Air-dried Material Research Articles

Preliminary Qualitative Analysis of Plant Samples by High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography for the Presence of Steroid Sapogenins of Some Representatives of the Dioscoreacae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae, Melanthiaceae, Scrophulariaceae

Introduction. Results of original research carried out by means of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) of various plant samples (air-dry raw material) of Dioscoreaceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Melanthiaceae, Scrophulariaceae families are presented in this article.Aim. To carry out preliminary qualitative analysis by HPTLC method of steroidal sapogenins composition in hydrolyzed extracts, obtained from vegetative samples of above-ground and underground organs of some Dioscoreaceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Melanthiaceae, Scrophulariaceae families.Materials and methods. Extraction from pre-dehydrated raw materials was carried out with 50 % aqueous isopropanol (c.p.) in an ultrasonic bath, followed by acidic hydrolysis of O-glycoside bonds, evaporation and redissolution of dry residue in 99 % methanol (c.p.); purification from suspended solids by filtering through filters with 20 µm perforation diameter. HPTLC was performed on apparatus complex CAMAG (Switzerland) using HPTLC Aluminium sheets Silica gel 60 F254 plates 20 × 20 cm, which were cut to the size 20 × 10 cm.Results and discussion. After scanning densitometry at 254 nm, we found that the separation of isopropanol extracts, followed by redissolution in strong methanol in this solvent system allows a fairly acceptable separation and identification of the compounds studied. Comparison of the tracks of plant extracts was performed with standard samples of steroid sapogenins, whose methanol solutions were applied to one stain-strobe of track 1, provided that they had different Rf indices and coloration after derivatization.Conclusion. Diosgenin was identified in plant extracts of rhizomes and roots of Dioscorea nipponica and Dioscorea caucasica and in seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum preliminarily. Sarsasapogenin was verified in extracts of fruits of Sophora japonica, tigogenin in extracts of seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum, herb of Pulsatilla patens and herb of Veronica officinalis. Yamogenin was detected in extracts of seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum and herb of Veronica officinalis. This work is exploratory in nature, assessing the presence of certain saponins by their sapogenins in selected extracts. We will optimize the HPLC separation procedure and choose other detection methods to unambiguously assess the co-presence of the studied sapogenins with approximately the same staining shades after derivatization and matching retention indices: there are pairs of steroidal sapogenins that have the same retention, we decided to group them in mixtures so that there would be separation within the group and subsequent comparison with the original extracts would make it possible to identify those or other sapogenins in such extracts.

Effect of PEF Treatment on Chosen Properties of Raw and Hot Air- and Freeze-Dried Poultry Meat

The properties of fresh meat, such as high water activity, a slightly acidic reaction, and the availability of carbohydrates and proteins, make it a microbiologically unstable and easily perishable raw material. One of the oldest food preservation techniques is drying. Furthermore, non-thermal food processing techniques such as pulse electric field (PEF) treatment can be used to support the drying process and change the properties of the obtained product. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the impact of pulsed electric field treatment on the hot air-drying and freeze-drying of poultry meat as well as on the quality of the dried meat. The PEF pretreatment and drying methods significantly altered the physical characteristics of the poultry meat. The PEF treatment enhanced the efficiency of freeze-drying by electroporation, reducing drying time and shrinkage. However, in the hot air-drying, the PEF-treated samples prolonged drying, potentially due to muscle structure damage and increased shrinkage. The pretreatment techniques affected the structure of the meat and positively influenced the higher porosity and lower shrinkage. Also, drying decreased the water activity and increased the dry matter content, which ensured the safety of the final product. The freeze-dried material exhibited a higher rehydration rate, improved hygroscopic properties, and better meat color compared to the hot air-dried material. Nevertheless, the selection of the process parameters, for both the pretreatment and drying process, is crucial to ensure a high quality of the dried meat product and should be selected carefully in order to guarantee that the highest quality of the dried product is obtained.

