.1 M NaOH solution were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Chronnoamperometry. The CuO-N/ITO electrode showed the best electrochemical properties for glucose detection in comparison to the others. Chronnoamperometry of CuO-N/ITO electrode to the glucose response showed excellent stability, the linear range of 1 mM to 3600 mM with high sensitivity of 283.6 mAcm-2mM-1 and 0.61 mM of the detection limit (S/N=3). A good response of the CuO-N/ITO electrode, which was investigated for different human serum samples, indicates a high potential of its towards a glucose sensor for analysis in real examples.

Assessment of acid and thermal oxidation treatments for removing sp2 bonded carbon from the surface of boron doped diamond

The presence of sp2 bonded carbon on a diamond or doped diamond surface, as a result of growth or processing, can affect material properties negatively, hence removal processes must be developed. Using boron doped diamond (BDD) we investigate the effectiveness of different removal methods via electrochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. We focus on two BDD surfaces, one processed by ns laser micromachining and the second which contains sp2 bonded carbon as a result of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth. After micromachining a layer of ordered graphite sits on the BDD surface, topped by fissured amorphous carbon (total thickness ∼ μm). Oxidative acid treatment at elevated temperature cannot remove all the sp2 bonded carbon and much smaller clusters of perpendicularly-orientated graphite (tens of nm in diameter), capped with a thinner layer of amorphous carbon – that we term “denatured graphite” – remain. In contrast, thermal oxidation in air at 600 °C is capable of all cluster removal, and can also be used to remove sp2 bonded carbon from as-grown CVD BDD. Such understanding is important to any application where sp2 bonded surface carbon resulting from CVD growth or laser processing is detrimental for the intended application, e.g. in diamond quantum technology, photonics and electrochemistry.

Characteristics of the Surface of E-110 Zirconium Alloy Modified by Air-Thermal Oxidation

The results of investigation of the effect of the air-thermal oxidation regimes on the element and phase composition, morphology, and microhardness of the modified surface of E-110 zirconium alloy are presented. It is established that the element and phase composition of the coatings formed on the surface of specimens subjected to such a treatment depend mainly on the temperature regimes of oxidation. A significant effect on the morphology and thickness of the coatings was caused by the temperature of the reaction medium and the duration of treatment. It is established that at oxidation temperatures of 400 and 500°C and at a duration of 1, 2, and 3 h, the most appropriate regimes for formation of mechanically heavy-duty coatings were realized.

Electrochemicaly formed ZnO and Au/ZnO opal films

ZnO inverse opal films were synthesized electrochemically using aqueous and non-aqueous zinc acetate electrolytes and ITO deposited polystyrene opal matrices. The following thermal oxidation in air was performed for further application in optoelectronics. The overall composition and deposition potentials varied to reach uniform porous films with opal structure. Most uniform photonic film of ZnO with zincite structure has been deposited from DMSO electrolyte. Photoluminescence spectra of the ZnO coverages showed more complex spectra for precipitates sedimented from aqueous baths than from DMSO. Less deficient films of opal ZnO films deposited from DMSO demonstrated lower scattering effect compared to coverages deposited from aqueous electrolytes. Magnetron sputtering was applied for Au/ZnO composite film formation. The optical spectra of the Au/ZnO composite coverages correlate to spectra of uniform Au opal films.

Photocatalytic urchin-like and needle-like ZnO nanostructures synthetized by thermal oxidation

We report a study regarding the photocatalytic activity of urchin-like and needle-like ZnO nanostructures on methylene blue dye aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. Urchin-like and needle-like ZnO nanostructures were grown by thermal oxidation in air of commercial galvanized sheets. Oxidation temperatures were 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C; while oxidation time was fixed at 2 h. The structural and morphological features of the grown ZnO were studied by X-Ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results show that polycrystalline ZnO is obtained at 400, 500 and 600 °C, while amorphous ZnO is produced at 300 °C. Structuring of the sample surface with different morphology was obtained for the oxidation temperatures applied; urchin-like and needle-like nanostructures were obtained at 500 and 600 °C, respectively. Photocatalytic results show that both crystallinity and morphology of the as-prepared ZnO are very important for the photocatalytic activity. In view of the results hereby presented, these urchin-like and needle-like nanostructures could potentially be implemented in water cleaning at industrial level.

