Air Navigation System Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE MONITOR CCA TOOL DVOR SELEX TYPE-1150A

In the aviation industry, navigation has a crucial role in supporting the smooth running of flight routes to maintain the safety and security of air transportation. Perum LPPNPI Pekanbaru branch provides communication, Navigation, Surveillance, and Data Processing facilities to ensure flight safety, regularity, and comfort. One of the navigation facilities available at Perum LPPNPI Pekanbaru branch is the Doppler VHF-Omnidirectional Range (DVOR), an air navigation system control tool that can guide aircraft to land precisely at the destination airport by providing information in the form of azimuth or artificial bearing. This research aimed to analyze the care and maintenance system for DVOR equipment, and identify several potential problems that have arisen during the operation of DVOR equipment at Perum LPPNPI Pekanbaru branch. In this research, evaluations and observations were carried out to assess the level of DVOR maintenance in accordance with Advisory Circular CASR Part 171-12. This research focused on evaluating Corrective Maintenance Monitor (CMM) analysis on DVOR Selex Type-1150A equipment at Perum LPPNPI Pekanbaru Branch. DVOR is a critical air navigation system that requires effective corrective maintenance. The method used in the research is procedural analysis of equipment maintenance as in research conducted by Widasari Mutiara, this research also focused on CMM evaluation, identification of potential problems, and performance analysis to improve maintenance efficiency. Research adopted a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach, because the data collected is textual in nature. This research method involved CMM system inspection, equipment maintenance analysis, and interviews with engineering personnel. The research results provide insights for improving corrective maintenance procedures, and increasing the availability and reliability of the DVOR system. The implications of these findings support safe and reliable flight operations at Perum LPPNPI Pekanbaru Branch.

Prerequisites for Statistical Analyses of the Quality of Instrument Flight Procedures

Instrument flight procedures are essential and critical components of the global aviation system. They are designed for all phases of flight, i.e. the standard instrument departures, standard instrument arrivals, instrument approaches and the en-route phase of flight. Instrument flight procedures are designed from various aeronautical data, information, dimensions, etc., which are named instrument flight procedure elements according to this paper. Development of air navigation systems affect design of instrument flight procedures and flexible use of airspace. The design process is carried out within a framework defined by international and national standards, organizational norms and economic aspects. Instrument flight procedure elements are a fundamental part of the process. Deviations of these elements from full compliance with international regulations can significantly and negatively affect air traffic safety. The objective of this paper was to investigate the basic prerequisites for statistical analysis of the design quality of instrument flight procedures, which have not been explored before. Six prerequisites were proposed for acquiring the data and preparing them for further statistical use.

Article: View on Regulations Concerning Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Service in Civil Aviation

This article presents the overall regulatory environment related to the provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) services in civil aviation. Through the evolution of international standards established by the Chicago Convention and through the development of CNS services, insight was given into the importance ofCNSservices in ensuring safe and efficient air traffic.The functions of the CNS system are presented and explained, as well as the key contribution of international organizations such as ICAO and International Telecommination Union (ITU) in the development of these services. Through research on the complexity of CNS services, the evolution in the past decades, the text explains the legal aspects related to civil aviation, but also international telecommunications and space activities that are related to civil aviation. The legal framework that regulates space activities, that is, the use of satellites in air traffic management, is especially covered. airspace (CNS/ATM). ICAO initiatives are additionally addressed, particularly the integration of satellite technology through Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) and the legal significance of resolutions such as A32-19 on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services from the 1998 Rio Conference. The narrative further examines the implementation of CNS/ATM concepts, legal considerations in air-ground communications, harmonization efforts, and the consolidation of resolutions for effective global implementation. The text concludes by highlighting ICAO’s ongoing commitment to align technological advancements with legal frameworks, promoting the seamless utilization of CNS/ATM systems worldwide. The significance of regional and national regulations, with a focus on European CNS regulations, is underscored for enhancing air traffic safety and fostering the development of CNS services. CNS Services, Chicago Convention, ICAO international standards, Annex 10, ICAO resolutions, CNS/ATM, ITU, FANS, GNSS, regional and national regulations

Methods for Measuring the Efficiency of UAVs in the Air Navigation System

Methods for Measuring the Efficiency of UAVs in the Air Navigation System

Challenges to the Operational Safety and Security of eVTOL Aircraft in Metropolitan Regions: A Literature Review