ANTHOCYANINS IN LILAC FLOWERS SYRINGA VULGARIS

Anthocyanins from flowers of common lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) of various color intensities and shades of lilac color from nine samples purchased at the Belgorod market were studied using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. To determine the structure of anthocyanins, we used the analysis of electronic absorption spectra recorded in the cuvette of a diode array detector and the analysis of mass spectra obtained by electrospray ionization with partial fragmentation. As a result, it was found that in all the studied samples the main component was delphinidin-3-rutinoside (84–90% by peak areas in the chromatogram). The level of cyanidin-3-rutinoside biosynthesis was significantly lower (6–19.6%). Among the minor compounds, delphinidin-3-glucoside and petunidin-3-glucoside were found. Among the unusual compounds, pyranoanthocyanin, built on the basis of delphinidin-3-rutinoside due to condensation with pyruvic acid, was found in a number of studied samples, but the reasons for its appearance have not yet been established. The total content of anthocyanins is low and amounts to 0.020–0.120 g per 100 g of fresh material (depending on the color intensity of the original plant material) in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside. By drying flowers on a cut branch, air-dried material was obtained containing 0.100–0.300 g per 100 g of anthocyanins.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis for the content of benzoic, salicylic, sorbic and glycyrrhizic acids in an aqueous extract of alfalfa

The article presents the results of experimental studies on the assessment of the content of benzoic, salicylic, sorbic and glycyrrhizic acids in the aqueous-alcoholic extract of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and in its condensed extract (BAA «Erakond»), belonging to the class of preservatives of natural origin. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Waters Breeze chromatograph (Waters, USA). The content of acids endowed with antiseptic and fungicidal properties in the air-dry raw material of alfalfa was, mg/g: benzoic – 3.2 ± 0.3; salicylic – 1.8 ± 0.2; sorbic – 0.15 ± 0.11; glycyrrhizin – 2.0 ± 0.3. The technology of hydrobaric extraction, used in the industrial production of the dietary supplement «Erakond» from alfalfa, ensured the concentration of the analyzed acids in the finished product: the content of benzoic acid in the dietary supplement «Erakond» was 26.0 ± 3.0 mg/g, salicylic acid – 2.9 ± 0.3 mg/g, sorbic – 0.22 ± 0.03 mg/g, glycyrrhizin – 5.2 ± 0.6 mg/g. The mechanisms of implementation of the antioxidant properties of polyphenolic compounds of alfalfa, which exhibit a synergistic preservative effect together with identified organic acids, are disclosed. Relatively high concentration of polyphenolic compounds in Erakond dietary supplement (naringenin – 0.05 ± 0.0006; rutin – 8 ± 3; licuraside – 3.5 ± 0.4; quercetin – 0.04 ± 0.001; fisetin – 0.35 ± 0.01; naringin – 0.5 ± 0.0006; dihydroquercetin – 0.20 ± 0.002) provides high stability of Eracond-containing food products during long-term storage with preservation of nutritional, taste and biological properties. The combined antiseptic and antioxidant action in vitro of organic acids, polyphenolic compounds, essential oils, coumarins and plant saponins ensures the effectiveness of the use of natural preservatives in food industry technologies.

Features Of The First Hazard Class Elements Accumulation By Plants Of The Paeonia L. Genus

Heavy metals are generally recognized as primary soil pollutants. The most active pollutants are their mobile forms, which can migrate from a solid state into soil solutions and become absorbed by plants. The aim of this work was to study the features of heavy metal accumulation in the aboveground and underground parts of the Paeonia L. genus representatives in the urbanized environment of Ufa. The research considered four species and three varieties of hybrid paeony. The elemental composition of the aboveground and underground parts was analyzed using the method «Determination of As, Pb, Cd, Sn, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni in samples of food products and food raw materials by the atomic absorption method with electrothermal atomization». Eight elements were studied for each raw material group and their concentrations were determined in mmol/ kg of air-dry raw material. The minimum concentrations of arsenic, chromium, manganese, and iron were observed in the roots; lead, cadmium, and copper − in the leaves; nickel − in the flowers of the studied paeonies. The maximum content of arsenic and chromium was found in leaves; lead, nickel, manganese, and iron − in stems; cadmium and copper − in flowers. The results of the correlation analysis showed that there is a moderate or strong relationship between the concentrations of the studied elements in the consider ed taxa of paeonies.

