Air Fares Research Articles

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF A COLLEGE INTERNSHIP PORTAL ON STUDENT

Abstract: The internship program provides an excellent opportunity for budding scholars to familiarize themselves with the process of formulation of foreign policy and its implementation by the Government. Interns shall report to and work under close supervision of the concerned Head of Division (HOD). They may be required to conduct research, write reports, analyze evolving developments, or carry out any other task entrusted to them by the HOD. An honorarium of INR 10,000 per month will be paid to each intern to defray basic costs. Cost of one-time to and fro air travel subject to a ceiling of the prevailing economy class air fare between the State capital and Delhi, from the domicile State or from the college / university of the selected candidates will be provided. The interns would be responsible for their board and lodging in Delhi during the period of their internship.Every student is individually responsible for finding an internship. This implies actively seeking such a placement and directly contacting the organizations that you are interested in. We advise students to start searching for internship early on, as there may be early deadlines for some of the most attractive places. Internship ads are found in the university portal. It is allowed to receive payment from the internship organization. When contacting organization. you have the option of using our introductory letter presenting the master’s program . Please download and complete with your details before sending it to the student officefor signature. The letter of introduction may be used as a complement to the CV and personal letter that you send to potential internship organizations. KEYWORDS: HTML, CSS, Javascript, Bootsrap, C# , SQL SERVERIntroduction

Three Keys to Retaining Talented Teachers in the UAE: Leadership, Community, and Work-Life Balance – A Phenomenological Case Study in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah

The United Arab Emirates hires many teachers from abroad to work in both the private and public school systems. Recruiting foreign teachers can be exceedingly costly, especially when one considers the financial investment associate with air fare, health insurance, housing, transportation, and a competitive salary, along with the substantial processing time involved in issuing work visas, professional and intercultural training. One way organizations may be able to save on additional expenditures is to retain the teachers who have been hired and are already settled in the country. Naturally, a substantial part of the decision for the teacher to remain working and living in the UAE lies with the expatriate teacher. This exploratory, case study employed a qualitative approach in which descriptive data was collected from six in-depth, semi-structured interviews exploring job satisfaction as one, of what may be other, indicators associated with of length-of-stay among expatriate teachers in the UAE. These descriptive data were analyzed using an interpretive analysis, which culminated with three selective codes: (1) Leadership and community are key to expatriate teacher’s job satisfaction; (2) School leaders’ engagement in improving behavior management would improve satisfaction; and (3) Positive work-life balance may influence expatriate teachers’ length of stay in the UAE. Taken collectively, this data may assist decision-makers, school leaders, and policy-makers on how to foster environments that promote retention among expatriate teachers in the UAE. Keywords: expatriate teachers, UAE, job satisfaction, work-life balance, school leadership

Empirical study of air transport demand forecast in Nigeria

The aim of the study is to estimate the air travel demand forecast of domestic passengers’ travels in Nigeria from 2002-2016. Data wesourced from Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics, and Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria. The study utilized multiple regressions model using Stata-Graphic software solver to analyze the data. From the analysis, the result shows that there is significant relationship between the explanatory variable (passengers) and unexplanatory variables National Disposable Income, Population, Average Airfare, Gross Domestic Product, Exchange Rate, Total Expenditure, and Crude oil price, accounted for adjusted R of 93.624% relationship with demand for domestic air travel of passenger. The R-square statistic shows that the fitted model explains the variability in Number of passenger (NPAX) which is 96.8124%. The Hypothesis testing reveals that National Disposable Income and Air fare have strong statistically significant relationship with the demand for domestic air travel with P-value of 0.0013. Moreso, there is statistically significant relationship for National Disposable Income, Average Airfare, and Crude oil price with P-value of 0.0017 and 0.0445 respectively. Furthermore, forecast of the number of passengers and average airfare was carried out using ARIMA (1,0,0) model which made available the future predicted values for the number of passenger movement and average airfare for the next 10-12 years to come. Thus, the study recommends that stakeholders in the air transport sector should work towards improving the capacity and infrastructure to accommodate the growth of air travel demand for domestic air travel in Nigeria. Policy implications were made on how to regulate the sector by having a good pricing policy to control the air fare for the industry.