The start of urban air mobility operations using helicopters began in 1940s in Los Angeles to transport passengers and mail between various locations. However, the concept of urban air mobility (UAM) only emerged in the 1960s. Its implementation used helicopters to avoid congestion by land, typical of populated metropolitan regions. However, there was a severe limitation in using these aircraft because of accidents, huge operating costs, and high noise generation levels. In 2010, a new UAM concept conceived electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. These vehicles, in principle, would be safer, with lower operating costs and less noisy than helicopters. Several aircraft manufacturers have developed dozens of eVTOL models, focusing on the feasibility of using them for UAM in some metropolitan regions. However, we must consider several challenges to materialize this new concept, including those related to operational safety and security. Among these challenges is these vehicle operations integration to the airspace structure and the air traffic control system, the new embedded and ground systems development, the ground infrastructure implementation to support the operations, the reliability of air navigation systems, the meteorological information provision in real-time and with complete coverage of metropolitan airspaces to be used by eVTOL, and others. Despite some similarities, this new UAM concept will not be identical for all urban regions due to differences related to topographies, weather, urban construction patterns and air traffic control systems. Therefore, local studies are essential to support gradual and safe implementations of operations with these vehicles. This paper presents a literature review, identifying and discussing the utmost safety and security-related challenges researchers observe.

AMSS in Europe

Nowadays, technology is developing rapidly, therefore satellite and aviation systems need to keep pace with modern trends and new technology. The paper is focused on satellite systems and aviation systems. Based on analysis of the issues it is possible to take measures against problems that may arise in the future. There is a need for satellite-based navigation system that can solve the problems of the existing systems and make the existing systems better and more efficient by providing great convenience to the airspace users for the safe, efficient, comfortable and economical realisation of flights in the future. The paper contains information about Air Communication and Navigation Systems and discusses the state of current aviation and satellite systems.

Integration of Decision-Making Stochastic Models of Air Navigation System Operators in Emergency Situations

Integration of Decision-Making Stochastic Models of Air Navigation System Operators in Emergency Situations

Systematization of development transport systems indicators on the aviation example

The publication proposes a functional diagram of the connection of the air navigation system to the unified transport system as a subsystem for providing air transportation. This paper consists an analysis of the transport system development factors: goals and principles of building an air navigation system; activities of the trust and alliance in the domestic air transportation market; the need to determine the catchment areas of transport infrastructures. The main result of this publication is the concept of air navigation system development. It is given the concept of mathematical model indicators connection of air navigation system. The list of indicators is given, table “Proposed and real goals of the air navigation system”, figure – ‘Network indicator structure’.

Analysis of the earth's surface influence on the accuracy of non directional beacon in mountain terrain

This paper deals with the measuring and checking of the Non Directional Beacon using flying laboratory AeroLab 1 at University of Zilina. It is based on the most simple radio navigation concept: a ground-based radio transmitter (the NDB) sends an omnidirectional signal that an aircraft loop antenna receives. Our practical measurement shows that the NDB satisfies ICAO standards and can be used in industrial part of urban area and is functional in spite of the interference. The paper concentrates on the measuring of the Non Directional Beacon (NDB) which is installed close to industrial part of the city. The ADF/NDB navigation system is one of the oldest air navigation system still in use today. One of the paper's goals is to familiarize the aviation public with the practical measurement of this urban area phenomenon in terms of flight safety, which is common in mountainous nations such as Slovakia. The article's other purpose is to educate professionals in the area about this occurrence in terms of its nature as a physical rule, in order to develop solutions to improve the navigation system's measurement accuracy.

Automated System for Monitoring and Diagnostics Pilot's Emotional State in Flight

In this article, the system for monitoring of the emotional state changes of the air navigation system's human operator in the extreme situations, based on the using of the prior models of the operator activity which built on the posterior researches of actual material of the aviation accidents investigations, has been proposed. The stability of aviation man-machine system “human-operator – aircraft” during the deformations of the operator's emotional experience has been defined according to the Nyquist criterion. A computer program for diagnostics of the emotional state of the human operator has been developed. The system based on monitoring of the current emotional state of the air navigation system's human operator and diagnostics of the deformations of emotional experience with the determination of the operator's functional stability will allow preventing the development of potentially hazardous flight situations towards worsening in a proactive manner.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ОСНОВ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ РАЗВИТИЯ АЭРОПОРТОВОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ, АЭРОНАВИГАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И ПАРКА ВОЗДУШНЫХ СУДОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of problems that arise when improving the basics of administrative and legal support for the development of airport infrastructure, air navigation system and aircraft fleet of the Russian Federation. These problems hinder the implementation of the comprehensive plan for the modernization of transport infrastructure and the achievement of target indicators in the implementation of the Transport strategy of the Russian Federation. Specific solutions are proposed to eliminate the backlog in the legal regulation of the air navigation system and aircraft fleet of the Russian Federation.