Soil moisture effects on predictive VNIR and MIR modeling of soil organic carbon and clay content

Portable visible to near-infrared (VNIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) soil spectroscopy holds great potential to support field applications in soil science and management by complementing conventional soil analytical methods. Under field conditions, however, soil moisture can critically affect the quality of reflectance measurements. In this study, we examined the effects of soil moisture on VNIR and MIR soil spectra and how its magnitude and variation impact the accuracy and robustness of predictive spectral models. We carried out a systematic re-wetting experiment on two soil datasets of different scale and origin that were measured at four gravimetric moisture levels (air-dried, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %) with portable VNIR and MIR instruments. The spectral data of each moisture class, as well as randomized combinations of different moisture contents, were then used to calibrate VNIR, MIR and combined PLSR models to estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) and clay content, where combined models included spectra concatenation (VNMIR) and model output average (MOA). The overall shape of MIR spectra was more significantly distorted by soil moisture than VNIR spectra, while the general impact of soil water content in both spectral domains was texture-dependent. In terms of predictive accuracy, MIR models were generally superior for air-dried sample material, while VNIR models fared better for uniformly moist samples. With increasing soil moisture variability, comparative estimation accuracies between individual VNIR and MIR models were dependent on the underlying dataset. VNMIR and MOA models proved beneficial and yielded the most accurate and robust predictions for SOC and clay content when soil moisture was variable, irrespective of the considered dataset (regional dataset: RMSESOC = 0.22–0.27 %, RMSECLAY = 2.67–3.14 %; field dataset: RMSESOC = 0.09–0.11 %, RMSECLAY = 0.87–1.15 %). Predictive mechanisms, as evaluated by variable importance in the projection (VIP) of PLSR models, changed substantially with variation in soil water content, especially in the MIR, where important absorption bands for SOC and clay minerals could be heavily attenuated or completely masked. Our study highlights the advantages of employing both VNIR and MIR instruments for spectral data collection on soils in field condition and the potential of integrating VNIR and MIR spectra collected at different soil moisture levels into soil spectral libraries.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from the Aerial Parts of Teucrium luteum (Mill.) Degen subsp. flavovirens (Batt.) Greuter & Burdet Growing Wild in Tunisia

Essential oils (EOs), the odorous and volatile products of a plant’s secondary metabolism, have wide applications in folk medicine, in food flavoring and preservation, and in fragrance industries. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of the EO from the aerial parts (including the inflorescences) of wild Teucrium luteum subsp. flavovirens from Tunisia. The EO obtained by the hydrodistillation of air-dried plant material in a Clevenger-type apparatus was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fifty-three components representing 83.9% of the total constituents were identified. The EO of T. luteum subsp. flavovirens is characterized by the presence of β-elemol (7.2%), (+)-α-pinene (6%), β-eudesmol (5.5%), guaiol (4.2%), α-bisabolol (4.2%), and β-caryophyllene (4.1%) as principal chemical components. In vitro (DPPH and β-carotene bleaching assays), it showed significantly higher radical scavenging and antioxidant properties than the reference compound, BHT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the composition and antioxidant properties of the EO from Tunisian T. luteum subsp. flavovirens. Our preliminary data will help to valorize this potentially useful plant species from Tunisia and represent a starting point for further studies on its volatile fraction.

Synthesis of U3O8 and UO2 microspheres using microfluidics

Uranium-bearing microspheres below 50µm with a narrow size distribution allows for a wider variety of fuel forms. To accommodate the smaller size, gel microspheres with a composition of UO3∙nH2O∙mNH3 were synthesized using microfluidics and subsequently converted to U3O8 and UO2. To accommodate the slower flow rates required by microfluidics, a more stable broth was established. The gelation studies resulted in a broth that was stable for more than two days at 0°C and for close to 3 h at room temperature while still gelling within 25 s. Synthesis of gel microspheres with a narrow size distribution lasted for 5 h and produced ∼0.5 g of air-dried material. The gelled microspheres were converted to U3O8 and UO2 and with sizes of 50 and 40 µm in diameter, respectively.

