Air Space Research Articles

D-FFP: A directional force field protocol for the efficient management of aerial conflicts between UAVs

Airspace management is currently experiencing significant legislative changes in many countries due to the high complexity of the procedures involved, and the need to guarantee high levels of flight safety, particularly in urban air spaces. In this regard, both strategic and tactical conflict management solutions are being devised to handle conflicts between different UAVs. In this paper, we propose a solution for tactical conflict management that seeks to avoid collisions between UAVs while introducing low complexity in terms of calculations involved and protocol requirements. Our solution specifically addresses multirotor UAVs, and seeks to accelerate the handling of possible conflicts in aerial traffic corridors, which are the most critical scenarios envisioned for the near future due to the high density of UAVs in such spaces. Experimental results obtained in both MATLAB and our realistic drone simulator, ArduSim, evidence the advantages of our solution against previous approaches when solving collisions in a 2D plane. In addition, we propose a 3D extension to handle flight conflicts in more complex scenarios while guaranteeing that floor and ceiling flight limits are adequately enforced.

Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets protect Torreya grandis against root rot disease

Root rot is a soil-borne disease primarily caused by fungi. The malady not only decrease the ability of absorbing water and nutrients, but also severely threat agricultural productivity. Recently, a new family member of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide materials, MXene (Ti3C2Tx), has gained much interest as a promising approach to control fungi. However, the efficient use and mechanism of MXene in protecting plant against pathogenic fungus are still rarely reported. Here, the synthesized MXene were first characterized by the atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). MXene application in soil obviously enhanced the root rot disease resistance of T. grandis. Soil microbial community analysis indicated that the abundance of Fusasium genus was decreased by 68.32% after MXene treatment. Further, MXene specially affected the permeability of Fusarium solani via damaging their cell membranes, thereby causing the disintegration and cell death of F. solani. In addition, MXene nanoflakes could transport into roots through T. grandis root air space, which resulted in the accumulation of lignin in roots via enhancing the expression and activities of lignin biosynthesis-related genes in T. grandis roots. Taken together, our finding pioneers comprehensive insights into the antifungal mechanism of MXene against F. solani and the efficiency use of MXene in protecting plant against pathogenic fungus, which will prompt the rapid development of nanotechnology in sustainable forestry.

Energizing the Lung Vasculature in the Premature Infant to Promote Alveolar Formation

Background/Objective: Chronic lung disease of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurs when infants born with underdeveloped immature lungs are forced to navigate the expansion of future air spaces, with irregular vascular formation proceeding development of BPD. Lung development has distinct and dynamic metabolic requirements. We recently identified by mass spectrometry that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), generated from vitamin B3 ‘Nicotinamide’ (NAM), was significantly reduced in a hyperoxia murine model of BPD. As NAM/NAD+ are dynamic regulators of tissue regenerating neovascularization in otherdisease processes, we hypothesized that NAM/NAD+ metabolic deficiencies contribute to compromised angiogenesis formation and alveolar formation.
 Methods: Impact of NAM supplementation on circulating human neonatal endothelial colonyforming cells (ECFCs) were assessed for differential capillary formation properties of angiogenesis (Matrigel), migration (wound healing), proliferation (WST1 and crystal violetstaining), and mitochondrial function in normoxia and hyperoxia (85% oxygen) conditions.
 Results: Hyperoxia suppresses ECFC angiogenesis, while NAM supplementation in hyperoxia significantly rescued vascular networks, branched nodes, and branch points (p<0.001). Wound healing assays suggest that NAM promotes cell migration in normoxia and hyperoxia (p<0.0001). Although NAM increased WST1 activity in hyperoxia, crystal violet analysis determined that NAM had no impact on ECFC proliferation. Lastly, NAM significantly reduced hyperoxia induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05).
 Conclusion and Clinical Implications: Lung development has specific metabolic needs during different stages of development that are disrupted by premature birth. Replenishment of NAM promotes angiogenesis and migration in hyperoxia while reducing mitochondrial activity. Future studies are necessary to explore the role of NAM/NAD+ axis in the developing lung.

