Air Pollution In Indonesia Research Articles

English

The transportation sector is the biggest contributor to air pollution in Indonesia, especially in metropolitan cities. Gases such as oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) are produced during the combustion of fossil fuels in the internal combustion of vehicle engines. Oxides of nitrogen such as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) are important air pollutants, because they cause significant harm to human health and play an important role in being precursors of other dangerous pollutants such as photochemical smog. One of the simple ways to reduce NO x concentrations is utilizing a catalytic process involving UV light and semiconductor particles such as TiO 2 . Illuminated TiO 2 UV light is capable of producing an electron (e - ) and hole (h - ) pair, which initiates a chemical reaction that alters the NO x to become NO 3 - or NO 2 - . A field scale paving block reactor coated with TiO 2 placed by the roadside was exposed to UV light using various exposure times. The results showed that the sample with a composition of 200 g/m 2 TiO 2 was capable of adsorbing NO x gas at an average rate of 0.0046 mg/m 2 /minute. Additional costs due to TiO 2 coating for every square meter of paving are IDR 13,180.

PENGARUH MASA PAKAI DAN TINGKAT TRANSMISI TERHADAP KADAR EMISI GAS BUANG SEPEDA MOTOR HONDA ASTREA GRAND

Recently reducing emissions of the harmful gases that generated in the combustion process of the automobile and other internal combustion engine is absolutely essential to environmental preservation. These emissions pollute the environment and contribute to the global warming, acid rain, smog, odours, and respiratory and other health problems. Therefore many countries around the world are taking major efforts to toughen emission standards. Motor cycles, the lagers amount, contributed the major air pollution in Indonesia. The hamful gases that generated in the motor cycles especially CO, HC and NOx . As the motor cycles is getting older, many components in the combustion system are getting worst and contribute more hamfull emissions. This research was done on July 2001 to find out the emissions and was done on Honda Astrea Grand which have been used since 1995, 1996 dan 1997 on the variety of gear level. A multigas analyser was used to analyse the emission gas out form the tile pipe. The result shows that the maximum CO and HC emission are generated by all motor cycle on the first gear. The higerst CO and HC emission is generated by the olderst motor cycle (1995) and the minimum CO and HC emission is generated by the motor cycle that has been used since 1997.

ASEAN and transboundary haze pollution in Southeast Asia

In recent decades the countries of Southeast Asia have been affected by air pollution (commonly called haze) arising from the burning of vegetation by small holders, plantation owners and logging companies. This is done in order to clear or rejuvenate the land for cultivation and planting and can occur at particular times during the year, most noticeably in the periods March to May and August to October. The burning has resulted in widespread forest fires and has been particularly intense in years when the weather has been noticeably dry due to the effects of the El Nino phenomenon. By far the main source of forest fires caused by small holders and plantation owners has been Indonesia. The smoke from the forest fires has not only caused widespread air pollution in Indonesia itself but also in neighbouring countries, resulting in what is termed as transboundary air pollution. This has affected, amongst other things, public health, bio-diversity, tourism, air transport, and agricultural production. So serious have the effects been that the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) were prompted from 1990 to collaborate in tackling the problem and to embark upon a series of joint initiatives for that purpose. After discussing the extent of forest burning in Indonesia, its causes and effects, the article will examine and assess the initiatives mentioned above, culminating in the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, which came into effect in November 2003. The paper will then examine a crucial impediment to the effective implementation of the initiatives: viz. the standards of governance and administration in Indonesia. In conclusion, the paper will consider the challenges to be overcome to enable the aims of the ASEAN initiatives to be realised, and also, by examining these initiatives, what conditions are necessary to ensure that international agreements affecting domestic policy and administration in signatory states, have a genuine impact and achieve their goals.

Environmental and occupational lung diseases in Indonesia.

Indonesia as a developing country has air pollution which is mainly caused by motor vehicle emissions and industrial smoke. The most important indoor air pollution is cigarette smoke. The prevalence of smoking among Indonesian men is 45.7%. Of the population, 10.8% are ex-smokers and 43.5% are non-smokers. Among the female population, only 1.8% smoke. There are some important factors that influence the air pollution in Indonesia; this paper identifies the real problems and their impact. The paper reviews various studies that have been carried out in Indonesia which were related to ambient air quality, industrial air pollutants levels (SO2, NOx, Ox, Pb, CO, HC) in large cities in Indonesia have exceeded the acceptable level, especially in industrial trade and heavy traffic areas. The more cigarettes inhaled and the deeper the inhalation, especially the kretek cigarettes, the risk of ling function abnormality becomes greater. Smoking high dose kretek cigarettes, that is > or = 116 cigarettes/day x years, the risk of abnormal lung function is 13-fold that of a non-smoker; if added with the deep inhalation of smoke, the risk becomes 20-fold. Smoking increases the risk of occupational lung disease. The level of dust in some industrial areas exceeded the standard level and correlated with respiratory problems. The existence of industry caused by air pollution in the environment increased the incidence of obstructive airway diseases. We conclude that the main cause of air pollution in Indonesia is motor vehicle emissions, followed by industrial smoke. Cigarette smoke is also related to abnormal lung function.

Review of Air Pollution and Its Health Impact in Indonesia

Air quality monitoring is part of the initial strategy in the pollution prevention program in Indonesia. Since 1978, the government of Indonesia has had a commitment to the World Health Organization (WHO) to provide air quality data for the Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS Programme)—The WHO/UNEP Project, in which certain cities from all over the world have been selected. Air quality as part of the WHO/UNEP project is monitored with respect to pollutants like SPM, SO2 and NOx. The result of the monitoring indicates that SPM and NOx are the predominant pollutants. Other pollutants such as Ox, H2S, NH3, and CO are also monitored in several big cities in Indonesia. The air pollution mainly comes from land transportation, industrial emissions, and a densely populated residential area where most people perform their activities. Review of the air pollution in Indonesia was based on the reports of the air quality monitoring in several large cities in Indonesia which covered air pollutants such as SPM, SO2, NOx, CO, Ox, and NH3 from 1978 until the latest available data in 1989. This review also discusses health impact investigations conducted in the community, especially from the exposure to SPM, CO, and lead from motor vehicle exhaust.