Air Supply Research Articles

Experimental investigation of the small-scale prototype of the dew point water recovery system

The article presents experimental investigation of the Dew Point Water Recovery (DPWR) system designed for clean water recovery using the dew point cooling phenomenon. The technology is a novel distillation process which allows for highly efficient water recovery. It is a first distillation technology which allows for water distillation through direct contact with atmospheric air. The authors designed, built, and tested an original prototype of a laboratory-scale DPWR system to verify its basic operating principles and perform performance analysis. It was shown that on average 10 × 10−6 m3 of clean water could be recovered from each cubic meter of the supply air with an average GOR of 1.9. Although the operation of the DPWR system requires electricity to drive fans, pumps and other associated equipment, the actual driving force of the system is thermal energy. The average thermal energy demand of the DPWR system was 370 kWh/m3, and more than half of this energy was based on the thermodynamic potential of the supply air. Based on experimental data, the mathematical model of the DPWR system was verified and it was found that the average relative discrepancy in predicting air temperature did not exceed 8%, and in predicting air humidity: 5%. The conducted experiments confirmed that the proposed DPWR system is feasible and has the potential to fill the technological gap in terms of a low-energy and easily accessible water recovery method.

Причины повреждений корпусных конструкций в носовой оконечности судов

The operation of marine vessels, especially large-tonnage ones, is accompanied by the occurrence of serious damage to hull structures within bow in stormy conditions. A new mechanism to explain the catastrophic destruction of the side grillages of large-tonnage ships in the area of the bow is proposed. Simulation of the process of flow around the fore end when it is digged in a wave using SPH technology showed that when the flow speeds around the fore end occur when the vessel moves in developed waves, there is a sharp drop in pressure in certain areas of the bow end. This circumstance can lead to the occurrence of cavitation that is confirmed by modeling the process of flow around the fore end using ANSYS FLUENT software. During stall cavitation, a cavitation cavern of considerable size may arise, the collapse of which is accompanied by the occurrence of hydrodynamic loads that can destroy hull structures. A calculation method is proposed that allows one to estimate the magnitude of hydrodynamic loads acting on the ship’s hull during the collapse of a cavitation cavern. To prevent damage to the bow in storm conditions, a number of constructive measures have been proposed. One of the options for solving the problem is to install a deck fairing in the bow that eliminates the negative influence of structural cavitators in the traditional design when the bow is digged in the wave. It is also possible to install a compressed air supply system to those areas of the bow where vacuum occurs when a liquid flows around when digged in a wave.

Optimization on the peroxide ratio control strategy of PEMFC system based on immune algorithm

The air supply system is an essential component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and proper control of the oxygen stoichiometry ratio(λo2) is crucial to prevent oxygen starvation in the PEMFC while maintaining efficient and stable performance output. In response to the issues of poor dynamic performance and slow response in traditional λo2 control strategies, this study was conducted to establish a dynamic oxygen flow model of the PEMFC and proposed a λo2 control strategy based on an immune algorithm-fuzzy PID (IAFPID). The performance of the IAFPID control strategy in λo2 control was analyzed under different load requirements, simulated vehicle dynamic loads, and temperature disturbances. The results demonstrate that the IAFPID control strategy has advantages such as fast convergence speed, strong robustness, and good dynamic performance. The efficiency of achieving the optimal stoichiometry ratio for high power output in PEMFC under disturbances was nearly 50% higher with IAFPID control compared to traditional PID, Fuzzy-PID, Genetic Algorithm PID, and Immune Algorithm PID strategies. Furthermore, this method ensures a lower average error in maintaining stable λo2 under dynamic disturbances compared to the IAPID and PID control strategies, with reductions of 12.93% and 37.75%, respectively.