CT-Based Intratumoral and Peritumoral Radiomics Nomograms for the Preoperative Prediction of Spread Through Air Spaces in Clinical Stage IA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

The study aims to investigate the value of intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics and clinical-radiological features for predicting spread through air spaces (STAS) in patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 336 NSCLC patients from our hospital were randomly divided into the training cohort (n = 236) and the internal validation cohort (n = 100) at a ratio of 7:3, and 69 patients from the other two external hospitals were collected as the external validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to select clinical-radiological features and construct a clinical model. The GTV, PTV5, PTV10, PTV15, PTV20, GPTV5, GPTV10, GPTV15, and GPTV20 models were constructed based on intratumoral and peritumoral (5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm) radiomics features. Additionally, the radscore of the optimal radiomics model and clinical-radiological predictors were used to construct a combined model and plot a nomogram. Lastly, the ROC curve and AUC value were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the model. Tumor density type (OR = 6.738) and distal ribbon sign (OR = 5.141) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of STAS. The GPTV10 model outperformed the other radiomics models, and its AUC values were 0.887, 0.876, and 0.868 in the three cohorts. The AUC values of the combined model constructed based on GPTV10 radscore and clinical-radiological predictors were 0.901, 0.875, and 0.878. DeLong test results revealed that the combined model was superior to the clinical model in the three cohorts. The nomogram based on GPTV10 radscore and clinical-radiological features exhibited high predictive efficiency for STAS status in NSCLC.

Thermal Performance of Residential Roofs in Malaysia: Experimental Study Using an Indoor Solar Simulator

Previous researchers have detailed the problems in measuring the thermal resistance value of a whole roof assembly under hot conditions due to the uncertainty of the outdoor environment. Currently, no established method exists to experimentally investigate an entire thermal roof performance under a steady-state condition. This article details the properties of the indoor solar simulator and the research methods undertaken to measure the thermal resistance value of roof assembly. The indoor solar simulator utilizes 40 halogen bulbs to accurately replicate sun radiation. Thermocouples and heat flux sensors are installed at several locations on the roof assembly to quantify the heat transmission occurring through it. The thermal resistance value is determined by adding up the average difference in temperature across the external and internal roof surfaces and dividing the total amount by the total of all averaged heat fluxes. Subsequently, this study investigates the thermal efficiency of residential roof assemblies that comprise various insulation materials frequently employed in Malaysia, including stone wool, mineral glass wool, reflective bubble foil insulation, and radiant barriers. The analysis showed that the roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation produce superior thermal resistance values when coupled with enclosed air space or mass insulation, with thermal resistance values ranging between 2.55 m2K/W and 3.22 m2K/W. It can be concluded that roof configurations with bubble foil reflective insulation resulted in high total thermal resistance and passed the minimum thermal resistance value of 2.5 m2K/W under the Malaysian Uniform Building By-Law 38 (A) requirements. Furthermore, the radiant barrier produced a high thermal resistance value of 2.50 m2K/W when installed parallel to a 50 mm enclosed air space, emphasising the crucial function of an enclosed air space next to a reflective foil to resist the incoming heat radiation. The findings from this research can help building professionals determine the optimum insulation for residential building roofs in Malaysia.

The Air Iron Curtain of the 21st Century: the Ukraine of the Air | A Cortina de Ferro Aérea do Século XXI: as Ucrânias do Ar

“Ukraine” means borderland and the concept of border encompasses the notion of lines that determine the land, sea and air spaces of sovereignty and responsibility of all Nation-States. As so, we can argue that aerial ukraines are defined by the so-called Flight Information Regions (FIR). The Nation-States or the groups of Nation-States should guarantee the safety and assistance ofaircraft operating in their respective FIR. However, they can also close them for national security reasons, especially in cases of war, or use them as political and geopolitical tools, to obtain advantages over other Nation-Sates, namely their opponents. By studying the main events regarding aviation’s history like the first international flight and the events occurred since the 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine and the political decisions regarding sanctions, this article addresses the effects of the Ukrainian war on the Eurasian aviation, discussing, among other themes, the geographical, geopolitical, social, and economic implications. After three decades of globalization, it was perhaps inconceivable to return to a world of closed skies. However, that reality is back and even if it isn’t transversal to the entire world, the political weight of the rise of an aerial iron curtain of the 21st century is undeniable.