Hardware and Software Complex for Laboratory of Satellite Technologies

Satellite technologies of communication, navigation and surveillance play an important role in modern transport, and particularly in aviation. High effectiveness of global air navigation system is provided by applying data broadcasted from great numbers of satellites, located on Earth orbits. The totality of existing satellite navigation system forms global radio navigation field which parameters should be constantly monitored and controlled for providing safety requirements. The aim of this article is to share experience of creating a laboratory of satellite technologies at the National Aviation University that performs simultaneously educational and scientific tasks.

Design and Fabrication of an Efficient Metallic Phased Array for TACAN Application

We propose a wideband, low-loss, low-cost, and high-gain metallic phased array for tactical air navigation (TACAN) systems. Such an array composed of 12 slot patch antennas with an air substrate. The element of this array has been optimized for working in 950 ~ 1250 MHz with a gain of 9 dBi. For using such an array in the TACAN system, an iterative method is utilized for synthesizing a cosecant-squared pattern (CSP). This method optimizes the element excitation in a linear phased array and allows having fewer ripples in the shaped region and lower sidelobe level (SLL). The obtained excitations by means of this method are realized using an all-metal feed network. Such a feed structure does not use any phase shifter and its dimensions are optimized on the air substrate to operate in the wideband frequency range and to be a low-loss and low-cost structure. To validate the numerical and analytical results, the entire system, i.e., the antenna array along with its feed network, is fabricated and successfully measured. The measurements on a 180 cm $\times24$ cm array and 550 mm $\times350$ mm feed network show a CSP with a maximum gain of 12.4 dBi and SLL <−23 dB at the central frequency of TACAN bandwidth (962 ~ 1213 MHz).

Present and Future of Air Navigation: PBN Operations and Supporting Technologies

The present work reviews the new concept of operation that will be soon implemented in SESAR and NextGen (January 2020) using new state-of-the-art technology mainly based on onboard avionics: data link equipment, broadcast and surveillance systems, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) area augmentation. One of the main improvements of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) is the use of satellites and more precise and accurate onboard instruments than current standard avionics related to ground-based navigation aids (VOR, NDB, DME, etc.). Air navigation systems have been without mayor updates for nearly 40 years, when most Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) and Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) systems were implemented worldwide in the civil and military fields, respectively. These standard navigation systems lack new required performance navigation and required big deal of maintenance, especially in redundant systems. Recently, the development of new and precise GNSS and communication systems has allowed their use on different scenarios: Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR) departures, initial and final approaches, etc. Additionally, in several international airports, Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) approaches have been already successfully tested and implemented. Related to GBAS, the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) is a cooperative technology that enhances pilots and controllers’ situation awareness, since ADS-B broadcasts own and other aircraft position. Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) may be another key element of the PBN concept of operations (CONOPS), since it provides air–ground data communications for the air traffic control (ATC) service and the aircrew, reducing risks associated to human factor: poor speaking, radio congestion, message confusion, standardization, etc. The main goal of this review is to present the PBN concept and the potentially supporting Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems, in the context of the NextGen and SESAR Air Traffic Management (ATM) modernization programmes.

NETWORK ANALYSIS OF COLLABОRATIVE DECISION MAKING BY AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEM'S HUMAN-OPERATORS DURING EMERGENCY CASES IN FLIGHT

