Airgun Research Articles

The Effects of Hand Tremors on the Shooting Performance of Air Pistol Shooters with Different Skill Levels.

Physiologic hand tremors are a critical factor affecting the aim of air pistol shooters. However, the extent of the effect of hand tremors on shooting performance is unclear. In this study, we aim to explore the relationship between hand tremors and shooting performance scores as well as investigate potential links between muscle activation and hand tremors. In this study, 17 male air pistol shooters from China's national team and the Air Pistol Sports Center were divided into two groups: the elite group and the sub-elite group. Each participant completed 40 shots during the experiment, with shooters' hand tremors recorded using three-axis digital accelerometers affixed to their right hands. Muscle activation was recorded using surface electromyography on the right anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, biceps brachii (short head), triceps brachii (long head), flexor carpi radialis, and extensor carpi radialis. Our analysis revealed weak correlations between shooting scores and hand tremor amplitude in multiple directions (middle-lateral, ML: r2 = -0.22, p < 0.001; vertical, VT: r2 = -0.25, p < 0.001), as well as between shooting scores and hand tremor complexity (ML: r2 = -0.26, p < 0.001; VT: r2 = -0.28, p < 0.001), across all participants. Notably, weak correlations between shooting scores and hand tremor amplitude (ML: r2 = -0.27, p < 0.001; VT: r2 = -0.33, p < 0.001) and complexity (ML: r2 = -0.31, p < 0.001) were observed in the elite group but not in the sub-elite group. Moderate correlation were found between the biceps brachii (short head) RMS and hand tremor amplitude in the VT and ML directions (ML: r2 = 0.49, p = 0.010; VT: r2 = 0.44, p = 0.025) in all shooters, with a moderate correlation in the ML direction in elite shooters (ML: r2 = 0.49, p = 0.034). Our results suggest that hand tremors in air pistol shooters are associated with the skill of the shooters, and muscle activation of the biceps brachii (long head) might be a factor affecting hand tremors. By balancing the agonist and antagonist muscles of the shoulder joint, shooters might potentially reduce hand tremors and improve their shooting scores.

Стандартизированная модель огнестрельного проникающего ранения глаза без внутриглазного инородного тела (открытая травма глаза типа В)

The purpose of the work was to creation of a standardized model of a gunshot penetrating wound of the eye without an intraocular foreign body. The wound was inflicted by a specially made projectile. The shot was fired from an air rifle with modulated pumping of a compression pump. A set of shells (specially made and standard) was used, and they were weighed with laboratory analytical scales. The velocity of the projectiles was recorded with a ballistic chronograph. The parameters of the shot were previously worked out on a bar of ballistic plasticine, then on 11 heads of cadaver rabbits (22 eyes). 4 series of experiments were performed. We studied the flight speed of projectiles, the nature of their flight and the meeting with the target (plasticine, cadaver eyes). The nature of the eye injury (type of injury) was analyzed depending on the energy (based on speed and mass) and aerodynamic characteristics of the projectile. According to preliminary results, a decision was made to modernize the standard projectile. A projectile has been upgraded to meet external ballistic characteristics to create a standardized model of a gunshot penetrating wound to the eye without an intraocular foreign body. The specified wound parameters were as follows: the distance from the muzzle of the air rifle to the target was 30 cm. Shots were fired into the sclera projection area 2–3 mm from the limb. The parameters of the shot were as follows: the mass of the upgraded projectile was 0.54‒0.55 g, two pumps of the rifle's air pump. The parameters used provided a speed range of 40–46 m/s. In an experiment on laboratory animals, pathogenetic factors characteristic of a gunshot injury to the eye were reproduced. This made it possible in 100 % of cases to reproduce an injury simila to a gunshot penetrating injury to the eye without an intraocular foreign body (an open eye injury of type B). Keywords: pneumatic installation, standardized experimental model, gunshot open globe injury

Children's toys no longer: a porcine model study of the lethality of modern air rifles.