Improvement of the Corrosion Resistance of Biomedical Zr-Ti Alloys Using a Thermal Oxidation Treatment

Binary Zr-Ti alloys spontaneously develop a tenacious and compact oxide layer when their fresh surface is exposed either to air or to aqueous environments. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of Zr-45Ti, Zr-25Ti, and Zr-5Ti exposed to simulated physiological solutions at 37 °C evidences the formation of a non-sealing bilayer oxide film that accounts for the corrosion resistance of the materials. Unfortunately, these oxide layers may undergo breakdown and stable pitting corrosion regimes at anodic potentials within the range of those experienced in the human body under stress and surgical conditions. Improved corrosion resistance has been achieved by prior treatment of these alloys using thermal oxidation in air. EIS was employed to measure the corrosion resistance of the Zr-Ti alloys in simulated physiological solutions of a wide pH range (namely 3 ≤ pH ≤ 8) at 37 °C, and the best results were obtained for the alloys pre-treated at 500 °C. The formation of the passivating oxide layers in simulated physiological solution was monitored in situ using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), finding a transition from an electrochemically active surface, characteristic of the bare metal, to the heterogeneous formation of oxide layers behaving as insulating surfaces towards electron transfer reactions.

Характеристики поверхности циркониевого сплава Э-110, модифицированного способом воздушно-термического оксидирования

The results of studying the effect of air-thermal oxidation on the elemental and phase compositions, morphology and microhardness of the modified surface of the zirconium alloy E-110 are presented. It was established that during the processing of samples, coatings were formed on the surface, the elemental and phase compositions of which mainly depended on the temperature conditions of oxidation. The morphology and thickness were significantly affected by the temperature of the reaction medium and the duration of the treatment. It was found that the oxidation temperature of 400 ° C and 500 ° C with a duration of 1, 2 and 3 hours are the most appropriate modes for the formation of mechanically strong coatings.

Core-shell nanowire arrays based on ZnO and CuxO for water stable photocatalysts

Staggered gap radial heterojunctions based on ZnO-CuxO core-shell nanowires are used as water stable photocatalysts to harvest solar energy for pollutants removal. ZnO nanowires with a wurtzite crystalline structure and a band gap of approximately 3.3 eV are obtained by thermal oxidation in air. These are covered with an amorphous CuxO layer having a band gap of 1.74 eV and subsequently form core-shell heterojunctions. The electrical characterization of the ZnO pristine and ZnO-CuxO core-shell nanowires emphasizes the charge transfer phenomena at the junction and at the interface between the nanowires and water based solutions. The methylene blue degradation mechanism is discussed taking into consideration the dissolution of ZnO in water based solutions for ZnO nanowires and ZnO-CuxO core-shell nanowires with different shell thicknesses. An optimum thickness of the CuxO layer is used to obtain water stable photocatalysts, where the ZnO-CuxO radial heterojunction enhances the separation and transport of the photogenerated charge carriers when irradiating with UV-light, leading to swift pollutant degradation.

Characterization of deactivated and regenerated zeolite ZSM-5-based catalyst extrudates used in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass

A major issue in the catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass is the rapid deactivation of the typically employed zeolite-based catalysts. Detailed understanding of the deactivation pathways and the type and location of coke deposits are essential for the further development of improved or new catalyst materials, including appropriate regeneration protocols. Such deactivation and regeneration studies focus almost invariably on small-scale CFP reactor units employing catalyst materials in powder form. In this study, we report the in-depth characterization of deactivated and regenerated ZrO2-promoted zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst extrudates after ex-situ CFP tests carried out in a bench scale reactor. The findings support that coking is the main reason for catalyst deactivation, i.e. for the observed decreased activity in cracking and deoxygenation. Post-mortem characterization by confocal fluorescence microscopy reveals an egg-shell spatial distribution of the coke deposits within the catalyst extrudates. These deposits are heavily poly-aromatic in nature. The majority of the coke build-up occurs in the first 20 min of the reaction and is formed on the strong Brønsted acid sites, which promote deep deoxygenation and cracking. With increasing time-on-stream, the coke deposition slows down, occurring now mainly on the external surface of the zeolite to generate a softer, i.e. more hydrogen-rich, coke on the ZrO2 domains. The catalyst is readily regenerated via thermal oxidation in air, with optimal regeneration at 500 °C. This temperature removes all coke deposits, with no detrimental effect on the catalyst’s structural, textural and acid (type and strength) properties.

ZnO-CuO core-shell heterojunction nanowires for optoelectronic applications

Nowadays, core-shell nanowires have attracted a great scientific interest due to their unique physical properties and advanced functionalities leading to applications in optoelectronic area [1]. Combining ZnO, an n type semiconductor with a band gap of 3.3 eV [2] and CuO, an p type semiconductor with a band gap of 1.2 eV [3], into core-shell radial heterojunction nanowires, a type II heterojunction alignment can be acquired, with a good control of the separation and recombination of the charge carriers at the interface between the two semiconductors. In this context, the ZnO-CuO core-shell heterojunction nanowire arrays were synthesized by thermal oxidation in air and radiofrequency magnetron sputtering (Figure 1). The ZnO-CuO core-shell nanowire arrays were investigated by the morphological, structural, optical, compositional and surface chemistry point of views. In order to assessed their optoelectronic properties, individual ZnO-CuO core-shell nanowires were contacted using photolithography, electron beam lithography and thin film deposition techniques. Exhibiting a rectifying behavior (Figure 2), typical for n-p diodes, these single ZnO-CuO core-shell nanowires can be used in UV photodetectors applications, such as radiation detection, air purification, advanced communications etc.

