Air Mode Research Articles

Experimental study on high-strength Q460 steel extended end-plate connections at elevated temperatures

This paper presents an experimental study on high-strength Q460 steel extended end-plate connections at ambient and elevated temperatures. Ambient temperature tests were conducted on connections with 8 and 12 mm end-plates to investigate the ambient temperature structural response, including the initial rotational stiffness, plastic flexural resistance and ultimate rotation. The results show that high-strength steel connection with 12 mm end-plates significantly improves mechanical properties compared to that with 8 mm end-plate with an increase of 22% at least while not influencing the failure modes. Then, the experimental results were compared with the theoretical predictions of Eurocode 3. There are reasonable agreements between these two methods on plastic resistance, while the calculation by Eurocode 3 on initial rotational stiffness exhibits much higher results. In addition, the temperature distribution of the connection specimens and furnace air, rotation-temperature characteristics, and failure modes of the connections in transient tests were obtained to study the influence of different end-plate thicknesses. The 12 mm end-plate effectively improves the connection's rotation capacity at elevated temperatures with an increase of 29% compared to 8 mm end-plate while influencing the critical temperature and fire endurance lightly. Besides, the fire performance results were compared and discussed between mild steel and high-strength steel connections. Finally, a rotation-temperature relationship model was proposed to predict the fire behavior of high-strength steel end-plate connections under transient conditions and validated against the experimental data with considerable accuracy.

An experimental method for evaluating vehicle cabin airtightness and ventilation performance

An experimental method is proposed for evaluating the airtightness of a vehicle cabin and the ventilation effects of three components of the vehicle ventilation system. The measurement results are used to derive a theoretical equation to predict the total air infiltration rate of the cabin as a function of the pressure difference between the cabin interior and exterior, respectively. The validity of the predictive equation is demonstrated by means of fan pressurization experiments performed with the vehicle air-conditioning system set in the fresh air mode. It is shown that the prediction results for the total ventilation rate deviate from the experimental results by less than 10%. The infiltration ventilation effect of natural diffusion in the vehicle cabin is measured using the CO2 tracer gas method. The air exchange rate (ACH) of the cabin is found to be 0.816 in the recirculation air mode and 3.554 in the fresh air mode.

CFD simulations of effects of recirculation mode and fresh air mode on vehicle cabin indoor air quality

Drivers in hot and humid countries tend to operate the vehicle air conditioner system in the recirculation mode when driving. However, this causes the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the cabin to rise sharply, potentially resulting in dizziness, drowsiness and other traffic safety hazards. In the fresh air mode, suspended particles and contaminants are introduced into the cabin along with the outside air, posing further health risks to the occupants. Thus, it is important to evaluate the optimal ventilation strategy for vehicle cabins. Accordingly, the present study performs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the indoor air quality (IAQ) in the cabin of a compact passenger vehicle under various ventilation/circulation modes. The validity of the CFD model is confirmed by comparing the simulation results for the IAQ in the cabin with the experimental data reported in the literature. An air-conditioning ventilation strategy is proposed for maintaining the CO2 concentration in the cabin between 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is investigated for various numbers of occupants in the cabin (1, 2, and 5 people) and air filters with different filtration efficiencies of 20%, 40%, and 80%, respectively. The results show that as the number of people in the cabin increases, the frequency at which switching between the two ventilation modes is required increases. Moreover, the relative proportion of time for which the fresh air mode is needed also increases. The concentration of suspended particles in the vehicle cabin increases as the duration of the fresh air mode increases. However, the particle concentration reduces significantly as the filtration efficiency of the air filter is increased.