Leaf Litter Decomposition of Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz under Field and Laboratory Microcosm in Northeast India

Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz is one of the most abundant bamboo species of Mizoram, Northeast India contributing about Melocanna baccifera 95% of the total bamboo resources. This study was aimed to assess the rate of leaf litter decomposition of leaves in natural forest M. baccifera(FS) and laboratory microcosm (MC). A total of 36 litter bags measuring (15 x 15 cm, 2 mm mesh) containing 10g of air-dried litter material were placed in FS, and 36 litter bags of 10 x 10 cm filled with ~5 g of litter material were placed in the MC. MC was made from bottom sealed PVC pipe of 12 cm diameter and 16 cm height and filled with layers of 2/3 mineral soil and 1/3 with organic soil from the forest. A total of 6 litter bags were retrieved from FS and MC at monthly intervals for 6 months. Litter decay rate was higher in FS as compared to MC and litter mass remaining at the end of the study was 7 % and 13 % in FS and MC, respectively. Consequently, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mass remaining were 11.2% and 11.8% in MC and 7.3% and 5.6% in FS. Annual decay constant (k) was 2.2 and 1.4, respectively in FS and MC. Overall, mass loss rate and C and N release from litter was significantly higher in FS compared to MC indicating more complex synergistic effects of abiotic and M. baccifera biotic factors in decomposition at the FS site compared to MC site.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from the Needles and Branch of the Abies delaveyi Franch subsp. fansipanensis (Q. P. Xiang&al) Rushforth in Lao Cai Province

The essential oils from the needles and branch of the Abies delaveyi subsp. fansipanensis was collected in Hoang Lien Natural Park, Lao Cai province and was obtained by steam distilation and the yields of essential oils were 0.27% and 0.08% from air-dry material. By the using GC/MS analysis, there are 44 and 52 constituents from needles and branch were identified and accounting 97.75% and 96.86% essential oil. The main constituents of needles essential oil were α-pinene (22.28%), β-phellandrene (17.80%), β-pinene (7.87%), α-cadinol (6.53%), myrcene (4.35%), δ-cadinene (4.39%). The main constituents of branchs essential oil were β-phellandrene (18.0%), α-pinene (10.95%), myrcene (10.76%), β-pinene (6.71%), abienol (6.71%). α-cadinol (3.31%). This is the first study on the chemical constituents of the essential oils from the needles and branchs of Abies delaveyi subsp. fansipanensis in Vietnam.

A critical review of initial Resource and Reserve tonnage estimation and reporting

This review was initially motivated by the author's own experience in attempting to reconcile run-of-mine production tons with the Coal Resource and Reserve estimation of mineable, in-situ tonnages. The primary scientific measurements and observations that are collected during exploration at the beginning of the value chain will have a profound effect on the future of the mining operation. Due diligence must be exercised during the planning of a new mine and during the life of an existing mine. The comments provided by the technical and economic assessment group of Venmyn Deloitte confirmed the need for this critical review. They found the reporting of Coal Resources in South Africa to be inconsistent. This was particularly problematic in the Waterberg Coalfield in Limpopo Province. In this coalfield there are two types of coal deposit present. The first is comprised of the thick intercalated, cyclic coal and shale/mudstone sequences of the Volksrust Formation. This overlies multiple coal seams within the Vryheid Formation, each of which is thick enough to be extracted as an individual raw coal unit. On the other hand, the interbedded coal and shale seams of the Volksrust Formation require beneficiation to separate the coal from the shale. The review examines practices and methods, investigates alternatives, provides checks and balances, and tests these against actual production reconciliations. In conclusion, the best estimates of the mineable, in-situ tonnage will be obtained from the air-dry raw material density. These estimates should be adjusted afterwards to allow for free moisture content. The adjustments are derived from reconciliation data. The greatest contributing factor to the over-estimation of Reserve tonnages is the moisture content of the raw material. This fluctuates significantly under varying conditions in situ, as well as upon exposure to the natural environment. The air-dried density of the raw material includes inherent (structurally bound) moisture within the matrix. It provides credible tonnage estimations of raw material available while also providing an indication of voids within the volume of material being assessed. The calculated solids percentage can be used to adjust the specific gravity, which is determined via the Archimedes principle. This will supply a representative estimate of the material to be mined.