Socialization Related to the Dangers of Kites, Laser Beams, Hot Air Balloons, and Drones Around Silampari Lubuklinggau Airport

The implementation of socialization in the Tridharma of Higher Education framework is by conducting research and compiling Scientific Journals within the Palembang Aviation Polytechnic, South Sumatra. In addition, this activity aims to increase the knowledge and awareness of the general public around the Silampari – Lubuklinggau Class III Airport Operator Unit. This activity also informs about the dangers of kites, laser beams, hot air balloons, and drones around the air space in Silampari – Lubuklinggau as well as the safe distance of building construction, especially in the Flight Operation Safety Area, especially people who live close to the Flight Operation Safety Area (KKOP). The method used for socialization is a participatory Focus Group Discussion (FGD) by resource persons and discussions with communities living around the Silampari – Lubuklinggau Class III Airport Operator Unit that the results are expected so that participants know the results of socialization related to activities that can endanger flights. Then, the results of the socialization were published on the social media of the Palembang Poltekbang.

CT-Based Super-Resolution Deep Learning Models with Attention Mechanisms for Predicting Spread Through Air Spaces of Solid or Part-Solid Lung Adenocarcinoma

Rationale and ObjectivesSpread through air space (STAS) is a novel invasive pattern of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and preoperative knowledge of STAS status is helpful in choosing an appropriate surgical approach. Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study collected and analyzed 602 patients diagnosed with LUAD from two medical centers: Center 1 was randomly partitioned into training (n = 358) and validation cohorts (n = 154) at a 7:3 ratio; and center 2 was the external test cohort (n = 90). Super resolution was performed on all images to acquire high-resolution images, which were used to train the SE-ResNet50 model, before creating an equivalent parameter ResNet50 model. Disparities were compared between the two models using receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity. ResultsIn this study, 512 and 90 patients with LUAD were enrolled from centers 1 and 2, respectively. The curve values of the SE-ResNet50 and ResNet50 models were compared for training, validation, and test cohorts, resulting in values of 0.933 vs. 0.909, 0.783 vs. 0.728, and 0.806 vs. 0.695, respectively. In the external test cohort, the accuracy of the SE-ResNet50 model demonstrated a 10% improvement over the ResNet50 model (82.2% vs. 72.2%). ConclusionThe SE-ResNet50 model based on computed tomography super-resolution has great potential for predicting STAS status in patients with solid or partially solid LUAD, with superior predictive performance compared to traditional deep learning models.

Investigating the Benefits of Tectonite Dust as an Amendment for Bark Substrates and Dryland Crops.

This study investigates the potential benefits of using tectonite dust as a soil amendment in central Oregon. Tectonite, a rare mineral byproduct of the Warm Springs Composite Products Company, has unique properties that can enhance soil fertility and water-holding capacity. The study includes analyses of tectonite's physical and chemical properties, small-scale growth trials, and farm-scale experiments to measure grain yield. Physical property analysis demonstrated that tectonite increased water-holding capacity and improved soil structure when added to bark substrates. Responses varied in mineral soils, affecting air space, and water-holding capacity. Small-scale trials showed positive growth responses in wheat height and biomass, indicating improved early growth and establishment. Farm-scale experiments confirmed increased grain yields with tectonite application. These findings suggest that tectonite enhances soil health and crop yields by improving structure, nutrient availability, and water retention. Careful sourcing and testing are necessary to address potential heavy metal contamination risks. Using tectonite as a soil amendment aligns with sustainability goals, reducing waste, and greenhouse gas emissions. It may also offer cost savings compared to synthetic fertilizers and stimulate the local economy. Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of tectonite on edible crops and heavy metal content. Nevertheless, tectonite shows promise as a sustainable soil amendment for promoting agriculture in central Oregon. By exploring its potential benefits, farmers can enhance soil fertility, improve water-use efficiency, and contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system. This study highlights the importance of utilizing waste byproducts in agriculture to achieve environmental and economic sustainability. Tectonite has the potential to play a significant role in addressing water scarcity and enhancing crop productivity in arid regions like central Oregon.