A three-echelon green supply chain management for biodegradable products with three transportation modes

Currently, many industries are trying to save the environment by following government rules to reduce global warming issues. In this study, green supply chain management with less pollution for biodegradable products is developed and an outsourcing strategy is included only to control the quality of the finished bio-products which would be delivered to the multi-retailer. Three different transportation modes are proposed for products to identify the mode that causes the least carbon emissions through a single setup but an unequal number of shipments and lots. These products have specific properties that can be recycled after use and do not contain harmful chemicals that can negatively impact the environment. The demand pattern of this product is service level dependent; however, the demand during lead time duration is followed a normal distribution. The proposed model considers a distribution free approach with known mean and standard deviation. The model is analytically solved to obtain a quasi-closed-form optimum solution. A numerical example is illustrated to test the performance of the proposed model. Some special cases are considered in this study. In addition, several managerial insights are provided. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to help the industry move toward this fruitful strategy in the future. The numerical study proves that the proposed method is superior to existing research models in different aspects for the pollution reduction strategies. The transportation by road provides ten percentage reduced costs comparing with water and air mode transportation. For both cases, the service level is much better in the transportation by road than other two modes.

A New Type of Air Conditioning System Based on Finned Ceiling Radiant Coupled with Independent Fresh Air and Its Thermal Comfort Experimental Study.

The traditional radiation air conditioning system has some problems, such as easy condensation, insufficient refrigeration capacity, complex structure, and control system. Therefore, this study proposes a new type of finned metal radiant plate with large heat flow per unit area, sufficient cooling capacity, and simplified heat exchange system, in order to realize large temperature difference between cooling and heating. The temperature field uniformity and thermal comfort test of a novel type of finned ceiling radiant panel and independent fresh air linked air conditioning system under summer cooling and winter heating circumstances are accomplished through artificially generated climate environments. The study's findings demonstrate that in the radiation and fresh air modes, the maximum interior temperature differential under cooling conditions does not rise over 2.1°C. The maximum temperature differential in the space at any one moment in the radiation and fresh air modes cannot be greater than 3°C when heating conditions are present. The fresh air's cooling and dehumidifying effects are clear. The dehumidification efficiency may reach 50%, and the moisture content ranges from 5.48 to 9.63 g/kg. With PMV ranging from −0.34 to 0.54, the enhanced air conditioning system in this research provides exceptionally good thermal comfort. Additionally, the finned radiant panel's installation area occupies just 14% of the ceiling, which is sufficient to fulfill the room's cooling and heating load needs as well as provide high thermal comfort and consistent indoor temperature. The theoretical investigation and practical implementation of the direct expansion radiant air conditioning system are both strongly supported by this research.

On-chip simultaneous measurement of humidity and temperature using cascaded photonic crystal microring resonators with error correction.

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of cascaded silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal microring resonators (PhCMRRs) for dual-parameter sensing based on a multiple resonances multiple modes (MRMM) technique. Benefitting from the slow-light effect, the engineered PhCMRRs exhibit unique optical field distributions with different sensitivities via the excitation of dielectric and air modes. The multiple resonances of two distinct modes offer new possibilities for enriching the sensing receptors with additional information about environmental changes while preserving all essential properties of traditional microring resonator based sensors. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the feasibility of extracting humidity and temperature responses simultaneously with a single spectrum measurement by employing polymethyl methacrylate as the hydrophilic coating, obtaining a relative humidity (RH) sensitivity of 3.36 pm/%RH, 5.57 pm/%RH and a temperature sensitivity of 85.9 pm/°C, 67.1 pm/°C for selected dielectric mode and air mode, respectively. Moreover, the MRMM enriched data further forges the capability to perform mutual cancellation of the measurement error, which improves the sensing performance reflected by the coefficient of determination (R2-value), calculated as 0.97 and 0.99 for RH and temperature sensing results, respectively.

Positive Psychological Changes at High Altitude Shown by the Low Landers after the Yoga Intervention-Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY).

Immediate assent to high altitude affects the cognitive performance and mood of an individual, which is followed by depression and anxiety. It also affects the sleep quality, general health, and happiness quotient of an individual. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) is a cyclical breathing technique, which has been proven successful in managing stress, depression, anxiety, and helps in the improvement of sleep quality. The current study was to understand the role of SKY meditation on psychological parameters, happiness quotient of low landers at high altitude (Leh). It is a two-armed pre-post study with experimental and control group both are lowlanders, and their psychological parameters are being assessed when they immediately assent to high altitude (Leh). There are two groups experimental group (SKY) was from AOL SKY-AMP and has prior SKY meditation experience. The control group does not have any yoga or meditation experience. SKY-AMP is a 4 days protocol done at high altitude by the SKY group. Both groups reach Leh through air mode transportation. Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) showed a significant result in the SKY group with P ≤ .001, whereas it is nonsignificant in the control group. We also observed anthropometric and physiological changes in the participants showing significant effects on weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure; with no significant effect in the control group. It is one of the first studies done with both two groups, where yoga and meditation are done at high altitude and then seen the changes in the groups at physical and psychological level. Yogic practices can be helpful in having positive psychological change in the lowlanders at high altitude.