Adaptation of a simple method to determine the total terpenoid content in needles of coniferous trees

In ecological research, quantitative methods are often used to measure the total content of metabolites groups (i.e., phenols, carbohydrates). Until recently, there has been no simple and effective method to determine the total terpenoid content with satisfactory repeatability and sensitivity. The procedure proposed by Ghorai et al. (2012) requires the use of fresh plant material. That may be problematic when experimental units are located far from a laboratory. Our goals were to optimize the procedure, and to find the threshold of misestimation using the procedure adjusted to work with dried material. Needles of Pinus sylvestris were used to test the effect of changes in drying, grinding, storage, and extraction on determined total terpenoid content. All applied changes in material storage and grinding decreased the quantity of the terpenoids in needles. Only air-dried and ball-milled material produced similar results to those obtained with fresh material – can be recommended if the fresh material unattainable. Air-dried material may be stored for up to three months, but it resulted in greater variation and then greater sample size is needed. Lower sample mass and solvent volume have no impact on accuracy. Shorter extraction time, oven-drying or microwaving leads to unreliability of measurements.

АМИНОКИСЛОТНЫЙ, ЖИРНОКИСЛОТНЫЙ И ВИТАМИННЫЙ ROSA CANINA L.

The genus rose hips, or rose (Rosa L.), belongs to the Rosaceae family. It has many cultural forms, bred under the general name Rose. Now, more than 400 species of rose hips known. Usually these are erect shrubs, less often lianas, sometimes-low tree-like forms or almost herbaceous plants. Rosehip is common in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, it can often found in the mountainous regions of the tropical belt. Some types of rose hips distributed from the Arctic Circle in the north to Ethiopia in the south. On the American continent - from Canada to Mexico. The most favorable conditions for Rosehip are in the Mediterranean region. Several species of the genus Rosehip have a wide distribution area. Kazakhstan possesses significant resources of medicinal plant raw materials. Among the most priority representatives of the wild flora are species of the wild rose genus - Rosa L. as the most valuable medicinal plant. In total, 21 species of wild rose grow in the republic, including 5 in Central Kazakhstan: R. glabrifolia - w. naked, R. laxa Retz. - w. loose, R. acicularis Lindl. - (w. Spiny), R. majalis Herrm. (R. cinnamomea L.) - w. May (w. cinnamon) and R. pimpinellifolia L. (R. spinosissima L.) - w. femoral. Kazakh species of the genus Rosa L Rosehip fruits distinguished by a high content of biologically active substances and are widely used in medicine. Plant raw materials collected in the southern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty region). The crushed air-dry raw material was extracted with hexane and chloroform in a raw material-reagent ratio (1:10) in a Soxhlet apparatus. Plants of the genus Rosa are rich in vitamins A, C, E and group B, and also contain sugars, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, glycosides, tannins, organic acids, amygdalin, essential oils. Thus, rosehip is a promising raw material for the creation of domestic medicines. This article examines the study of the quantitative composition of amino acids and vitamins in the fruits of the species of the genus Rosa widespread in Kazakhstan in the supercritical extract, isolated and the fruits of the Rosa canina plant, in order to establish the possibility of using and with the subsequent cultivation of the selected species.

The study of primary productivity of lichenized epigeic fungi in the pine forests of the Kostroma Region

Thalli of epigeic lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia P. Browne are sources of high biological activity substances with a proven pharmaceutical potential. Its necessary to study characteristics of the accumulation of biomass by thalli, as well as conditions affecting the accumulation of secondary metabolites by lesions. For the first time, studies of the primary productivity and concentrations of secondary metabolites in lichens of the genus Cladonia in pine forests in the center of the European part of Russia are presented on the example of the Kostroma Region. The primary productivity of bushy lichens of the genus Cladonia in the pine forests of the Kostroma Region is in the range of 16,0534,72 g/m per year for C. arbuscula and 14,7028,18 g/m per year for C. rangiferina. The weight gain of the living part of the subset is in direct proportion to the intensity of sunlight: the optimum for C. arbuscula is 41006100 lx (0,0250 g/year), for C. rangiferina it is 38005800 lx (0,0407 g/year). The influence of abiotic factors (biotope humidity and sunlight intensity) on the parameters of primary productivity and the accumulation of secondary metabolites by thalli was revealed. The influence of biotic factors is manifested on the projective cover of species. The highest values of the projective cover, 85,67% (C. arbuscula) and 61% (C. rangiferina), are confined to well-illuminated biotopes with rarefied sunlight (thin sphagnum pine forest, sphagnum-heather pine forest slope). The maximum amount of acetone extract of secondary metabolites per weight of air-dry raw material of lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia was isolated from well-illuminated areas of pine forests at 58007400 lx (11,541 and 15,916 mg/g q.s. of C. rangiferina and C. arbuscula raw materials, respectively). The increased humidity of the biotope and shading conditions slow down the accumulation of secondary metabolites in the subsets.