Deconvoluting the Effects of Surface Area, Functionalization, and Wetting on the Performance of Porous Carbon Electrodes in Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising electrochemical technology for grid-scale energy storage, but further cost reductions are needed for ubiquitous adoption.1 Of particular importance are porous electrodes which are responsible for multiple critical functions in the flow cell including providing surfaces for electrochemical reactions, distributing liquid electrolytes, and conducting electrons and heat. However, there is limited knowledge on how to systematically design and implement these materials in emerging RFB applications, forcing the repurposing of available materials that are not tailored for this electrochemical system. Currently, high performance RFB reactors employ porous electrodes based on the fibrous carbon backing layers of fuel cell gas diffusion layers. While functional, these materials are not designed to meet all RFB requirements and are typically pretreated prior to use.2,3 Arguably the most widely-reported pretreatment strategy, thermal oxidation in air provides a means of introducing redox-enhancing oxygen functional groups to the electrode surface and improving hydrophilicity, albeit often at the expense of electrochemically active surface area (ECSA).4,5 Consequently, optimal performance is achieved by a balance of electrode properties rather than a maximization of each. Unfortunately, the potential- and temperature-dependence of underlying structure-property relationships remain poorly understood and, thus, electrode optimizations are typically performed via trial-and-error approaches. In this presentation, we will investigate the interplay between surface functionalization, wetting, and surface area on the performance of porous carbon electrodes in aqueous RFBs. Specifically, we systematically vary pretreatment conditions (e.g., temperature, time, atmosphere) for select porous carbon electrodes, characterize their wettability, surface chemistry, and ECSA, and correlate these properties to electrochemical performance. To this end, we leverage model surface-sensitivity redox couples over a range of potentials in combination with diagnostic flow cell configurations to disaggregate coupled effects and identify dominant sensitivities. Overall, we seek to determine generalizable performance descriptors that can guide the design of next-generation electrodes specifically for RFB applications. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the United States Department of Energy. K.V.G acknowledges additional funding from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. The authors acknowledge the Center for Nanoscale Systems and the NSF’s National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) for the use of Nanoscale Analysis facility for electrode property characterization. References M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. H. Chakrabarti, S. A. Hajimolana, F. S. Mjalli, and M. Saleem, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, R55 (2011).T. J. Rabbow, M. Trampert, P. Pokorny, P. Binder, and A. H. Whitehead, Electrochimica Acta, 173, 17–23 (2015).N. Pour et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 5311–5318 (2015).B. Sun and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Electrochimica Acta, 37, 8. (1992).K. V. Greco, A. Forner-Cuenca, A. Mularczyk, J. Eller, and F. R. Brushett, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 44430–44442 (2018).

Radial heterojunction based on single ZnO-CuxO core-shell nanowire for photodetector applications

ZnO-CuxO core-shell radial heterojunction nanowire arrays were fabricated by a straightforward approach which combine two simple, cost effective and large-scale preparation methods: (i) thermal oxidation in air of a zinc foil for obtaining ZnO nanowire arrays and (ii) radio frequency magnetron sputtering for covering the surface of the ZnO nanowires with a CuxO thin film. The structural, compositional, morphological and optical properties of the high aspect ratio ZnO-CuxO core-shell nanowire arrays were investigated. Individual ZnO-CuxO core-shell nanowires were contacted with Pt electrodes by means of electron beam lithography technique, diode behaviour being demonstrated. Further it was found that these n-p radial heterojunction diodes based on single ZnO-CuxO nanowires exhibit a change in the current under UV light illumination and therefore behaving as photodetectors.

MnO promoted phase-pure M1 MoVNbTe oxide for ethane oxidative dehydrogenation

Abstract M1 phase of MoVNbTe oxide catalyst is a promising catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) process. Raising V5+ concentration in the catalyst is an effective way to improve the catalytic performance while thermal oxidation in air has limited effect on the increase of vanadium valence state. In this work, manganese is introduced into the catalyst system, acting as oxygen facilitator, making M1 oxidized by gas phase oxygen at lower temperature during the preparation process. The influence of manganese addition amount and combination method on catalyst activity is studied. BET, XPS, SEM, TEM, ICP, TPR, and TPD characterizations are performed to study the correlation between catalyst properties and catalytic performance. Corresponding to the valence state increment, the catalyst promoted by MnOx gives an improved catalytic performance, e.g., over 20% improvement in ODHE process at 400 °C based on the ethane conversion.