Мета: дослідження консолідованого прийняття рішень пілотом та авіадиспетчером у разі виникнення особливого випадку в польоті (на прикладі відмови одного двигуна та пожежі іншого з однієї сторони під час зльоту на багатомоторному повітряному кораблі) для максимальної синхронізації технологічних процедур операторів. Методи: детерміновані моделі спільного прийняття рішень операторами аеронавігаційної системи отримані методами мережевого планування, їх адекватність підтверджена натурним моделюванням на комплексному авіаційному тренажері. Ймовірність розвитку особливого випадку в польоті оцінені за допомогою нейромережевої моделі. Для послідовної оптимізації консолідованої двоканальної мережі «пілот-авіадиспетчер» з метою досягнення наскрізної ефективності спільних рішень використаний мультикритеріальній підхід: досягнення мінімального часу на парирування особливого випадку в польоті при максимальній безпеці/максимальному узгодженні за часом дій операторів. Результати: синхронізовані операційні процедури операторів аеронавігаційної системи в особливих випадках в польоті з оптимальною послідовністю дій і мінімальним часом завершення польоту. Розроблена концептуальна модель системи для управління та прогнозування розвитку особливих випадків в польоті на основі детермінованих та стохастичних моделей прийняття рішень людиною-оператором аеронавігаційної системи,враховуючи вплив факторів професійного та непрофесійного характеру. Обговорення: запропоновані моделі доповнять базу даних розвитку сценаріїв польотних ситуацій в системі підтримки прийняття рішень і можуть бути використані в процесі спільної тренажерної підготовки операторів аеронавігаційної системи і в реальних умовах експлуатації повітряного корабля

Bayesian inference in Safety Compliance Assessment under conditions of uncertainty for ANS providers

System Safety Assessment is an integral part of the design and operation of aviation and Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems. The aim of the System Safety Assessment is to identify, quantify and mitigate any and all risks; and to ensure that the system complies with the safety levels established by the regulatory authority.This paper presents an integrated methodology, based on Bayesian inference, for assessing and evaluating compliance with system safety requirements when there is uncertainty regarding the safety performance of ATM systems.The study constructs a Bayesian framework that reformulates the Safety Compliance Assessment as decision making under uncertainty. This framework addresses the main limitations of the System Safety Assessment carried out by Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs). Specifically, it:•Solves the issue of compliance for systems that lack the data and operational history of conventional systems.•Avoids situations under which limited information, lack of operational data and uncertainty may lead to erroneous conclusions and to the potential certification of a system that does not satisfy the minimum safety performance requirements.•Constitutes a valid alternative to the arbitrary Margins Of Safety (MOS) considered in the worst-case scenarios for safety assessments, thereby reducing the need for conservative assumptions and safety margins.•Allows for more inclusive handling of the uncertainties intrinsic to all System Safety Assessments. This leads to increased neutrality and a better understanding of decisions and judgements regarding compliance.The features and advantages of this approach are demonstrated via a case study which assesses whether an Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), which has begun to provide services at a new airport with new systems and technology, is compliant with the safety objectives. Specifically, it is necessary to demonstrate compliance with any and all safety requirements applicable to the Air Navigation Systems, in particular VOR, DME and ILS.

Simless GSM positioning for navigation in GPS-denied environments

PurposeUntil now, air navigation systems have mainly relied on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) on the worldwide spread global positioning system. However, the so-called GNSS-denied environments open a new research line which pursues the development of alternative technologies which will cover this gap in positioning systems’ services.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the possibility of using positioning systems based on global system for mobile communications (GSM) signal. This approach developed in a standalone device will provide real-time information. The presented algorithm pursues a new methodology for providing useful information.FindingsAmong all the different technologies aimed at giving a navigation solution in the absence of any kind of GNSS in which this paper is based, it advocates for the use of the signals of opportunity, particularly the usage of GSM.Practical implicationsTechnology is currently immersed in an era of continuous progress and expansion of navigation systems. These are evolving toward high performance systems, offering precise, efficient and safe air navigation. In addition, the growing demand for unmanned aerial vehicles increases the level of exigency on this activity even more. Therefore, in the context of the development of unmanned navigation technologies, the aim is to implement positioning systems that will allow high precision even in though environments.Originality/valueReferencing the SIMless concept, a SIM-free system is described in this paper. The SIM-free system is supported by open data bases and permits the positioning based on the information sniffed from the signals broadcast by a set of several nearby base station of the GSM network. Hence, it provides same and in some cases even better accuracies than the already developed techniques, not being necessary to synchronize the link between the mobile terminal and the base station transceiver (BTS).