Market Developments on Chinese International Air Passenger Markets in Light of COVID-19 Policy Measures

The world’s governments imposed a plethora of restrictions and quarantine rules to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. China was chosen for this study as it was the first market to be impacted. The overall aim of this paper was to analyse international air travel to and from China since the start of COVID-19 and to assess the impact of policy initiatives on seat capacity during this time. The key findings are that implementation of the so called Five one policy in March 2020 was associated with an almost immediate reduction in seat capacity on China to the rest of the world, partially suppressing the more typical impact of underlying GDP and air fares on capacity. It was further found that Chinese international gateways, as airports with substantial proportions of international and connecting traffic, remain the most distressed. Long haul international traffic and revenues from European and North American destinations all experienced unprecedented and sharp reductions. Traffic and revenues from other Asian markets was even more sporadic. Alarmingly, the study extracted that revenues from premium classes were deteriorating much faster than economy class, which is of imminent concern for long-haul carriers reliant on premium traffic coming into the pandemic.

Influence of E-Tourism Policies on Travel Business Profitability in Nairobi City County, Kenya

The new information era has grown drastically overtime with key stakeholders giving considerable attention to adoption of e-commerce. Travel and Tourism businesses have increasingly adopted e-commerce, which has helped to link key market participants thus enabling easy gathering of information for both consumers and suppliers. E-commerce has brought about a revolutionary change in the way Travel and Tourism business is being conducted away from brick-and-mortar operations. This has changed the way consumers make decisions on personalized travel packages using websites to obtain roadmaps, accommodation, activity programming, air fares, restaurants, entertainment and calendars of local events. This study explored to establish the influence of e-tourism policies on travel business profitability in Nairobi City County, Kenya. This study adopted descriptive research design, which employed mixed method of collecting quantitative and qualitative primary data. The study was conducted in Nairobi City, Kenya’s capital due to its robust economy. The study targeted 172 travel agents that use e-tourism in their travel businesses. The study also targeted travel agent professionals whose docket is marketing, ICT and management of travel businesses. Slovin’s formula was used to calculate the sample size of 120 travel agents. Simple random sampling using the list of registered travel agents under the Kenya Association of Travel Agents as the sample frame was used to select the travel agents to be enrolled in the study. Purposive sampling was employed to select three (3) managers from each sampled travel agent giving a total of 360 managers. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data primary data from the sampled managers. A pre-test of the questionnaires was carried out involving travel agents that were not sampled for the main study to determine its reliability. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, modes, means, variances and standard deviations was used to analyse quantitative data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22. Hypothesis testing using Chi Square test analysis revealed that the significance value 0.484 is greater than 0.05, and hence the null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected. This implies that measures e-tourism policies do not influence travel business profitability. The study concluded though e-tourism policies do not influence travel business profitability is critical in the development of e-tourism in Kenya. Keywords: E-commerce, e-tourism, Travel and Tourism business, Tourism Policy, & Profitability

Economics of aviation fuel decarbonization: A preliminary assessment

Limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires decarbonizing all sectors of the world economy by mid-century, only 30 years from now. For sectors such as aviation, decarbonization will be challenging: There are currently no working examples of long-distance, zero-carbon commercial aircraft. While aviation emissions comprise less than 3% of world greenhouse gas emissions, aviation emissions are rising quickly. Previous studies describe technical feasibility of decarbonization options; this study compares the economics of decarbonization paths to make a preliminary assessment of cost effectiveness. We present economic data on three potential aviation decarbonization paths: 1) continuing use of fossil kerosene with direct air capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide emissions elsewhere; 2) producing hydrogen fuel from renewable electricity to replace fossil kerosene; and 3) replacing fossil kerosene with synthetic renewable kerosene produced from renewable energy. We combine estimates from the literature and expert opinion to assess the likely costs of each potential decarbonization path. Fossil kerosene plus remote sequestration appears to have the lowest short-term private cost, but is not completely sustainable; renewable kerosene could be available soon but likely has the highest cost; and hydrogen may be the least expensive fuel, but requires development of hydrogen-powered aircraft and infrastructure. Air fare changes resulting from any of the three paths are likely within the range of those seen in the last few decades. This study demonstrates that aviation decarbonization is economically feasible, through at least three paths.