Computed Tomography Radiomics for Preoperative Prediction of Spread Through Air Spaces in the Early Stage of Surgically Resected Lung Adenocarcinomas.

To assess the added value of radiomics models from preoperative chest CT in predicting the presence of spread through air spaces (STAS) in the early stage of surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas using multiple validation datasets. This retrospective study included 550 early-stage surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas in 521 patients, classified into training, test, internal validation, and temporal validation sets (n=211, 90, 91, and 158, respectively). Radiomics features were extracted from the segmented tumors on preoperative chest CT, and a radiomics score (Rad-score) was calculated to predict the presence of STAS. Diagnostic performance of the conventional model and the combined model, based on a combination of conventional and radiomics features, for the diagnosis of the presence of STAS were compared using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve. Rad-score was significantly higher in the STAS-positive group compared to the STAS-negative group in the training, test, internal, and temporal validation sets. The performance of the combined model was significantly higher than that of the conventional model in the training set {AUC: 0.784 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.722-0.846] vs. AUC: 0.815 (95% CI: 0.759-0.872), p=0.042}. In the temporal validation set, the combined model showed a significantly higher AUC than that of the conventional model (p=0.001). The combined model showed a higher AUC than the conventional model in the test and internal validation sets, albeit with no statistical significance. A quantitative CT radiomics model can assist in the non-invasive prediction of the presence of STAS in the early stage of lung adenocarcinomas.

Preliminary exploration of the correlation between spectral computed tomography quantitative parameters and spread through air spaces in lung adenocarcinoma.

The invasive pattern called spread through air spaces (STAS) is linked to an unfavorable prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Using computed tomography (CT) signs alone to assess STAS is subjective and lacks quantitative evaluation, whereas spectral CT can provide quantitative analysis of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between spectral CT quantitative parameters and STAS in LUAD. We retrospectively collected consecutive patients with LUAD who underwent surgical resection and preoperative spectral CT scan at our institution. The quantitative parameters included CT values at 40, 70, and 100 keV [CT40keVa/v, CT70keVa/v, and CT100keVa/v (a: arterial; v: venous)]; iodine concentration (ICa/ICv); normalized iodine concentration (NICa/NICv); and slope λHU of the spectral curve (λHUa/λHUv). Clinical and CT features of the patients were also collected. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the quantitative parameters, clinical and CT features that were significantly correlated with STAS status. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of significant factors or models which combined quantitative parameters and CT features, using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We enrolled a total of 47 patients, with 32 positive and 15 negative for STAS. The results revealed that CT100keVa (P=0.002), CT100keVv (P=0.007), pathologic stage (P=0.040), tumor density (P<0.001), spiculation (P=0.003), maximum solid component diameter (P=0.008), and the consolidation/tumor ratio (CTR) (P=0.001) were significantly correlated with STAS status. The tumor density demonstrated a superior diagnostic capability [AUC =0.824, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.709-0.939, sensitivity =59.4%, specificity =100.0%] compared to other variables. CT100keVa exhibited the best diagnostic performance (AUC =0.779, 95% CI: 0.633-0.925, sensitivity =78.1%, specificity =80.0%) among the quantitative parameters. Combination models were then constructed by combining the quantitative parameters with CT features. The total combined model showed the highest diagnostic efficiency (AUC =0.952, 95% CI: 0.894-1.000, sensitivity =90.6%, specificity =86.7%). Spectral CT quantitative parameters CT100keVa and CT100keVv may be potentially useful parameters in distinguishing the STAS status in LUAD.