Experimental thermal performance investigation of air-type solar collector with PCM-rod embedded in vacuum tube

Based on an evacuated tube collector, this study designs a direct flow channel, a spiral tube structure, and a PCM-rod, which are combined to form an air-type direct flow evacuated tube collector integrated with a phase change material. In this study, the thermal performance of the proposed collector is tested and a new method of calculating the instantaneous thermal efficiency (η) by the equivalent thermal efficiency of the PCM (ηpcm) was proposed. Meanwhile, the heat storage effect of the PCM-rod and the influence of series or parallel connections and air supply mode on the thermal efficiency are analysed. The results demonstrate that the PCM-rod causes a more gradual temperature change in the collector, and the maximum temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the collector reached 129.1 °C. When the radiation intensity is weak at 18:00, the outlet temperature of the collector can still reach 70.2 °C, which is 21.8 °C higher than that of the collector without a PCM-rod. At the same time, the use of PCM-rods can effectively improve the η of the collector and exhibit more gradual changes in η, and the maximum η is 285 %. In addition, the ηpcm can reach 225 %, which transfers heat efficiently and plays the role of peak cutting and valley filling. The η of the series-connected collector is lower than that of the parallel-connected collector during the day, but the opposite is true when the radiation intensity is weak. On the other hand, we should choose the upper air supply for the collectors connected in series, and then the lower air supply is more suitable when connected in parallel.

Evaluation of the airflow distribution of a vertical air ventilation system in a car cabin using PIV measurements and CFD simulations

The main goal of a ventilation system in the car cabin in general is to guarantee an adequate thermal comfort for all passengers and to enable a good air quality with sufficient air supply into the cabin. Quantifying the indoor air distribution is essential to provide the necessary thermal comfort and the required air quality. The aim of this study is therefore to analyze the subsequent airflow distribution of the vertical air ventilation system presented as a possible solution for future cars with modern interior designs. With the vertical air ventilation concept, air vents are located at the ceiling and floor area of the car cabin, as ceiling and floor regions enable a large-area influx of air into the car cabin and allow accessibility to passengers in every seating position. For the analysis of the airflow distribution of the ventilation system, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements have been performed with a test vehicle in a climate chamber under specific conditions. Two different thermal manikins, one heated and the other unheated, have been used in the experiments. The results of the comparison between the two thermal manikins reflect a relatively low to medium impact of the human thermal natural convection on the airflow pattern around the manikin in the different air distribution modes of the vertical air ventilation system. Using the same ventilation settings, numerical simulations have been performed. The results of the numerical simulations are analyzed and compared with the results of the PIV measurements. The developed numerical model shows a good agreement with the experiments. It can hence be used for example in further studies to evaluate the thermal comfort or the air quality of the vertical airflow system as a new ventilation concept for future car interior designs.

Performance Analysis of Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger of High-Power Density Racks

Abstract The ability of traditional room-conditioning systems to accommodate expanding information technology loads is limited in contemporary data centers, where the storage, storing, and processing of data have grown quickly as a result of evolving technological trends and rising demand for online services, which has led to an increase in the amount of waste heat generated by IT equipment. Through the implementation of hybrid air and liquid cooling technologies, targeted, on-demand cooling is made possible by employing various techniques, which include but are not limited to in-row, overhead, and rear door heat exchanger cooling systems. One of the liquid cooling techniques will be examined in this study based on different conditions for high-power density racks (+50 kW). This paper investigates the cooling performance of a liquid-to-air in-row CDU in a test rack containing seven thermal test vehicles under various conditions, focusing on cooling capacity and HX effectiveness under different supply air temperatures. This test rig has the necessary instruments to monitor and analyze the experiments on both the liquid and the air sides. Moreover, another experiment is conducted to assess the performance of the CDU that runs under different control fan schemes, as well as how the change of the control type will affect the supply fluid temperature and the TTV case temperatures at 10%, 50%, and 100% of the total power. Finally, suggestions for the best control fan scheme to use for these units are provided at the conclusion of the study.

Sequestration of cyanide ions from aqueous medium by physio-chemically fabricated biochar of peels of banana and grape fruit in ecofriendly way

Pakistan is an agricultural country producing plenty of fruits, like: mango, banana, apple, peaches, grapes, plums, variety of citrus fruits including lemon, grapefruit, and oranges. So far the peels of most of the fruits are usually wasted and not properly utilized anywhere. In this work, the peels of banana and grapefruit are converted into biochar by slow pyrolysis under controlled supply of air and used for sequestering cyanide ions from aqueous medium after chemical modification with ZnCl2 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The modified biochar was characterized by various instrumental techniques, like: SEM, FTIR, TGA, and CHNS. Different parameters, like: time, temperature, pH, and dose of adsorbent affecting the adsorption of cyanide ions, onto prepared biochar were optimized and to understand the adsorption phenomenon, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. Concentration of cyanide ions was estimated by employing standard ion selective electrode system and it is found that Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate treated biochar of banana peels shown more adsorption capacity, i.e.,: 17.080 mg/g as compared to all samples. Present work revealed that the biochar produced from the fruit waste has sufficient potential to eliminate trace quantities of cyanide from water, especially after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Coordinated management of oxygen excess ratio and cathode pressure for PEMFC based on synthesis variable-gain robust predictive control