Airports as Sensitive Areas to Mitigate Air Pollution: Evidence from a Case Study in Rome

The environmental concerns are behind urban and regional mobility plans, with one of the goals being to manage surface traffic to reduce emissions. Yet, in sensitive areas such as those around airports, the contribution to the emissions generated by air traffic are commonly not considered. The research goal of this paper is to quantify and compare the magnitude of the emissions generated by both air and surface traffic, taking the second airport in Rome as an example, in the awareness that a proper knowledge of the emission phenomena might help steer local transport policies towards more appropriate and sustainable solutions. The paper describes the case study’s regulatory and land use frameworks both affecting the current traffic patterns around the airport and the emission generation, along with the methodology adopted to quantify the emission magnitude of both air and surface modes; as a result, air traffic emissions are not even comparable in magnitude to those from surface modes. In light of that, implications for surface transport policies are presented, leading to a revision of current mobility plans, and solutions to minimize emissions during land and take-off operations suggested, although problems for their implementations are acknowledged in the conclusions. All within the additional goal to advance the research further afield.

Ultra-compact on-chip one dimensional nanobeam cavity for simultaneous temperature sensor and bandstop filter at 2 μm waveband

Optical sensors with compact size are key components in on-chip highly dense integrated devices. An ultra-compact one dimensional photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (1D-PhC-NBC) structure with the functionalities of both sensing and filtering is proposed. To confine the light into center of cavity to obtain a fundamental resonant mode and filter out the light belonging to other frequency band at the same time, the structure consists of one 1D-PhC-NBC sensor (1D-PhC-NBCS) and one 1D-PhC-NBC filter (1D-PhC-NBCF). In the region of 1D-PhC-NBCS, the waveguide width is tapered from the center to the end and the size of air holes is kept the same. In the region of 1D-PhC-NBCF, the waveguide width and the size of air holes are the same. The 1D-PhC-NBCF is serially located on the behind of 1D-PhC-NBCS to obtain the desired resonant peak. With three dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulation, the results show that an optimal resonant frequency of air mode and mirror strength are achieved when the semi-major and semi-minor axes are equal to 0.38 μm and 0.14 μm, and the width of waveguide is tapered from 1.07 μm to 0.83 μm, respectively. The fundamental resonant peak of 1940.85 nm is obtained in 1D-PhC-NBCF when the semi-major axis of 0.27 μm and semi-minor axes of 0.08 μm are chosen. The sensitivity of 198.09 nm/RIU is achieved with the increase of temperature. The size is about a half of the previous reported nanobeam structure due to the that filter at one side of the structure. Particularly, the minimum size of the proposed structure is only 12.6 μm × 1.1 μm. Therefore, it is a promising method to construct highly integrated sensor arrays for on-chip applications.

Neural network modelling and performance estimation of dual-fluid photovoltaic thermal solar collectors in tropical climate conditions

A photovoltaic/thermal solar collector which uses air and water under the same collector area is known as a bi-fluid type or dual fluid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar collector. A dual fluid PV/T system is more complex than a single fluid system, as two fluids are used simultaneously, making boundary conditions complicated. In addition, the influence of transient and variations in weather conditions leads to challenges in performance evaluation, both experimentally and theoretically. The aim of this study is to develop and test an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for a dual fluid PV/T collector which utilizes water and air as working fluids, to provide a consistent method for predicting dual fluid PV/T collector performance. 60%–80% of the data was randomly used to train the ANN, while 40%–20% was randomly selected for testing. New data was then used to validate the predictive model based on the best splitting percentage and the neural network architecture. Both the experimental and predictive models have been found to be in good agreement, with root mean square error RMSE values for total PV/T efficiency in air mode, water mode and simultaneous mode reaching 0.0069, 3.971 and 2.6338, respectively.

RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF ROOMS FOR SOUND INSULATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT PARTITIONS

Statement of the problem. Sound insulation of lightweight partitions depends significantly on the place of installation in the building. It is necessary to study the structure of the sound field in dis- proportionate rooms and analyze its effect on the sound insulation of light enclosures.Results. Natural and laboratory experimental studies of the sound insulation of the frame partitions installed in the corridor were carried out. For the case of a commensurate room, good convergence of the results was obtained. The structure of the sound field with mirror reflection of sound has been theoretically investigated using the method of tracing of sound rays. Calculations were performed to obtain the distributions of the proportions of axial sound rays, tangential sound rays, oblique sound rays in the premises, and the calculations of the intensity levels of sound waves incident on the light-weight partition and other enclosures of the corridor. The position of the noise source relative to the lightweight partition and other enclosures of the corridor was taken into account.Conclusions. The proportions of the rooms affect the sound insulation of lightweight enclosures. The structure of the sound field of a disproportionate room with a noise source is non-uniform in the range below the boundary frequency of diffuse sound field. Sound rays fall on the lightweight partition unevenly from different directions. This leads to a decrease in the coincidence of wave modes in the air and wave modes in the lightweight partition. The frequency characteristic of the sound insulation of the lightweight partition has a peak-like appearance.

Ventilation impacts on infection risk mitigation, improvement of environmental quality and energy efficiency for subway carriages

Subway carriages are enclosed for extended periods of time, with a high density of passengers. Providing a safe, healthy, and comfortable cabin environment is a great challenge, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. An increase in ventilation rate can potentially reduce infection probability, which may result in worsening environmental quality (e.g., thermal comfort) and larger energy consumption. Thus, exploring the trade-off among infection risk, environmental quality (with regard to ventilation, thermal comfort, and air quality), and energy consumption is important to optimize ventilation systems for carriages. The effect of different supply air parameters (e.g., velocity and temperature) and ventilation modes of mixing ventilation (MV) & Supply air from the Floor and Return air from the Ceiling (SFRC) was studied. The questionnaires were analyzed to explore passenger dissatisfaction with the carriage environment using a MV system. Simulations were performed to predict the velocity, temperature, and CO2 concentration fields. In addition, the comprehensive benefit was evaluated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), based on infection probability from the revisited Wells–Riley equation, Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI), Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Pollutant Removal Effectiveness (PRE) and energy consumption estimated by cooling load (Lcool). Compared with MV, the optimized SFRC provided softer draft sensation and decreased CO2 concentration by 42%. The SFRC achieved better comprehensive benefits, with an infection risk reduced to 0.4%, ADPI of 80%, PMV approaching zero, PRE up to 16, and energy efficiency increased by 30%. This work contributes to the optimal design of subway carriage ventilation systems in the post-epidemic era.

Study of Different types of Failure & their Remedial Measures in case of Rigid Pavement and A Case Study of NH-160 from Ahmednagar Kinetic Chowk to Vasunde Phata Project

A country’s economical growth is depend on the Transportation system available in that country. Transportation system is a backbone of a country’s economy. There are many types of transportation like by road, by air, by water, etc. but major mode of transportation in any country is the Road Transportation System. Goods are mostly transferred by road via buses, truck, etc. and one of the cheapest mode of transportation in any country is a Road transport. So, when highways fails in any country it will directly affect the economy of country. This paper investigate the study of different types of failure in Rigid Pavement and what are the remedial measures to repair the failure. Also in this paper we are going to see the case study of NH-160 which is currently present in the state of Maharashtra in India. Key Words: Transportation System, Rigid Pavement, Pavement Failure, Economy.

Controlling of spatial modes in multi-mode photonic crystal nanobeam cavity.