Combining high-resolution CT parameters and inflammatory markers to predict spread through air spaces in lung cancer.

To explore the predictive value of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) parameters and inflammatory markers for spread through air spaces (STAS) in lung cancer patients. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 72 lung cancer patients with STAS and 128 STAS-negative patients treated during the same period. Differences in high-resolution CT indicators and inflammatory markers between the two groups were assessed. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between these indicators and STAS positivity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the predictive efficacy of these indicators for STAS positivity. Patients in the STAS-positive group exhibited a higher prevalence of leaf signs, pleural traction signs, and blurred tumor-lung boundaries than the STAS-negative group (P<0.05). Additionally, the STAS-positive group had elevated levels of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP), alongside a lower lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) (P<0.05). The combined predictive model incorporating pleural traction sign, LMR, NLR, PLR, SII, IL-6, and CRP yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.977, with a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 90.8%. The integration of high-resolution CT parameters with inflammatory markers demonstrates significant value in predicting STAS positivity in lung cancer patients, with the combined predictive model showing superior performance.

Preoperative CT radiomic model combined with clinical and CT imaging features to predict the spread through air spaces in T1 invasive lung adenocarcinoma.

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of preoperative computed tomography (CT) radiomic models combined with clinical and CT imaging features for predicting spread through air spaces (STAS) in patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma. The preoperative CT and clinical data of 219 patients with T1 invasive lung adenocarcinoma confirmed by surgery were retrospectively analyzed and randomly divided into training and test sets at a ratio of 7:3. Univariable and multivariable logistic analyses were performed on the clinical and CT manifestations to screen independent predictive factors for STAS (+), and a clinical model was constructed. Radiomic features were extracted from the tumor (T), peritumoral (P) and tumor-peritumoral (TP) regions to construct radiomic models (Model T, Model P and Model TP), and the optimal radiomic model was identified. A combined model was then built on the basis of the best radiomic score (Radscore) and clinically independent predictors. For each model, the effectiveness in predicting STAS (+) was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, including calculation of the area under the curve (AUC), and a nomogram was created. Calibration curve analysis was used to assess model calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical value of the model. Emphysema, the preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, and the consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) were identified as independent predictors of STAS (+) (all P < 0.01). Model T was considered the optimal radiomic model. In the training set, the AUC of the combined model was greater than that of the clinical model (0.93 vs. 0.85, P < 0.01). However, no significant difference in the AUC was found between the combined model and Model T (0.93 vs. 0.92, P > 0.05). In the test set, the AUC of the combined model was greater than that of the clinical model (0.92 vs. 0.85, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference compared to the AUC of Model T (0.92 vs. 0.90, P = 0.13). The AUC of Model T was greater than that of the clinical model in the training set (0.92 vs. 0.85, P < 0.01), but this difference was not significant in the test set (0.90 vs. 0.85, P = 0.35). The clinical model, radiomic Model T, and combined model all had high degrees of calibration. Finally, the clinical net benefit of the combined model was greater than that of the other two models with the threshold ranged from 0.10 to 0.40. The preoperative CT radiomics model combined with clinical and CT imaging features can effectively predict STAS in T1 invasive lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Optimization of Sidewall Spacer Engineering at Sub-5 nm Technology Node For JL-Nanowire FET: Digital/Analog/RF/Circuit Perspective