In this research endeavor, a novel synthesis variable-gain robust model predictive control (SVGRPC) method using the min-max technique with parameter dependent Lyapunov functions is introduced to achieve the desired trajectory tracking of oxygen excess ratio (OER) and cathode pressure in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) system. Initially, a simplified control-oriented model of the air supply system is developed and then transformed into a polytopic form to accommodate the inherent uncertainties in the PEMFC. Subsequently, the polytopic model is integrated with the reference trajectory to construct an augmented state-space model for deriving an error state representation. In the framework of robust model predictive control (RPC) utilizing a parameter-dependent Lyapunov function, a series of variable feedback gains are employed to mitigate conservatism. Additionally, the online solution process imposes a significant computational burden, presenting challenges for the real-time implementation of RPC-based control strategy. Therefore, the offline computing is introduced to significantly reduce the computational burden, resulting in the development of the SVGRPC strategy proposed in this paper. Subsequently, the SVGRPC strategy computes explicit linear state-feedback control laws by solving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) using an offline control algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is then validated through assessments conducted under three distinct operating conditions of the PEMFC system. The outcomes of this study affirm that the proposed controller improves the requirements of control performance when compared to the online RPC with a quadratic Lyapunov function while significantly alleviating the computational workload.

Enhancing control disorder and implementing V2X-Based suppression methods for electric vehicle CO2 thermal management systems

In recent years, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) thermal management systems has underscored the crucial role in ensuring driving safety and optimizing driving range has become increasingly prominent. However, the inherent dynamic complexity of EV operation coupled with automatic control systems, can sometimes lead to unstable behavior, resulting in performance degradation and safety risks for compressors and batteries. To effectively address this issue, an evaluation was conducted on the dynamic control characteristics of an EV thermal management system utilizing CO2 as the refrigerant in this study. Through mathematical modeling and experimental analysis, the erratic nature of the dynamic thermal process was first identified. The underlying reasons were elucidated, focusing on system control characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms. It was found that control disorder could induce abnormal actions in thermal management system components like compressors and expansion valve, leading to significant performance decline and issues such as liquid carryover in compressor suction. Furthermore, specific control disorder regions of CO2 heat pumps for EVs were delineated, providing a framework for assessing the likelihood of system control disorder. Notably, control disorder was more likely to occur under conditions of low indoor air flow rate, high ambient temperature, and low supply air temperature. Given the widespread nature of this issue and the lack of suitable solutions, two control disorder suppression schemes were developed using V2X technology and validated through simulation. Results showed that adoption of V2X communication technology prevented an average of 70.1 % COP degradation, ensuring stability and safety of compressors and batteries under various operating conditions. The research provides useful information for exploring the dynamic characteristics of CO2 thermal management systems, offering a novel approach to enhance the system stability and efficiency.

Assessment of performance and sustainability of waste heat dryer coupled with air conditioner unit during drying of banana slices

The present work presents the effective application of waste heat rejected from window air conditioning (AC) in a waste heat dryer (WHD) for drying plantain banana slices. The comparison between drying with the waste heat dryer coupled with an AC unit (ACWHD) and a natural convective indirect solar dryer (SD) reveals significant differences in drying kinetics, supply air conditions, and thermodynamic performance. The drying kinetics of banana slices obtained with ACWHD and SD were validated by revisiting the concepts of dryer performance index (DPI) and generalized drying curve. The temperature of the hot air supplied to the drying chamber in ACWHD was 48 °C while the relative humidity of the supply air was below 30 %. The thermodynamic performance assessment revealed that the exergetic efficiency was about 45 % and 16 % for ACWHD and SD respectively. The results of exergy based sustainable index and environment impact factor indicated the potential application of the waste heat of residual air from AC units for drying applications. Thus, the results of the present study imply that this novel idea has appreciable potential for commercialization with large-scale central air conditioning units in commercial complexes and industries where the magnitude of heat rejection will be multi-fold.