We observed modern spring-loaded air rifles reaching velocities similar to small-bore rifles, raising concerns about their potential lethality. After encountering two life-threatening thoracic injuries in our practice, we conducted a study to assess the injuries that a commonly available air rifle could cause in a porcine cadaver model. We conducted shooting experiments from 5 and 10 metres away using a .22 calibre spring-loaded airgun, firing five shots into the anterolateral chest on the left side at both distances. Additionally, we repeated the experiment with ten shots into 10% ballistics gel behind an explanted chest wall to evaluate chest wall penetration reliability. Out of the ten combined shots, six resulted in lethal or potentially lethal injuries, including multiple cardiac injuries. Moreover, we observed chest wall penetration in 9 out of 10 shots, with an average penetration depth of 106mm. Non-life-threatening injuries appeared to be influenced by shot location rather than an inability to penetrate the chest wall. Our study raises significant concerns about the potential lethality of unrestricted air rifles in New Zealand. With muzzle velocities comparable to small-bore rifles, these firearms should be reconsidered in terms of regulation and possibly restricted to gun license holders.

Efficiency of a cluster of underwater low-frequency sources

The efficiency of underwater low-frequency sound sources can be improved by using tunable high-quality resonators, increasing the emission aperture, or using source clusters. A very low frequency tunable resonator is hard to build. Large aperture sources are difficult to deploy. This study shows that the efficiency of a cluster of sources can be much higher than that of each source. Low frequency sources separated by distance operate independently, the sources add up the pressure, and the emitted pressure is proportional to the number of elements in the cluster. As a result, the radiated power of the cluster increases according to the quadratic law of the number of its elements, and the efficiency of the cluster increases in proportion to this number. To prove this, finite element modeling of an array of underwater sources was carried out. The simulation included the internal structure of each sound source with Helmholtz bubble resonators driven by standard audio 2 kW subwoofers. Indeed, the cluster efficiency increases when the distance between the sources exceeds several of their diameters. Simulations showed that a cluster of 32 broadband sources with a frequency of 10– 100 Hz could produce sound pressure levels equal to a standard air gun.

Incidence and Outcomes of Eye Trauma Associated With Recreative Use of Nonpowder Toy Guns: A 12-Year Retrospective Study

Nonpowder toy guns (NPTGs) are responsible for many ocular traumas. This study aims to detail the outcomes of these injuries depending on the causative NPTG. Retrospective, observational case series. Cases of NPTG-associated ocular trauma managed in a Parisian eye emergency department between August 1, 2010, and January 1, 2023, were reviewed. The date of trauma, causative NPTG, patient demographics, initial and follow-up eye examinations, any surgical procedure, and visual outcomes for each ocular trauma were analyzed. Over 12 years, NPTGs were responsible for 324 eye injuries and 980 visits. Patients were mostly male (77.5%), and mean age at trauma was 16.2 years. Foam bullets or foam dart blasters accounted for 54.9% of traumas and were mainly responsible for corneal injuries and hyphema (30.9% and 27%, respectively). BB guns and airsoft guns were frequently responsible for anterior segment lesions, as well as intravitreal hemorrhages (14.7%) and commotio retinae (21.1%). Paintball guns accounted for the largest proportion of posterior segment lesions (eg, intraretinal or subretinal hemorrhages leading to macular atrophy/contusion maculopathy), and one-third of casualties had undergone ocular surgery. Among all traumas, final visual acuity was lower than 20/200 in 6.5% of cases. Phthisis occurred in 8 cases: Two were related to foam bullets or foam dart blaster injuries (1 contusion and 1 rupture), 2 other cases followed a rupture due to BB guns/airsoft guns, 1 case occurred after a rupture related to a paintball gunshot, and 3 others were due to other types of compressed air guns (1 rupture, 1 intraocular foreign body, and 1 total retinal detachment). NPTG-related ocular trauma outcomes differ according to the causative toy. Paintball guns and BB guns/airsoft gun-related traumas were more likely to be associated with severe lesions, but an increasing number of ocular injuries related to the use of foam bullets or foam dart blasters are reported in younger and younger children. Public health policies should promote the use of protective eyewear.