This manuscript presents a performance analysis of 3-stack JL-NWFETs with different spacer materials and spacer lengths. The DC and analog/RF performance is analysed at the device level, and circuit level. In single-k spacer analysis, TiO2 exhibits lowest IOFF of ∼89.28%, and largest ION/IOFF ratio with better subthreshold performance of ∼42.51% as compared to Air spacer at Lext = 7 nm. In addition, TiO2 spacer is suitable for analog applications while Air spacer for RF applications. The dual-k spacer analysis is also performed and the TiO2+Air spacer showed prodigious DC/Analog/RF performances dominating all other combinations. Further investigations into inner high-k spacer analysis (Lsp,hk) revealed that higher Lsp,hk is suitable for DC and Analog applications whereas lower Lsp,hk for RF applications. The CS amplifier designed for configurations of Lsp,hk showed better gain for higher Lsp,hk with the amplification gain of ∼4.8 V/V. Overall, this analysis serves as a beacon, guiding the future of JL-NWFET design for spellbinding nano-electronic devices at sub-5nm technology node.

Nonwoven fabric sheet with back air space serving as Helmholtz resonator

The sound absorption effect of a Helmholtz resonator was induced by creating an aperture in a nonwoven fabric sheet with a back air space, thus obtaining a sufficient sound absorption effect in a broad frequency range. In this study, transfer matrices were used to obtain the sound absorption coefficient. Transfer matrices were used to represent the following mathematically: a nonwoven fabric model based on the simplified limp-frame model, an acoustic element that considers the vibration of the nonwoven fabric sheet, the air space behind the nonwoven fabric sheet, and the aperture of the nonwoven fabric sheet. Equivalent circuits combining these transfer matrices were used to obtain sound absorption coefficient. The Helmholtz resonator sound absorption effect was more pronounced for the nonwoven fabric sheets with greater ventilation resistance. The results showed consistency between the experimental and theoretical trends. As for the sound absorption coefficient derived using the theoretical models for nonwoven fabric sheets, the results of the simplified limp-frame model were the closest to the experimental values. As the length of the back air space increased, the peak sound absorption value shifted toward low frequencies due to the sound absorption principles of both the nonwoven fabric sheet with a back air space and the Helmholtz resonator.

Research Progress of Spread through Air Spaces in Lung Cancer

Research Progress of Spread through Air Spaces in Lung Cancer

Clinical and pathological characteristics and expression of related molecules in patients with airway disseminated lung adenocarcinoma

Abstract Objective Lung adenocarcinoma exhibits diverse genetic and morphological backgrounds, in addition to considerable differences in clinical pathology and molecular biological characteristics. Among these, the phenomenon of spread through air space (STAS), a distinct mode of lung cancer infiltration, has rarely been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between STAS tumor cells and the clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, as well as their impact on prognosis. Methods This study included 147 patients who were diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma at the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Institute between January 2014 and December 2017. Surgical resection specimens were retrospectively analyzed. Using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, we assessed the association between STAS and the clinicopathological features and molecular characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, we investigated the effects on patient prognosis. In addition, we developed a column–line plot prediction model and performed internal validation. Results Patients with positive STAS had a significantly higher proportion of tumors with a diameter ≥2 cm, with infiltration around the pleura, blood vessels, and nerves, and a pathological stage &gt;IIB than in STAS-negative patients (P &lt; 0.05). Cox multivariate survival analysis revealed that clinical stage, STAS status, tumor size, and visceral pleural invasion were independent prognostic factors influencing the 5-year progression-free survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The predictive values and P values from the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were 0.8 and 0.2, respectively, indicating no statistical difference. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated areas under the curve of 0.884 and 0.872 for the training and validation groups, respectively. The nomogram model exhibited the best fit with a value of 192.09. Conclusions Clinical stage, pleural invasion, vascular invasion, peripheral nerve invasion, tumor size, and necrosis are independent prognostic factors for patients with STAS-positive lung adenocarcinoma. The nomogram based on the clinical stage, pleural invasion, vascular invasion, peripheral nerve invasion, tumor size, and necrosis showed good accuracy, differentiation, and clinical practicality.

JAK2 Loss Arising From Tumor-Spread-Through-Air-Spaces (STAS) Promotes Tumor Progression by Suppressing CD8+ T Cells in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Machine Learning Approach.