An Experimental Study for Air Temperature Distribution in a Conditioned Room Using Various Vertical Locations of Conditioned Air Ducts

The Air distribution phenomenon is most useful in thermal environment study and its effectiveness. The main aim of this investigation is to examine and discover the thermal properties of the inside area and its thermal environment. The experimental work for research was studied at the first-floor lab of the government women’s polytechnic, Bhopal. The experiment was conducted in the summer and winter seasons in a closed-conditioned room with the arrangement of a conditioned air discharge duct. The conditioned air was discharged through the circular pipe duct which was set vertically. The duct has arrangements to discharge the air through various vertical positions as the lower duct (L), middle duct (M), and upper duct (U). This experimental work investigates supply air velocity and vertical temperature variation effectiveness inside said test room. The experiment results were collected with lower, middle, and vertical duct opening conditions respectively. The vertical temperature variation and air velocity at the outlet of the duct were noted with considerable points at 1 m from each inside the test room space. The outcome of the results shows the indoor thermal environment and vertical temperature distribution were affected by the discharge air duct position and supply air velocity. The temperature profile vertically impacted when the measuring test point position was near the discharge air duct and it became quite consistent in respective measurements from a large distance.

Effects and optimization of airflow on the thermal environment in a data center

In this research, the escalating energy consumption challenges in data centers are addressed by optimizing airflow organization designs. Through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, three different airflow strategies were evaluated and improved: underfloor precision air conditioning, inter-column air conditioning, and backplane air conditioning. These cooling systems, which are usually considered in isolation, were compared in a comprehensive manner to get a full picture of their efficiency and effectiveness. The findings reveal that the implementation of cold aisle containment (CAC) or hot aisle containment (HAC) significantly improves air supply efficiency (ASE) and reduces the supply heat index (SHI), leading to a more uniform temperature distribution and enhanced cooling performance. Specifically, the ASE increased from 65.69% to 85.57% and 90.25% for underfloor precision air conditioning and from 71.29% to 92.16% and 92.17% for inter-column air conditioning, with corresponding reductions in SHI. The backplane cooling system offered consistent ambient temperatures throughout the room, eliminating thermal hotspots without the need for aisle containment. This study offers a comparative analysis of different airflow organization schemes, highlighting the benefits of aisle containment in precision and inter-column air conditioning and the suitability of backplane air conditioning for high-density cooling without the need for traditional aisle separation. The results are crucial for informing energy-efficient cooling strategies in data center design and operation.

Gluconic Acid Production by Using Recombinant Escherichia coli Waksman pqq+ Cells with a Novel Approach from Biomass Sources.

Gluconic acid (GA) is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, detergent, textile, leather, and concrete industries. However, cost-effective and high-yield production of GA remains a challenge. Due to currently high raw material inputs of GA, various alternative carbohydrate sources are being investigated. Sucrose is one of the cost-effective biomass sources that can be used as feedstock. The most common industrial production of GA is based on wild-type bacteria and fungi, but there are many problems with this production. This study aimed to optimize the production of GA from glucose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose using recombinant E. coli Waksman (W) pqq+ strain. After sucrose was enzymatically hydrolyzed, significant medium components for GA production were determined as glucose, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), peptone, and ammonium phosphate ((NH4)3PO4) using Placket-Burman Design (PBD). Detailed optimization of the medium components that are significant in GA production was carried out using central composite design (CCD), and optimum values of the independent variables examined in maximum GA production (93.5 ± 2.95g/L) were determined as glucose 95, CaCO3 25, peptone 2, and (NH4)3PO4 1.13 (g/L). Using results obtained in the Erlenmeyer experiments, GA production in the bioreactor was investigated by CCD. The maximum GA efficiency (3.20 ± 0.15g/L. h) was obtained under conditions where the air supply rate was 10.82 L/min, stirring speed was 656.87rpm, and CaCO3 concentration was 16.90g/L. In conclusion, it has been shown that GA can be produced with a high yield with this novel approach using a recombinant strain for GA production from sucrose.