Pengawasan Kepemilikan Senjata Jenis Air Gun dan Airsoft Gun di Indonesia: Perspektif Yuridis Normatif

The current phenomenon is that there are many cases of the use of air guns and airsoft guns whose true purpose is for sports activities, to be a tool to frighten, terrorize and injure other people. Another thing, the circulation of these types of weapons in the community, deserves attention from law enforcement, because they can cause various incidents. This study uses the normative juridical method, which is to carry out a juridical analysis regarding the ownership of air guns and airsoft guns in the laws and regulations in Indonesia. The results of the research are: the implementation of supervision is carried out by the police; supervision is carried out by means of checking and securing the implementation of permits, and carrying out investigations and investigations in the event of irregularities; also give warnings/sanctions and; as well as revoking licenses and withdrawing weapons. Owners of air guns and airsoft guns are obliged to: store firearms in the warehouse of the Indonesian Shooting Association (Perbakin) or Clubs or in a safe place when not in use; obey the rules; extend the license when the validity period expires; report to the police if the weapon is lost; do not bring weapons to locations that are not permitted; do not use for other purposes; and put an orange tip on the weapon. Suggestions that can be given include: The function of granting licenses in the sale and ownership of air guns and airsoft guns, should be more stringent, especially in terms of conditions that must be met; air guns and airsoft guns must have a manual and explain the dangers if misused. There are criminal sanctions against owners of air guns and airsoft guns who carry, display, and use these weapons in an inappropriate manner.

Analysis of factors affecting the performance of air gun source under shallow water conditions: Insights from the non-ideal gas air gun wavelet model

Optimized design of high-resolution air gun sources is crucial with the exploration of oil and gas resources moving toward the middle-deep reservoir in the Bohai Sea. To this end, the absorption and attenuation law of seismic waves in the stratum of the Bohai Sea was analyzed. It was clarified that expanding the low frequency based on retaining the high frequency was the focus of optimized design of air gun array. Then the air gun wavelets in the shallow sea environment were simulated based on the non-ideal gas air gun wavelet model. The emphasis is put on several key aspects: the influence law of array sinking depth, towed-streamer sinking depth, single air gun spacing, subarray spacing, and air gun volume on the performance of wavelets. Finally, array parameters for shallow sea environments were optimized based on simulation results. The resulting optimized array wavelet in this work is able to provide significant improvements in energy, spectrum quality, and directional response. Moreover, the imaging effect of the acquired data can be improved to a large degree using the optimized array wavelet, which indicates that an optimized array with the consideration of multiple factors is more suitable for the exploration of the middle-deep reservoir.

The usefulness of the useless: How ritualized behavior improves self-control under competition pressure

Pre-match ritualized behavior have long been a topic of study in applied sport psychology. However, most of the above studies focus on pre-established rituals that make it difficult to explore the clear causal relationship of the ritualized behavior, particularly its underlying mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of athletes’ ritualized behavior on self-control under competition pressure. One hundred and forty-six college athletes were recruited. This study used a two-factor between design 2 (competition pressure: low vs. high) × 3 (behavior type: ritualized behavior vs. random behavior vs. control group). Based on the Shooter-type Go/No-go task, the dependent variable was the average number of loops and the error rates of 10-meter air pistol task in virtual reality. We found that ritualized behavior had a moderate impact on the average number of loops [F(1, 140) = 5.13, p = .007, ηp 2 = 0.068] and error rates [F(2, 140) = 11.29, p < .001, ηp 2 = 0.139], and it was more beneficial for error rate under competition pressure [F(2, 140) = 3.18, p = .045, ηp 2 = 0.043], while the symbolic meaning of ritualized behavior promotes self-control by improving self-efficacy and autonomous motivation via a top-down processing system. The psychological feature of ritualized behavior may serve as an important explanatory mechanism for its enhancing effect on self-control under competition pressure. This study supports and integrates the Precaution Theory and Self-determination Theory. In the future, researchers can design unique ritualized behaviors based on embodied cognition to help athletes in different sports groups. Lay Summary: In the arena, the audience cannot only see the athletes’ wonderful sports movements, but also, all kinds of ritualized behaviors. Through engaging in ritualized behavior as a “pregame booster”, athletes can improve self-control on shooting performance. Compared with the low-pressure situation, ritualized behavior was more beneficial for self-control under high competition pressure situations.