Особенности территориальной мобильности населения Якутии в условиях пандемии COVID-19

The article discusses the special characteristics of the territorial mobility of the population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Changes in the migration situation, structure of migration and migration activity of the population in different social and economic zones of the region in the context of the coronavirus pandemic are analyzed. The analysis shows that the peculiarities of distribution of productive forces and human resources in the labor market retain a fairly high potential for labor migration to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from the CIS countries and far abroad in the context of a pandemic, the share of arriving migrants indicating work among the reasons for migration continues to grow. The influence of socio-economic characteristics and urgent problems of the republic on the formation of migration activity and migration intentions of the population is considered. The article is based on the results of a mass survey in Yakutia (n=200). Analysis of the survey results shows that the features of territorial mobility, migration intentions of the population and absence of migration plans depend on the socio-economic conditions of residence, various factors of individual social status and position, and mobility resources. With mostly satisfactory assessments of the socio-economic situation in the republic and most factors of social life in the region, the respondents’ migration intentions are conditioned by low incomes and territorial specifics — remoteness from the central regions of the country, the high cost of air fares and harsh climatic conditions. In the pandemic conditions, the spatial mobility of the population, as one of the most important social resources of society, is most characteristic of the part of young people who have financial resources, unmarried, seeking better socio-economic and climatic conditions, to regions with better infrastructure, where they can get a decent job, quality education, medical services, recreation and leisure.

Anti-crisis measures to reduce the consequences of the impact of sanctions on the tourism industry of Russia

In the conditions of existing threats —the lack of full-fledged travel mobility, the growth of air fares due to the complication of flight logistics and the duration of air travel, currency risks — the opportunities for the development of outbound and inbound tourism are limited. It is necessary to reorient the tourism business to the development and support of domestic tourism with the fragmented development of the incoming flow from neutral and friendly countries. To promote the development of various types of domestic tourism in demand by Russian citizens. To develop and implement a number of management solutions for leveling the emerging threats to the tourism sector. The object of the article is management decisions in the field of tourism in the context of international sanctions. The purpose of the article is to analyze possible measures to stabilize it in the face of sanctions by the international community. The tasks are to study the state of the tourism industry and hospitality; identification of risks posed to the industry by the imposition of sanctions; determination of the main types of instruments that mitigate external threats and consideration of the possibility of applying the proposed anti-crisis measures. In the article used common methods of research, such as observation, systematization and synthesis of collected theoretical and practical material.

Airport competition in Brazil’s northeast region

Aviation growth is mainly due to the integration between national and world economies in the global era. The capital’s airports of the Brazilian Northeast were managed by a federal public company and are currently being granted to private companies, which have the premise of expanding the number of passengers. The increase in number of passengers drives competition between airports, since they must have adequate infrastructure to contain the demand. The choice by the user for an airport can be evaluated based on factors such as access mode, air fares, availability of flights and airport infrastructure. This paper aims at evaluating the choice of passengers between two airports in the Northeast of Brazil since 2014 and how this choice has been changing over the years. The binomial logit model was used to obtain the probability of choosing between airports and to evaluate the most relevant factors. The results of the study presented that availability for direct flights, preference for airlines, access time, air fares and general satisfaction of the airport fluctuated in the choice of the two airports during the study period. By evaluating the likelihood of choice, subsidies are provided to improve services considered indispensable by passengers.

COVID-19: Impacts on air fares and air connectivity in the European Union

Air transport in the European Union was particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper investigates in detail the impact of the pandemic on air fares and connectivity indicators in the European Union using data from a global distribution system provider for air tickets for the period between 2018 and 2021. In order to identify heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 on air fares and connectivity, separate analyses are conducted for different destination regions and airline types. The results of this paper reveal that connectivity was stronger affected than air fares. For most indicators, a steady recovery is observable after a sharp initial shock in April 2020. A regression analysis indicates that the impact of COVID-19 on air fares and connectivity in 2020 differed considerably seasonally and geographically.

Effect of long-haul low-cost carriers on North Atlantic air fares

Low-cost carriers (LCCs) of the long-haul type have gained momentum in the years pre-COVID19, and on North Atlantic routes in particular.Yet their market impact on fare levels has never been evaluated, and findings related to short- and medium-haul LCCs cannot be readily applied to the long-haul case.We assess the effect, on market fare levels, of a long-haul LCC presence by proposing a stylized analytical model for hypotheses development.Then, while running two-stage least-squares regressions with instrumental variables, we distinguish between fares for economy and business classes, based on an extensive multi-year sample of North Atlantic routes.We estimate that, ceteris paribus, the presence of an LCC is associated with a 11% to 18% reduction in long-haul fares for economy class and 2% to 6% for business class.These findings continue to be relevant post–COVID19, as point-to-point-focused LCCs pose an alternative to sub-scale hub networks, especially with more leisure-/touristic-focused demand scenarios.