We numerically and experimentally present the characteristics of disturbed spatial modes (air mode and dielectric mode) in multi-mode photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (PCNC) in the mid-infrared wavelength range. The results show that the resonance wavelength of the spatial modes can be controlled by modifying the size, period and position of the central periodical mirrors in PCNC, achieving better utilization of the spectrum resource. Additionally, side coupling characteristics of PCNC supporting both air and dielectric modes are investigated for the first time. This work serves as a proof of design method that the spatial modes can be controlled flexibly in PCNC, paving the way to achieve integrated multi-function devices in a limited spectrum range.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant of Concern AY.57 and Clinical Characteristics of Imported Cases on a Vietnamese Coal Carrier Vessel in East Kalimantan, Indonesia: A Case Report

Introduction: The 2019 Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) continues to be a severe public health issue throughout the world. Disease transmission channels exist across all modes of transportation, including land, air, and water. The presence of this disease has been demonstrated by a study conducted in South Korea, which discovered that 90% of ship passengers have also been tested with SARS-CoV-2 virus. Case: At the port of Samarinda, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was performed on 20 Vietnamese coal carrier vessel crew members. According to the findings obtained from the RT-PCR test, every single member of the team had been infected with the virus. Since they exhibited symptoms of an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus (such as coughing, fever, and shortness of breath), a total of 6 members had to be taken to the hospital. According to the results of genomic sequencing, the crew members were found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus and variant of concern (VOC) of Delta AY.57, Vietnam lineage. Conclusion: COVID-19 can be transmitted via public transportation, including land, air, and sea travel. Controlling the spread of the virus requires RT-PCR testing at terminals, stations, and ports. SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is still dominating Southeast Asia region, particulary Delta VOC AY.57.

Artificial neural networks assisting the design of a dual-mode photonic crystal nanobeam cavity for simultaneous sensing of the refractive index and temperature.

We put forward a dual-mode photonic crystal nanobeam cavity for simultaneous sensing of the refractive index (RI) and temperature (T) designed with the assistance of artificial neural networks (ANNs). We choose the structure of quadratically tapered elliptical holes with a slot to improve the sensitivities of the two modes. To reduce the time consumption of the design, the ANNs are trained to predict the band structure and to inverse design the geometric structure. For the forward prediction and the inverse design neural networks, low mean square errors of 5.1×10-4 and 1.4×10-2 are achieved, respectively. Through a specific design of band properties by the well-trained neural networks, a dual-mode nanobeam sensor with high quality factors of 9.34×104 and 1.55×105 and a small footprint of 23.8×0.7µm2 are designed. The RI and T sensitivities of the air mode are 405 nm/RIU and 40 pm/K, respectively, whereas those of the dielectric mode are 531 nm/RIU and 27 pm/K, respectively. The present work shows significance in further research on the design and applications for dual-mode cavities.

Влияние применения поливов и норм удобрений на массу, химический состав и содержание питательных веществ в корневой массе и стерне гороха (Pisum sativum L.) в смеси с сорго (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

In article effect of entering of norms of organic and mineral fertilizers on weight, a chemical compound and the maintenance of nutrients in stubble the root rests of peas in a mix with sorghum are studied and analyzed. Greater accumulation of root weight in soil depends on a condition of water-physical properties of a ground in arable and subarable layers. In well processed fertile soil the plant root leaves in very deep layers and accumulates more than root weight. The difference in number of the nutrients arriving in soil in root weight and stubble by the rests, is caused by quantity of the vegetative rests and quantity of nutrients in their structure. Besides the nutrients arriving in soil through root weight and stubble the rests, there are favorable conditions for more effective food of plants, including a considerable quantity of carbonic gas. As a result of action of mineral and organic mineral fertilizers increases not only productivity of an elevated part of a plant, but also weight root and stubble the rests which after ploughing are exposed to process humification. During research it was revealed that in a control variant without fertilizers at joint crops sorghum and peas gathered 600 kg/ha stubble the rests, and at the combined entering of organic and mineral fertilizers stubble the rests varied within 660–1000 kg/ha. For the vegetative period the irrigation was spent 3 times, in a non-fertilizing control variant is collected 2450 kg/ha of root weight in summary entering of organic and mineral fertilizers it is collected 2630–3140 kg/ha of root weight that shows a considerable gain. Optimum entering of mineral and organic fertilizers improves a water, air and nutritious mode of soil, raises its fertility, rendering quantitative and qualitatively effective influence on root stubble the rests of the mixed cultures. It proves that the mixed crops of peas with sorghum, are the good predecessor for plants following it.