Thermal Environment Analysis and Optimization for Large Space Buildings with Radiant Cooling Floors: A Case Study of Xianyang International Airport

Radiant cooling floors combined with ventilation systems have been widely applied in large space buildings. However, there has been a lack of research on system control strategies for their adaptation to weather changes. This study aimed to find control strategies for radiant cooling floors combined with displacement ventilation systems used in large space buildings in order to achieve energy conservation and environmental improvement. Supply air temperature and cooling surface temperature were determined to be the control variables. It was found that cooling capacity of the combined system and the comfort index, PMV (predicted mean vote), were linear in relation to the supply air temperature and cooling surface temperature. The linear equations regarding cooling capacity and PMV were established separately using environment data, and then the optimal region was determined. A case study on Terminal 3 of Xi’an Xianyang International Airport was conducted. The thermal environment was investigated through on-site measurements, questionnaires, and numerical simulations with CFD (computational fluid dynamics). It was found that supply air temperature and cooling surface temperature had a significant impact on PMV, and less impact on the cooling capacity. Therefore, it was determined that the supply air temperature should be altered first when the indoor temperature exceeds the upper limit, and then the cooling surface temperature should be changed if the indoor environment continues to overheat with the supply air temperature set to 18 °C. Thus, the supply air temperature was kept at 18 °C, and the floor surface temperature was set to be 22 °C on a high-temperature day. The average PMV was 0.87, and the cooling capacity of the combined system was 200 W/(m2·K), according to the CFD simulation. In addition, the surface heat transfer coefficient of the cooling floor was found to be 10.26 W/(m2·K). This research provides important references for the design and operational management of radiant cooling floors in large space buildings.

Structure analysis of double comb about jet spinning machine based on CFD

PurposeAs a new type of spinning machine, the jet spinning machine absorbs the carding system of the rotating cup spinning series and the nozzle part of the jet spinning. This paper aims to intends to introduce the double carding structure currently studied by the rotating cup spinning into the jet spinning machine, and analyze the influence of the nozzle characteristic number on the flow field in the double carding structure to verify the advantages of the double carding structure.Design/methodology/approachThe simulation is used to evaluate the performance of single/double split jet spinning and nozzle feature number, verify the technical advantages of double split jet spinning and evaluate the influence of nozzle feature number on flow field. The influence of the nozzle characteristic number on the flow pattern in the four models is compared. The advantages and disadvantages of a conventional single comb and a double comb with a bypass channel on the longer side of the transport channel as an additional air supply channel are also evaluated.FindingsAt present, the double comb technology of rotary cup spinning is being studied at home and abroad to improve the spinning quality and improve the difficult problem of mixed yarn with large difference in processing fiber properties. At present, the jet spinning machine combines the advantages of rotary cup spinning and jet spinning, absorbing the comb system of rotary cup spinning series and the nozzle part of jet spinning. Therefore, it is found that the introduction of the double-split structure into the wool jet spinning has research value to improve the spinning quality.Originality/valueThe purpose of this paper is to refer to the previous research on the double comb structure in rotary spinning, and to apply the double comb structure in the new jet spinning machine to improve the spinning quality. The simulation is used to evaluate the performance of single/double split jet spinning and nozzle feature number, verify the technical advantages of double split jet spinning and evaluate the influence of nozzle feature number on flow field.

Research on energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles based on improved dynamic programming and air supply optimization

It is crucial to accurately calculate the cost function of the energy management strategy (EMS) of the hybrid powertrain to improve the hydrogen economy of the system. This paper proposes an EMS for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEV) based on improved dynamic programming (DP) and air supply optimization to improve economy and reliability. Taking the maximum net power output of the FC system as the target, the optimal oxygen excess ratio (OER) and cathode pressure of the FC system under different current densities are solved by using PSO. A velocity prediction method based on Bi-LSTM is developed to predict short-term velocity changes in real time. The DP algorithm is introduced and the EMS of the DP algorithm based on short-term velocity prediction is developed for real-time hybrid powertrain optimization and management. Based on the results of energy allocation and optimal gas supply conditions of FCs, the cost function of EMS is modified to reallocate the power of the FC system and battery. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the lowest hydrogen consumption compared to the other two algorithms. Remarkably, it reduces the fuel cost by up to 8.85 % compared to the commonly used online DP algorithm.