A comparative machinability analysis of polyimine vitrimer, epoxy and polycarbonate polymers through orthogonal machining experiments

End-of-life management of fibre-reinforced thermoset composites is challenging due to the difficult-to-recycle reinforcements and the irreversibly polymerised thermoset matrix; therefore, researchers proposed the vitrimers as a sustainable alternative to thermosetting polymers. Although the early results of the material scientists are promising, the machinability of vitrimers has yet to be explored. Therefore, this paper aims to present a comparative machinability study of polyimine vitrimer, pentaerythritol-based epoxy (PER) and polycarbonate polymers through orthogonal machining experiments. Reflecting on the temperature-dependent properties of vitrimers, the starting temperature of the cutting tool was varied between room temperature and an elevated temperature above 155 °C. The cutting tool was heated by a 2000-W hot air gun until the surface temperature of the cutting tool, monitored by a VariocamHD thermographic IR camera (with Jenoptik IR 1.0/60 LW lens) and checked by a Fluke 51 II thermometer with a type K thermocouple, was permanently above 155 °C for 5 min. The cutting force was measured by a Kistler 9257B dynamometer, and the machined surface was characterised by a Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-400 surface roughness tester and Keyence VHX-5000 (with VH-Z20UT VH lens) microscope. The analysis of variances (ANOVA) results show that the sustainable vitrimer polymer is an appropriate substitute for thermosetting epoxy polymers, especially at low cutting temperatures.

Case study: Microballistic Confrontation Examination using an air gun adapted for use as a firearm

Case study: Microballistic Confrontation Examination using an air gun adapted for use as a firearm

Pressure waves from air gun bubbles: A numerical analysis based on the finite volume method

Pressure waves emitted from the air gun contain many frequencies, among which low-frequency waves are desirable for exploration and imaging, while high-frequency waves need to be suppressed as they are harmful to marine species. The high-frequency waves originate from the fast oscillations of the flow during the release of the air, such as the impingement of the gas jet into the liquid, the expansion of the air gun bubble, and the interaction between the air gun body and the bubble. However, those dynamic and the emitted waves are adjustable by the special design of the air guns. To analyze the underlying relations, we present a numerical study with a compressible air gun bubble model using the volume of fluid (VOF) approach combined with the finite volume method (FVM) implemented in STAR-CCM+. The venting process of an air gun is investigated to reveal the influence of the air gun body. The results show that air gun pressure for the far field is mainly proportional to the expansion acceleration of the whole gas. Our results also indicate that the opening and chamber shape of the air gun affects the gas expansion acceleration, which influences the first peak of the pressure wave significantly. The larger the opening is, the faster the gas is released, the greater the amplitude of the first peak is. The larger the chamber length/diameter ratio, the slower the gas is released and the lower the amplitude of the first peak.

Clinical Evaluation and Pathological Findings of Air Rifle Shot in Slow Lorises (Nycticebus spp.) At The Animal Rehabilitation Center of Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI) Bogor Regency

Clinical Evaluation and Pathological Findings of Air Rifle Shot in Slow Lorises (Nycticebus spp.) At The Animal Rehabilitation Center of Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI) Bogor Regency

Effect of strength and flexibility training on explosive power and balance in air rifle shooters in Vadodara- an experimental study

Effect of strength and flexibility training on explosive power and balance in air rifle shooters in Vadodara- an experimental study

Traditional game of spinning top gone wrong: Short communication of a pediatric facial penetrating injury

Introduction A spinning top is a traditional game in some countries. The top is often made of wood or mud and the bottom is made of a sharp metal pin. Penetrating injuries can occur if the spinning top is incorrectly thrown. Case report We report a spinning top penetrating injury on the nose of an 8-year-old girl. Clinical examination revealed a spinning top that had penetrated her nasal bridge. Plain computed tomography (CT) of paranasal sinuses revealed a spinning top with its sharp pointed nail penetrating through the left nasal bone into the left nasal cavity. Examination under general anesthesia and rigid nasoendoscopy showed the tip of spinning top situated in between middle turbinate and nasal septum. The spinning top was then removed following the direction of entry. Discussion While air gun pellet facial injuries in pediatric patients have been reported, other playthings as culprits of facial penetrating injuries is still unheard of. Projectile objects can easily penetrate pediatric facial skeleton due to thinner facial bones. It is vital to exclude life- and sightthreatening injuries first, followed by imaging to assist decision-making and surgical planning. Computed tomography (CT) imaging is the gold standard for the radiographic evaluation of facial injuries. It assists in evaluating trauma extent, trajectory, depth, and course of foreign body. Following that, examination under anaesthesia including rigid nasal endoscopy is warranted. Conclusion We would like to highlight the importance of parental supervision and the value of pre-operative imaging. Neglecting seemingly harmless children’s toys can potentially cause fatal injuries.