Carbon Dioxide Neutralization Across the Global Supply Chain

The increased impacts of climatic change and global warming has led many organizations to adopt green initiatives in several areas of their business processes. Many multinational companies are moving towards reduction of carbon emission across its various operations. Carbon neutrality is the process where steps are taken to achieve net zero carbon dioxide emissions. This article proposes measures to achieve carbon neutrality across the supply chain globally. As part of its sustainability initiative, organizations have decided to reduce carbon consumption across their plants. This calls for estimation of carbon dioxide emissions and reducing the carbon footprint in the entire supply chain process. It also involves gauging greenhouse CO2 emissions during the transportation process for all TMC regions and transportation models used by various companies. The main calculations include total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions per ton of goods transported, CO2 emissions per transport Km. These calculations are done based on factors such as full truck load, less truck load, sea mode of transportation, and air mode of transportation. An analysis is performed on the resulting calculation figures for different modes of transportation such as road, air, and sea. The analysis shows that there is an increase in overall CO2 for air mode of transportation. The least increase in overall Co2 is sea mode of transportation. Through this analysis, it helps the company to take better decisions regarding the mode of transportation that they need to adopt to achieve carbon neutrality.

Разработка метода анализа и оценки оптимального состояния аэрогазодинамических процессов на угольных шахтах

The article deals with the state of aerogasdynamic processes in coal mines. With centralized automatic control and management of mine ventilation using a control system, in the circuit of which application software is used, the choice of a rational period for collecting information received from controlled objects is of great importance.The object of automatic control in a coal mine are the parameters characterizing the state of the mine atmosphere - methane concentration, air flow, temperature and parameters of the ventilation network (depression and aerodynamic resistance). All controlled parameters characterize the state of the atmosphere. Research goal. The purpose of the research is to develop a method for analyzing and evaluating the optimal state of aerogasdynamic processes in coal mines. Research objectives. Conduct an analysis of the optimal state of aero- gasdynamic processes and adapt the method at coal industry enterprises. Research results. Studies have been carried out on the duration of the observation interval for the modes of movement of air and gas through the goaf and bottom-hole space of the production area, to ensure the specified accuracy in determining the values for the implementation of non-stationary gas-dynamic processes. It is determined that the resulting systems of equations describing the unsteady modes of air and gas movement through the mined-out and bottom-hole space of the mining area from the standpoint of hydrodynamics with subsequent simplification of these equations based on the assumptions made. Using the results of the experiments, for the process of methane concentration, a realization length of 1 day was chosen, since during this time at least one complete production cycle has time to complete in the longwall. The duration of this cycle significantly exceeds the value of the maximum measurement interval ∆tβ = 30 min., for which it is still advisable in practice to determine the modes of movement of air and gas through the mined-out and bottom-hole space of the production area. The research results are recommended for use in the design of efficient air supply schemes in the mining areas of coal mines and the correct placement of regulators to take into account the concentration of methane in the flow of consumed air.

Light extraction employing optical tunneling in blue InP quantum dot light-emitting diodes

Blue InP quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are promising candidates for environmental-friendly displays. To achieve efficient blue InP QLEDs through light extraction, the internal grating structure is a feasible way to extract waveguide modes, but it may bring complicated fabrication process and deteriorated electrical performance. In this work, we proposed an effective strategy to extract light from waveguide modes to air modes by using a thin hole transport layer (HTL), a high-index substrate, and substrate surface-roughening. Through optical tunneling, the thin HTL and the high-index substrate facilitate light transmission from waveguide modes to substrate modes. Thus, substrate surface-roughening can be applied to further extract light from enhanced substrate modes to air modes. As a result, light extraction efficiency has been significantly improved, leading to an external quantum efficiency enhancement from 2.1% to 2.8%, which is a record value among counterparts to date. This light extraction strategy is simple but effective to exploit the potential of high-efficiency (blue InP) QLEDs.