Tumor spread through air spaces (STAS) is a recently discovered risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The aim of this study was to investigate specific genetic alterations and anticancer immune responses related to STAS. By using a machine learning algorithm and drug screening in lung cancer cell lines, we analyzed the effect of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) on the survival of patients with LUAD and possible drug candidates. This study included 566 patients with LUAD corresponding to clinicopathological and genetic data. For analyses of LUAD, we applied gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), in silico cytometry, pathway network analysis, in vitro drug screening, and gradient boosting machine (GBM) analysis. The patients with STAS had a shorter survival time than those without STAS (P < 0.001). We detected gene set-related downregulation of JAK2 associated with STAS using GSEA. Low JAK2 expression was related to poor prognosis and a low CD8+ T-cell fraction. In GBM, JAK2 showed improved survival prediction performance when it was added to other parameters (T stage, N stage, lymphovascular invasion, pleural invasion, tumor size). In drug screening, mirin, CCT007093, dihydroretenone, and ABT737 suppressed the growth of lung cancer cell lines with low JAK2 expression. In LUAD, low JAK2 expression linked to the presence of STAS might serve as an unfavorable prognostic factor. A relationship between JAK2 and CD8+ T cells suggests that STAS is indirectly related to the anticancer immune response. These results may contribute to the design of future experimental research and drug development programs for LUAD with STAS.

Achieving Green Construction Rating in Building Projects with Fuzzy System Approach

Green construction is a way of planning and managing construction projects to minimise the impact of the construction process on the environment so that there is a balance between environmental capabilities and human needs for current and future generations. Appropriate Land Use (ASD), Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EFC), Water Conservation (WAC), Material Sources and Cycles (MRC), Air Quality and Space Comfort (IHC), and Building Environmental Management (BEM) are six guidelines for evaluating green building assessments. These are used as a benchmark for green buildings; a check is carried out to determine the rating of the building. The evaluation is carried out by distributing questionnaires. The data is processed using the Fuzzy method through the Matlab application, which refers to the Greenship 1.2. The results showed that the calculation analysis with the help of MS Excel and modelling with a fuzzy system in the Matlab application gave the same predicate results. Validation of modelling results with case studies on Building Projects in Malang City showed Bronze predicates with a total index of 44 Points and Silver predicates with a complete index of 57 Points.

Rheological investigations on frequency selective surface carbon composite microwave absorber.

A high-performance stealth platform is one of the crucial requirements in defence technology that could practically be realized by building effective microwave frequency selective surface (FSS) absorbers. Herein, we report the design and manufacturing of an absorber by tuning the rheology of cell architecture. Initially, a fan-shaped cell (10.4 mm2) was designed for its surface and bulk rheology. The FSS overlayer composition was investigated using SEM, EDX, and XRD and tuned for 0.25% carbon: 1.5% silver to achieve the ink resistivity ∼255 Ω □-1. The bulk rheology was optimized for air (Roha) spacer (thickness ∼2.8 mm), interlayer dielectrics (0.2 mm each), carbon composition (5%), and cell dimension (10.2 mm). Analyses are presented for absorption loss (RC, dB), bandwidth (GHz), resonance dispersion, and constitutive (ε, μ) parameters, compounded with an equivalent circuit model with the settings R = 273.55 Ω, L = 2.25 nH, C = 0.057 pF and the Fabry-Perot reactance mode@10 GHz. The bi-modal response was investigated for induced polarization, electromagnetic fields, volume power distribution, and angular (Θ = 0°-50°) and rotational stability (Φ = 0°-90°) against TE/TM incidences. The FSS pattern was implemented using a screen printing technique to fabricate a prototype absorber and subjected to the free space measurements in an anechoic chamber. The prototype behaviour was found to be commensurate with the simulated performance, thereby achieving a figure of merit of RC ∼-25 dB@10 GHz, accessible bandwidth 4 GHz (in X band) by using the thickness of 0.057 λ0. Details are presented in this study.