Havalı tabanca atıcılarında beceri düzeyi plantar basınç dağılımını etkiler mi?

In order to achieve optimal shooting performance, athletes need to make postural stability adjustments at an optimal level. The aim of this study was to investigate plantar pressure distributions of shooters during shooting performance. Twelve air pistol shooters (Elite, n=6; Novice, n=6) volunteered to participate in the study. Plantar pressure assessments [total foot, forefoot, midfoot, and hind foot maximal force (MF)(N), peak pressure (PP)(kPa), and mean pressure (MP)(kPa) during 10 shots were examined using the PEDAR® insole system. It was found that right total foot MF, MP and hind foot PP values of the novice group were higher than elite group. In left foot, elite group’s left total foot, forefoot and hind foot PP; left forefoot MF and MP values were higher than novice group’s (p

Modeling the seismic wavefield of moving marine vibrator source

Marine vibrators are an emerging alternative to conventional air guns in ocean-bottom acquisition due to their ability to generate low-frequency waves and limited adverse impact on marine wildlife. However, using marine vibrators introduces challenges not found in conventional air-gun-based acquisition where receivers are placed on the ocean bottom, including handling the phenomena associated with the Doppler effect and time-dependent source-receiver offsets due to the source motion. Standard seismic data processing solutions assume stationary sources and receivers for the duration of any seismic experiment (e.g., a shot); however, accurately accounting for source motion effects in processing is critical for optimal subsurface imaging. To address these challenges, we develop a finite-difference approach for modeling the full acoustic wavefield in a generalized coordinate system that tracks a moving source. Synthetic examples demonstrate that this technique accurately and stably models high-velocity moving sources and accurately accounts for the wavefield distortion predicted by the Doppler effect. This approach is not limited to modeling wavefield propagation for a moving source and can be used to develop advanced imaging and inversion techniques (e.g., reverse time migration and full waveform inversion) for data acquired using marine vibrators. In addition, the developed approach is not only limited to modeling mobile sources but also can model conventional towed-streamer data.

Extraction of Air Gun Pellet in Lung Base Thoracic Vertebrae Region with Lateral Extracavitary Approach: A Case Report

Extraction of Air Gun Pellet in Lung Base Thoracic Vertebrae Region with Lateral Extracavitary Approach: A Case Report

Application of the unified equation of bubble dynamics for simulating the large-scale air-gun bubble with migration effect

How to effectively reduce the high-frequency output caused by excessively steep initial peak slope and enhance the low-frequency output generated by bubble oscillation has become present research interest in seismic source design. The most effective way to improve the low-frequency content of a seismic source is to increase its chamber volume. However, the size of air-gun bubbles generated by large-volume air-gun sources has increased by several hundred times compared to traditional high-pressure air guns, which has made the migration phenomenon of bubbles no longer negligible. The previous air-gun bubble dynamics models did not comprehensively account for the effects caused by bubble migration phenomenon. In this paper, we have developed an air-gun bubble dynamics model based on unified equation for bubble dynamics, and the newly established model demonstrates a closer alignment with experimental data compared to models based on the Gilmore and Keller equations. Based on this, the influence of the design parameters of air-gun seismic source on the bubble migration is studied. It explores the ramifications of migration on the dynamic properties of air-gun bubbles and the signatures of seismic sources. Additionally, we examine how incoming flow velocity magnitude and air-gun design parameters influence the signatures of air-gun seismic sources. Finally, we investigate the impact of both the spacing between dual guns and the horizontal movement of bubbles caused by mutual attraction on the signatures of dual-gun sources.