Manifestation features of the productivity potential ofSalvia officinalisL. in the conditions of the Crimea foothills

The research objective is to identify the manifestation features of the productivity potential ofSalvia officinalisL. in the conditions of the Crimea Foothills. The study was carried out in 2017-2019 on the Kubanets variety (selection of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) and the population of the Institute of Essential Oil and Medicinal Plants (IELR) in the scientific crop rotation of the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea (Belogorsky district). The analysis of samples for a complex of features was performed according to the method, including statistical data processing. The yield of the green mass of the Kubanets variety and the IELR population was, on average, 24.2±1.6 and 26.5±2.1 t/ha, the crop of essential oil was 29.5±3.7 and 34.2±4.2 kg/ha, respectively. In the conditions of extreme drought and high temperature conditions in 2018, the advantage of the IELR population in terms of raw materials content and essential oil collection was revealed, which indicates that it is more adapted to the conditions of the region. When air-dry raw material without stems stored for up to 12 months, the content of essential oil does not decrease and is 1.00-1.10% in the Kubanets variety and 1.05-1.15% in the IELR population. The component composition of the essential oil samples meets the requirements of ISO 9909:1997.

Характеристика ценопопуляций Serratula centauroides (Compositae) в Забайкалье

The coenopopulations of Serratula centauroides in various plant communities of Transbaikalia have been studied. In the study areas 10 geobotanical descriptions were made in plant communities with the participation of S. centauroides. In the investigated area S. centauroides is found on dry rocky slopes, in herb and sandy steppes. Depending on the growing conditions, the density of individuals in coenopopulations ranges from 0.18 to 1.80 individuals per 1 m2. The highest occurrence of S. centauroides is noted in communities dominated by Gramineous and Artemisia: Gramineous-Artemisia-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. Studied coenopopulations S. centauroides are confined to the following communities: Filifolium-herb, Gramineous- Artemisia-herb, Sophora-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Agropyron- Carex, Carex-herb, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. The phytomass, biological and exploitation resources, the possible volumes of annual harvesting of raw material of S. centauroides were determined. The phytomass of S. centauroides herb ranges from 8.10±3.46 to 75.93±19.55 g/m2 (air-dry raw material). The average phytomass of 1 individual of S. centauroides herb varies from 13.67±3.59 to 67.14±14.30 g (air-dry raw materials). The total biological resources of S. centauroides herb is 777.9 t (fresh raw materials) and 266.8 tons (air-dry raw materials). The total exploitation resources of S. centauroides herb is 224.7 t (fresh raw materials) and 79.8 t (air-dry raw materials). The possible volume of annual harvesting of raw materials of S. centauroides in the studied coenopopulations on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Republic of Buryatia amounts to 37.5 t (fresh raw materials) and 13.3 t (air-dry raw materials).

Influence of drought on the photosynthetic apparatus activity, senescence rate, and productivity in wheat plants