Shelf placement optimization for air products

Airlines are increasingly trying to differentiate their offers, so one airline’s bare bones low fare may, for some travelers, be equivalent to another airline’s high fare, if the low fare bundles some ancillaries a traveler wants. Because of differentiation of airline offers the air traveler must simultaneously compare air fares and the ancillaries included. Price comparison is also difficult as the same cabin offers vary by the ancillaries included across the competing airlines. We are proposing a shelf product assortment method for categorizing airline offers into utility levels, thus facilitating the choice task of air travelers. We describe possible known approaches, describe Sabre’s proposal, provide information on the optimization methods used, and propose future work in the field.

Air traffic forecast and its impact on runway capacity. A System Dynamics approach

The uninterrupted growth of air traffic in Colombia has been reinforced since the 1990s by a public policy of liberalization of airspace, and by redirecting public and private investment towards the modernization and updating of airport infrastructures, giving in concession the busiest airports in the country, 19 to date. In the commercial air sector, and in this same period, the flag airline was privatized and new air operators, including low cost airlines (LCC), entered the market. Since 2012, air fares are completely deregulated. Consequently, in the last two and a half decades, passenger transport in Colombia grew by 863%. This important growth rate has been driven and led by the country's main airport, the Bogotá-El Dorado International Airport (BOG), in the capital of Colombia. But some technical reports consider the airport will reach its maximum capacity in the short term mainly because of its inability to expand its airfield (runway system). Due to this circumstance, the aeronautical public authority of Colombia gave course to the planning, design and construction of a new airport (complementary) on the outskirts of the city of Bogotá, which will enter the design phase in 2026/2027. Therefore, it is considered suitable the development of a traffic forecast for BOG in the medium term and to evaluate the impact of future demand on the runway capacity of the airport. Then, and due to the complexity of the air transport forecast, the use of System Dynamics (SD), is considered to be appropriate as an analysis approach. System Dynamics is based on feedback control theory and it is equipped with mathematical computer simulation models, which uses linear and non-linear differential equations. The results suggests a need to expand the airport case study (runway system) after mid-2019, where the current capacity utilization factor is around 100% and two to three runways will be required for the normal operation; after October 2022 the number runways required is set to three until the last period simulated (2023).

Analysis of Beijing-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway Competitiveness Based on Generalized Travel Cost Model

After the completion of the Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, this paper studies the market sharing rate of the normal-speed railway, high-speed railway and civil aviation aircraft in the Beijing-Guangzhou line, and the broad travel cost of passengers. Ticket price, speediness, safety, comfort, convenience and punctuality are selected as evaluation indexes. Combined with the improved Logit model, a multiple discrete choice model of passenger travel is established. Then this paper investigates the travel intention of passengers and the actual data needed for model indicators. At last, the share rate of various modes of transportation in the Beijing-Guangzhou under the circumstances of different distances and different time values is predicted, as well as the impact of air fares on the competitiveness of high-speed rail products.

Cost savings from trajectory deviations in the European air space

Air transport deregulation has lead to an increase of air traffic, together with a reduction of air fares. Air fare reduction has narrowed operational margins of airlines, bringing financial and employment instability. This has brought airlines to pay increasing attention to flying costs reduction. Two important components of flying costs airlines can try to cut modifying the planned flight are en route charges and operational costs. We rely on Demand Data Repository (DDR2) data to calculate deviations from planned flight trajectories to analyse the extent to what airlines try to cut operational costs making shorter flights than planned if possible, and cut en route charges providing a planned flight with lower en route charges than the planned flight. Our findings show that there is no generalised strategy among airlines to reduce en-route charges asking for deviations of the planned route. On the other hand, airlines are achieving savings of operational costs regularly. Higher savings per nautical mile are obtained in night flights, with longer planned distance and operated by low cost carriers.

Commercial Use of Aircraft Based on Safety Risk

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that not a single sovereign country agrees to allow uncontrolled commercial activity of foreign airlines on its territory. Hence the need for a clear international legal regulation of the rights to carry out such commercial activities. In this context, the article aims to analyze the main forms and methods of commercial activity. Leading approach to the study of this problem is the descriptive method that has afforded revealing peculiarities of terms of commercial agreements and proposed air fares. The materials of the paper imply the practical significance for the university teachers of the economic and legal specializations.