Technology Criteria for the Manufacturing of Rebamipide Film-coated Tablets

Introduction. The current growth of the pharmaceutical market and stiff competition require from drug manufacturers make a more detailed and thorough fine-tuning of existing production lines. Direct compression technology is a modern and cost-effective technology for solid dosage form drug manufacturing. Roll-compaction tehnology (dry granulation) can be an alternative approach to optimize the manufacturing of formulations, for which the use of wet granulation or direct compression technologies is not possible due to their physical and chemical properties.Aim. The goal of this work is to investigate the possibility of manufacturing Rebamipide tablets by using direct compression technology and dry granulation technology (roll-compaction), avoiding such complicated and more ex-pensive technology as wet granulation. Also aim of this work is study the impact of production methods on such quality factors as disintegration and dis-solution time.Materials and methods. In this study were used such materials as Rebamipide substance (α-[(4-Chlorobenzoyl)amino]-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-quinolinepropanoic acid) (experimental sample), MCC-102 (J. Rettenmaier &amp; Söhne (JRS), Germany), Starch pregelatinized (Colorcon LTD., England), Kollidone SR (BASF, Germany), Croscarmellose sodium (J. Rettenmaier &amp; Söhne (JRS), Germany), Anhydrous citric acid (Scharlau), Sodium lauryl sulfate (BASF, Germany), Aerosil 200 vv Pharma (Evonik Industries AG, Germany), Sodium stearyl fumarate (J. Rettenmaier &amp; Söhne (JRS), Germany), Calcium stearate (FACI, Italy), Film coating VIVACOAT® PA-1P-000 (J. Rettenmaier &amp; Söhne (JRS), Germany). Also were used such equipment as Y shape blender («AZT FARMA K.B.», Russia), roll compactor LGC100 (Beijing Gylongli Automation Tech. Co., Ltd, China), rotary tablet press PG16G (Beijing Gylongli Automation Tech. Co., Ltd, China), tablet coating system Labcoat™ M (O'Hara Technologies lnc, Canada), ionising air gun Simco Cobra (SimcoIon, Netherlands), flowability tester ERWEKA GT (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany), powder density tester ERWEKA SVM 122 (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany), vibrating sieve CISA RP 200N (CISA Cedaceria Industrial S.L., Spain), tablet hardness, thickness and height tester SOTAX HT 10 (SOTAX AG, Switzerland), dissolution tester DT 626/1000HH (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany) and disintegration tester ZT321 (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany).Results and discussion. In a series of experiments were obtained tablet’s cores and film coated tablets by direct compression and roll-compaction methods. Experimentally it was found, that in tablets with similar formulations roller compaction technology provides slower disintegration and dissolution time, compared to direct compression method. This fact should be taken into account during drug development when planning the rate of release of the active ingredient.Conclusion. As a result of the experiments it was shown a direct correlation between the use of a certain technology and its impact in such quality indicators as disintegration and dissolution time of tablets. It was also found that dry granulation technology provides a more technologically suitable tablet mass.

Evaluation of physiological parameters and gaze behaviour of air pistol shooters related to performance outcomes

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological parameters and quiet eye (QE) of air pistol shooters in relation to performance outcomes. QE duration, skin conductance (SC), and heart rate (HR) were recorded for 20 shooters (10 novices and 10 intermediates) during shooting. All variables were examined according to the score and total shots. Physiological parameters were evaluated according to the shooting phases. Intermediate shooters exhibited significantly longer QE duration than novices (p < .001). There were no significant differences in QE duration and normalised SC according to the score and normalised SC between groups (p > .05). In SC, an increase in the preparation and resting phase and a decrease in the aiming phase were observed in both groups (p < .001). Intermediate shooters had lower HR than novices in all phases (p < .001). Additionally, more HR changes were detected in the intermediate shooters than in novices. HR of 10-score shots was lower than other shots (p < .05). Intermediate shooters exhibited longer QE duration than novices and they can decelerate their HR before shots. Coaches are recommended to incorporate exercises into training programmes that will enhance the visual focusing skills and reduce heart rate for novice shooters.