Effects of soil drought at flowering stage on the functional state of photosynthetic apparatus and chloroplast enzymatic antioxidant defense systems in flag leaf during reproductive period, and the productivity of winter wheat plants of high-protein Natalka variety and drought-tolerant Podolyanka variety were studied in pot experiment. Until flowering and for the control plants during the entire vegetation, the soil moisture content was maintained at a level of 60—70 % of field capacity (FC). Drought treatment (soil moisture 30 % FC) was applied for 7 days covering flowering—early kernel watery ripe period (BBCH 61—71). After that, watering of plants was resumed to a control level which was maintained until the end of the growing season. The estimation of the chlorophyll and Rubisco content, the chloroplast antioxidant enzymes activity, and the net CO2 assimilation and transpiration rates was carried out on flag leaves. The measurements were taken on the third day of watering cessation (the first day the soil moisture reached 30 % FC, BBCH 61), at the end of the drought period (seventh day at 30 % FC, BBCH 71), and after watering resumed at the medium milk (BBCH 75) and late milk (BBCH 77) stages. The components of plant grain productivity were determined by weighing air-dry material at grain full ripeness. It was revealed, that drought stress during flowering inhibited CO2 assimilation and accelerated induction of senescence processes in wheat plants associated with degradation of photosynthetic apparatus and manifested in quicker ontogenetic drop in chlorophyll and Rubisco contents and loss of leaf photosynthetic activity. This exacerbated the drought impact on the plant organism so that after optimal watering return, the physiological and biochemical parameters were not restored to the values of control plants that were all time under optimal moisture supply. Stress-induced premature senescence reduced the supply of plants with assimilates and ultimately led to a decrease in their grain productivity. Impact of drought on flag leaf photosynthetic activity and especially on senescence induction were much more pronounced in the high-protein wheat variety Natalka with a genetically programmed earlier start of the nitrogen-containing compounds remobilization from leaves than in Podolyanka variety. The drought-tolerant variety Podolyanka keep ability to maintain much higher CO2 assimilation activity during drought period and to preserve photosynthetic apparatus from early induction of senescence due to likely more efficient chloroplast antioxidant defense systems, thereby gaining a better assimilates supply for yield formation.

In Vitro Anti-Helicobacter Pylori and Antimycobacterial Activity Evaluation Of Selected Plants From Turkey

In this study, the extracts of Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. minor (Ulmaceae), Lathyrus pratensis L. (Leguminosae), Glaucium leiocarpum Bois. (Papaveraceae), and Echium vulgare L. (Boraginacea) were investigated for their in vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori and anti-mycobacterial activity. 
 The air-dried plant material was powdered and extracted with 70% ethanol by maceration. The extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness under the vacuum and then dissolved in a water-ethanol (90:10) mixture and extracted with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, respectively. Antibacterial activity was investigated by microdilution method against Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 and Mycobacterium avium ATCC 25291.
 The ethyl acetate extract of U. minor showed activity with MIC of 250 µg / mL against H. pylori. The other extracts showed no or weak inhibitory activity at >2000 µg/mL concentrations against the tested microorganisms. In conclusion, ethyl acetate extract of U. minor may be used for the treatment of H. pylori infections.

The influence of mineral fertilizers on the components of <i>Monarda fistulosa</i> L. essential oil

The results of study of the components of Monarda fistulosa L. essential oil under chemicals are shown. The experiment was made at the Central botanical garden of the National academy of sciences of the Republic of Belarus since 2011 till 2013. The research conditions involved using of nitrogen, phosphoric and potassium fertilizers on limed and nonlimed fields. Essential oil was determined in air-dry material with hydrodistillation method applying Ginsberg apparatus. The component composition of essential oil was investigated using chromatograph “Agilent Technologies 7820 A” with a flame ionization detector. Components those were important for quality of essential oil were studied in different stages of ontogenesis. Accumulation dynamics of γ-terpinen, p-cymene and linalool was depended on random factor. Accumulation of geraniol, 1.8-cineole, thymol and carvacrol was M-shaped curve under growth doses of mineral fertilizers. Ranked rows of the variants of fertilizer application on the basis of changes in mass fractions thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole and geraniol were built. Analyzing of these data gives possible to grow Monarda fistulosa L. and to use its essential oil for pharmaceutical, food and perfumery-cosmetic industries.

Chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of Amentotaxus yunnanensis H.L. Li in Ha Giang province

The essential oil from the leaves of the Amentotaxus yunnanensis collected in Hoang Su Phi, Ha Giang province was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and the yield of the essential oil was 0.01% from air-dry material. By using GC/MS analysis 50 constituents were identified, accounting for 88.96% of the essential oil. The main constituents were α-pinene (21.91%), kaur-16-ene (13.03%), α-calacorene (9.42%), δ-cadinene (6.23%) and β-caryophyllene (4.9%). This is the first study on the chemical constituents of essential oils from the leaves of Amentotaxus yunnanensis in Vietnam.
 Keywords: essential oil, Amentotaxus yunnanensis, α-pinene, kaur-16-ene, α-calacorene, δ-cadinene.