Research on the coordinated control of oxygen excess ratio and air pressure for PEMFC's air supply system

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) air supply system is a complex nonlinear system with strong coupling of air flow and pressure. To avoid oxygen starvation and unstable output performance during rapid load changes, the oxygen excess ratio (OER) and air pressure need to be controlled effectively. To cope with the nonlinearity, coupling and uncertainty of the PEMFC air system, this paper puts forward a coordinated controller regulating OER and air pressure based on the input-output linearization and sliding mode methods. Firstly, a control-oriented third-order model is proposed to describe the dynamic behavior of the air supply system. Secondly, this paper decouples the flow and pressure of the PEMFC air system by using an input-output linearization method to obtain two independent linear subsystems. Moreover, a sliding mode method, effectively coping with the uncertainty of the system model, is designed to regulate the OER and air pressure of the PEMFC, which enhances the robustness of the control system. The overall simulation outcomes show that the proposed controller regulates OER and cathode pressure with smaller root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) compared with the combined proportional integral (PI) and feedforward controller.

Improving the Fuel Economy and Energy Efficiency of Train Cab Climate Systems, Considering Air Recirculation Modes

Current developments in vehicles have generated great interest in the research and optimization of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems as a factor to reduce fuel consumption. One of the key trends for finding solutions is the intensive development of electric transport and, consequently, additional requirements for reducing energy consumption and modifying climate systems. Of particular interest is the optimal functioning of comfort and life support systems during air recirculation, i.e., when there is a complete or partial absence of outside air supply, in particular to reduce energy consumption or when the environment is polluted. This work examines numerical models of airfields (temperature, speed, and humidity) and also focuses on the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the cabin, which is a critical factor for ensuring the health of the driver and passengers. To build a mathematical model, the Navier–Stokes equations with energy, continuity, and diffusion equations are used to simulate the diffusion of gases and air humidity. In the Ansys Fluent finite volume analysis package, the model is solved numerically using averaged RANS equations and k-ω turbulence models. The cabin of a mainline locomotive with two drivers, taking into account their breathing, is used as a transport model. The problem was solved in a nonstationary formulation for the design scenario of summer and winter, the time of stabilization of the fields was found, and graphs were constructed for different points in time. A comparative analysis of the uniformity of fields along the height of the cabin was carried out with different locations of deflectors, and optimal configurations were found. Energy efficiency values of the climate system operation in recirculation operating modes were obtained. A qualitative assessment of the driver’s blowing directions under different circulation and recirculation modes is given from the point of view of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the breathing area. The proposed solution makes it possible to reduce electricity consumption from 3.1 kW to 0.6 kW and in winter mode from 11.6 kW to 3.9 kW and save up to 1.5 L/h of fuel. The conducted research can be used to develop modern energy-efficient and safe systems for providing comfortable climate conditions for drivers and passengers of various types of transport.

A novel adaptive fast sliding mode control method based on fuzzy algorithm for the air management system of fuel cell stack

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer advantages, such as, cleanliness, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. To achieve optimal control of the PEMFC stack's air supply and management system under complex operating conditions, a novel non-singular terminal sliding mode controller based on fuzzy algorithm is proposed. Compared with the conventional sliding mode control, the terminal sliding mode control exhibits further performance improvements. However, it still has limitations. The proposed innovative sliding mode structure would ensure finite-time convergence and avoid the issue of singularity associated with terminal sliding mode control. Moreover, fuzzy logic makes sliding mode gain adapt to the system and further enhances the performance and stability, which is benefited from a stronger sliding surface. Results indicate that, compared with the other controllers, the designed controller could reduce delay further and provide faster response to sudden changes. The overshoot of sliding surface has decreased by 70% compared to its previous level. This novel control approach significantly enhances the efficiency and reliability of the PEMFC system.

Design and 4E Analysis of a Hybrid Air Supply System for Blast Furnaces Driven by Excess Pressure and Waste Heat Recovery

Design and 4E Analysis of a Hybrid Air Supply System for Blast Furnaces Driven by Excess Pressure and Waste Heat Recovery