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ТОЧНОСТІ ВИМІРЮВАНЬ ДАЛЬНОМІРНОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ

Determination of the location of the aircraft is one of the important tasks of navigation. The accuracy of aircraft positioning in the airspace is directly related to the safety of aviation. Modern trends in the development of aircraft positioning systems gradually increase the role of DME in the modern air navigation system, which sets certain requirements for the accuracy of navigation measurements.Measurement of DME distance is considered under the influence of additive measurement error characterized by Gaussian probability distribution with zero mathematical expectation and a certain value of dispersion. In accordance with regulative documents, DME error is considered as the sum of errors such as an error connected with signal propagation in space and airborne interagetor error. However, different regulative documents set up different requirements for the maximum permissible dispersion value. In particular, FAA AC90-100A and ICAO DOC-9613, consider the error of on-board equipment as a function of distance between an interrogator and DME, while the RTCA DO-189 limits it to a certain value. In the general case, the components of error of signal propagation in space are the following: an error of signal arrival detection at the ground part of equipment; an error of delay of navigation signal at the ground part of DME; an error associated with the propagation of radio waves in the airspace. Computer simulation shows that error of modern DME systems is much more smaller then associated requirements of regulative documents. An article analyzes the approaches used to estimate accuracy of DME measurements, proposes a generalized model for estimating accuracy, and analyzes the ways to improve accuracy of DME measurements. One of the effective means of DME accuracy increasing is the introduction of new forms of interrogating signal that is completely compatible with existing equipment, which, in contrast to the change of navigation signal, does not require the change of ground infrastructure

Методологія досліджень та навчання в аеронавігаційній соціотехнічній системі

Мета: на основі формалізації професійних і непрофесійних факторів, конструювання моделей прийняття рішень людиною-оператором аеронавігаційної системи та розвитку польотної ситуації розробити методологію досліджень та навчання в аеронавігаційній соціотехнічній системі. Методи: системний аналіз, рефлексивна теорія, мережеве планування, дерево рішень, мережа Маркова, мережа GERT, нейронна мережа, експертний метод. Результати: Аеронавігаційна система представлена як складна соціотехнічна система. Визначено вплив професійних факторів (знань, навичок, вмінь, досвіду), а також факторів непрофесійного характеру (індивідуально-психологічних, психофізіологічних та соціально-психологічних) на прийняття рішень людиною-оператором аеронавігаційної системи. Отримано графічно-аналітичні, детерміновані, стохастичні, рефлекторні, нейромережеві моделі прийняття рішень людиною-оператором аеронавігаційної системи, та розвитку ситуаціях, які потребують польотної ситуації. Створено програмний комплекс "Підказка", який оперативно та своєчасно підбирає оптимальну стратегію завершення польоту в позаштатних виконання вимушеної посадки повітряного корабля. Розроблено методологію досліджень та навчання в аеронавігаційній соціотехнічній системі. Обговорення: результатом оцінки непрофесійних факторів є визначення соціально-психологічного впливу на прийняття рішень людиною-оператором шляхом виявлення переваг, діагностика індивідуально-психологічних якостей людини-оператора при розвитку польотної ситуації, моніторинг психофізіологічних показників людини-оператора (емоційного стану). Запропоновані моделі дозволять своєчасно діагностувати та прогнозувати можливі дії людини-оператора в очікуваних та неочікуваних умовах експлуатації повітряного корабля. Алгоритми та методологія аналізу розвитку ситуації під впливом прийняття рішень людиною-оператором можуть використовуватись в інших техногенних виробництвах.

Acoustic Sensors for Air and Surface Navigation Applications.

This paper presents the state-of-the-art and reviews the state-of-research of acoustic sensors used for a variety of navigation and guidance applications on air and surface vehicles. In particular, this paper focuses on echolocation, which is widely utilized in nature by certain mammals (e.g., cetaceans and bats). Although acoustic sensors have been extensively adopted in various engineering applications, their use in navigation and guidance systems is yet to be fully exploited. This technology has clear potential for applications in air and surface navigation/guidance for intelligent transport systems (ITS), especially considering air and surface operations indoors and in other environments where satellite positioning is not available. Propagation of sound in the atmosphere is discussed in detail, with all potential attenuation sources taken into account. The errors introduced in echolocation measurements due to Doppler, multipath and atmospheric effects are discussed, and an uncertainty analysis method is presented for ranging error budget prediction in acoustic navigation applications. Considering the design challenges associated with monostatic and multi-static sensor implementations and looking at the performance predictions for different possible configurations, acoustic sensors show clear promises in navigation, proximity sensing, as well as obstacle detection and tracking. The integration of acoustic sensors in multi-sensor navigation systems is also considered towards the end of the paper and a low Size, Weight and Power, and Cost (SWaP-C) sensor integration architecture is presented for possible introduction in air and surface navigation systems.