Competition of airline and high-speed rail in terms of price and frequency: Empirical study from China

High-speed rail (HSR) is developing at an unprecedented speed in China, however its impact on the air market is under-investigated. In order to fully assess strategic response behaviour, two aspects of competition should be considered: fares and frequency. We present the first ex-post analysis of HSR's influence on both air pricing and frequencies in China using a panel dataset of 30 different routes. In modelling frequency we use a novel application of Instrumental Variables to address the potential bias arising from the co-dependency between modal frequencies. Our results indicate that the presence of inter-modal competition can induce air to reduce fares and frequencies greatly: air fares are 0.397 CNY/km (34%) lower and air frequencies are 60.2% less on the routes with HSR. Where competition from HSR exists, air fares and frequencies are found to be higher on the routes with lower HSR frequencies and lower air travel times relative to those of HSR. We find that the inter-temporal price discrimination (IPD) of air fares can also be influenced by HSR competition: the J-curve of air prices reaches a minimum value earlier, ie more days ahead of departure, on the routes with HSR services. Air fares' variation by distance is also influenced by HSR competition: fares per kilometre reach their minimum at longer distances (around 1500 km) on the routes with HSR services.

Understanding the impact of liberalisation in the EU-Africa aviation market

The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of recent regulatory changes in air passenger transport between Europe and Africa. We quantify the impacts of liberalisation of the EU-Africa aviation market on air fare and service frequency using a two-stage least squares model approach. The analysis shows that inter-continental air services between Europe and Africa are mainly governed by bilateral agreements negotiated between the individual countries of the EU and the various African governments. Compared to the developments in the links between Africa and the rest of the world, the EU-Africa market appears to be losing momentum. The results of the econometric model suggest that EU-Africa routes which experienced liberalisation over the period 2002 and 2016 had 28% higher departure frequency and 14% lower fares than those routes without such a regime change. Furthermore, the results show that the presence of a low-cost carrier reduces fare by 31%.

Air Traveler's Willingness to Pay to Offset Their CO2 Emission in Pokhara

This study aims to investigate if there are a significant number of people who are ready for climate change mitigation action in case of air travelers in Pokhara city. Using the primary information to answer 46 structured questions from 142 respondents of Pokhara city in 2014, the study has estimated the air travelers’ willingness to pay (WTP) to offset their CO2 emission during their flight. The study has showed that with the mean value of 5.53% of their air fare, there is 78.16% probability of willingness to pay voluntarily to offset their CO2 emission caused by their activities by the air travelers in Pokhara. Besides, knowledge and attitude as major determinants of WTP, majority (about 83 percent) of the respondents have both high level of knowledge about carbon emission and high level of attitude towards its adverse impact. The study has also showed that foreigners are more likely to pay to offset their CO2 emission than that of Nepali citizens. Therefore, the findings could be a good information for making pricing, carbon taxing and mitigation policy at any level.

Comparison analysis of passenger traffic by air and rail transport

The article analyses passenger traffic distribution between air transport on domestic air routes and railway transport on the routes of large distances within the Russian Federation. The research objective is to define the air traffic increase potential especially on the distances up to 2500 km. City-pairs air passenger traffic and railway passenger traffic between the destination points statistics for 2014 and 2016, distances between the points of destination and actual economy class air fares and railway compartment carriage tariffs as well data on airports state in corresponding points of destination are used as original information.Pivot tables of traffic on 5 thousand routes by both modes of transport are drawn up.Specific traffic shares by air transport between points of origin (taking off) and destination (landing) are defined. Passenger traffic distribution is evaluated by distance intervals in Russian Federation as a whole and from major airports : Moscow, Ekaterinburg, Sochi and Simferopol. The analysis defines the trend of traffic share increase by air transport along with rising traffic distances. The research reveals that 94,2% of passenger traffic by rail and 83% of traffic by air are carried for the distances up to 2 500 km. The statistics example of passenger traffic from Moscow and Ekaterinburg demonstrates that regional routes with distances up to 1000 km are the main increase potential for the traffic growth. In 2016 traffic share by air transport for the distances interval up to 1000 km was 16%.According to the tariffs analysis the conclusion is made that air fares exceed rail tariffs on flight distances up to 1000 km (because of the short distances flight speculiarities) and on the routes to hard-to-reach and remote areas. Passengers choice in favor of air transport on regional routes depends on creation of economic conditions to attract more passengers.