Air Method Research Articles

TEMPORAL ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN HULU LANGAT DISTRICT, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA: A CHEMOMETRIC APPROACH

One of the most important environmental problems facing the globe today is air pollution. The centre area for the local populace is the Hulu Langat district, which borders Kuala Lumpur, the capital. The purpose of this study is to look at how the ambient air quality varies in Hulu Langat, Selangor. The Air Quality Division of the Malaysian Department of Environment provided five years' worth of secondary data on the air quality at Hulu Langat. The database included five primary air pollutant characteristics sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with a diameter of 10 microns or less (PM10), in addition to data from the Air Pollutant Index (API). Chemometric analysis was used to examine the results. According to the results, SO2, NO2 and PM10 had the greatest correlations with API readings. A statistical process known as statistical control (SPC) showed that certain PM10 values were over national recommendations and control limits. The artificial neural network method's air quality prediction model demonstrated good accuracy with real data (R2 = 0.9). The results of this investigation indicated a strong correlation between the Hulu Langat air quality data. In order to achieve sustainable environmental practices in the future, it is imperative to engage in extensive collaboration across environmental departments and relevant authorities and engage in continuous monitoring of air quality.

Comparing Body Composition Methods forAir Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets.

In special populations, such as Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) cadets, body composition is used not only as a predictor of fitness but for additional purposes such as qualification for enlistment, load carriage, and duty fulfillment. Body mass index (BMI) is the initial measurement recorded and is considered a representation of health and physical performance capabilities. Personnel exceeding threshold values of body weight based upon their height measurement are typically further evaluated using a circumference-based method that predicts the cadets' percent body fat. Military personnel who fail to meet these body composition standards may be penalized by being denied specific positions or promotions or risk being relieved from all military duties. In order to differentiate and accurately assess the components that constitute body composition, other methods of measuring body composition that provide greater accuracy should be explored. The purpose of this study was to compare multiple body composition methods, including the military's method of circumference-based measurement, in order to identify a suitable method for Air Force ROTC programs. Participants were recruited from an Air Force ROTC Detachment at a large university in the Midwest United States. Anthropometric (height and weight) and body composition measurements (air displacement plethysmography [ADP], bioelectrical impedance analysis, skinfolds, and circumferences) were collected for each participant. A repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to compare body composition measurement methods. A Bonferroni adjustment was utilized for multiple comparisons. BMI and circumference results were displayed as a percentage of compliance according to Air Force Instruction guidelines. The university institutional review board approval was established to ensure that the design of this study protected the rights of the participants. Twenty-four (21 males and 3 females) participants completed the study. A significant difference between skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance analysis occurred (P = .025). There were no other significant differences identified between other methods of body composition. Using the BMI and circumference compliant/non-compliant scale listed in the Air Force Instruction guidelines, a greater number of cadets fell into the non-compliant category according to BMI (n = 7) versus circumferences (n = 1). The circumference-based method underestimated body fat compared to the "gold standard" ADP. The findings from this investigation suggest that the circumference-based method can appropriately provide accurate body composition results among Air Force ROTC cadets. Results also determined that the military's circumference-based method underestimated body fat compared to the "gold standard" ADP. Although circumference-based measurements might be efficient for use in larger populations, Air Force ROTC programs should evaluate other methods of measuring body composition to best fit the needs of individual cadets. Further research should be conducted to identify body composition methods that are easy to implement and provide accurate results at the individual level.

Recycled cement production energy consumption optimization

The concrete industry has made a firm commitment to reduce its excessive carbon footprint, essentially related to clinker production. Recycled cement (RC) from the thermoactivation of hardened cement waste at low temperature is a very promising approach, tackling the reduction of the clinker factor, the reuse of construction and demolition waste and the reduction of natural resources consumption. The implementation of RC at an industrial scale depends on the environmental and economic viability of its production. In this context, this paper aims to model the energy consumption and carbon emissions of RC production using a novel separation method recently patented by the authors. Three alternative processes were considered towards the best compromise between energy and separation efficiency: dry method (DM); wet method (WM); air method (AM). Results from this study indicate that the AM and DM led to a significant reduction of the energy consumption on RC production, compared to WM. Differences between AM and DM are not significant. The slightly higher energy consumption in AM is compensated by the higher purity of concrete waste derived cement fraction. Adopting the low-energy intensive AM or DM, the estimated energy consumption of RC was 30%–40% lower than that used in clinker production. Moreover, up to 80% savings in carbon emissions are estimated. The high low-carbon and low-embodied energy potential of RC is shown.

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR AIR AND WATER MEASUREMENTS AND MONITORING Saturday, December 14, 1974

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