Air Drainage Research Articles

디지털 농업기후도 해설

A comprehensive mapping project for agroclimatic zoning in South Korea will end by April 2010, which has required 4 years, a billion won (ca. 0.9 million US dollars) and 22 experts from 7 institutions to complete it. The map database from this project may be categorized into primary, secondary and analytical products. The primary products are called "high definition" digital climate maps (HD-DCMs) and available through the state of the art techniques in geospatial climatology. For example, daily minimum temperature surfaces were prepared by combining the climatic normals (1971-2000 and 1981-2008) of synoptic observations with the simulated thermodynamic nature of cold air by using the raster GIS and microwave temperature profiling which can quantify effects of cold air drainage on local temperature. The spatial resolution of the gridded climate data is 30m for temperature and solar irradiance, and 270m for precipitation. The secondary products are climatic indices produced by statistical analysis of the primary products and includes extremes, sums, and probabilities of climatic events relevant to farming activities at a given grid cell. The analytical products were prepared by driving agronomic models with the HD-DCMs and dates of full bloom, the risk of freezing damage, and the fruit quality are among the examples. Because the spatial resolution of local climate information for agronomic practices exceeds the current weather service scale, HD-DCMs and the value-added products are expected to supplement the insufficient spatial resolution of official climatology. In this lecture, state of the art techniques embedded in the products, how to combine the techniques with the existing geospatial information, and agroclimatic zoning for major crops and fruits in South Korea will be provided.

Antibubble lifetime: Influence of the bulk viscosity and of the surface modulus of the mixture

Lifetime of antibubbles has been measured for different liquid mixtures. The life duration of an antibubble is governed by the air drainage from the bottom to the top of the antibubble. We show that their lifetime is influenced by both bulk and surface properties of the liquid mixture used to create the antibubble. When the viscosity is increased, the stability of the antibubbles during the first seconds of their life is enhanced. By changing the surface modulus by a factor 100, the mean antibubble lifetime is doubled. Surfactants can affect the mobility of the film surface and, thereby, the rate of air film thinning.

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia presenting as a tension fecopneumothorax

A traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is a well-known complication following blunt abdominal or penetrating thoracic trauma. Although the majority of cases are diagnosed immediately, some patients may present later with a diaphragmatic hernia. It occurs in approximately 3% of abdominal traumas. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion since diaphragmatic injury can only reliably be ruled out by direct visualization, i.e., laparoscopy. Hence, delayed presentation with complications secondary to the injury is not uncommon. We discuss a case of a young man who presented in respiratory distress 5 years after a stab wound to the left chest. The patient was hypoxic, with a chest X-ray (CXR) demonstrating a pneumothorax with effusion. A chest tube was placed with a rush of air and feculent drainage. CT scan revealed an incarcerated transverse colon in a diaphragmatic hernia. The laparotomy demonstrated necrotic colon in the chest with gross fecal contamination in the chest. The diaphragmatic defect was closed and a Hartmann's procedure performed. The patient developed empyema in the postoperative period. Our patient is the twelfth reported case of a tension fecopneumothorax resulting from traumatic diaphragmatic herniation. This paper reviews all cases, including the diagnostic workup, operative approach, and expected postoperative course of this unusual condition.

Comparison of the outcomes of spontaneous pneumothorax treated with early or delayed air drainage

to explore the outcomes between the early or delayed air drainage for spontaneous pneumothorax. the present prospective study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and complications. 242 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax were randomly allocated to early (< 72 h) group (n = 142) or delayed (> 6 d) exhaust air group (n = 122), the recent success rates, average time in hospital, recurrences rates, and pleura adhesion rates were evaluated. average time in hospital: early group and delayed group respectively was (18 ± 6) d vs (6 ± 2) d. In early group, the amount of pneumothorax was between 20% to 50%, 51 cases were aspirated and 44 of them were increased after first aspiration, whom were subsequently treated by intercostal drainage. Size of pneumothorax more than 50%, 98 patients treated by intercostal drainage.12 of 142 patients with persistence leak air transferred to surgery. In delayed group, all of 122 aspirations were successful at the first time. There were significant differences between the 2 groups in recent successful rate. 29 of the 128 patients in early group and 5 of the 115 had a relapsing pneumothorax. During the 2 year follow-up period, 79 of the 128 patients in early group and none of the 115 had radiographic pleural adhesions appearances. the time of air drainage was associated with outcomes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. These data suggest that delayed intervention is an effective initial treatment strategy for patients with PSP, with a shorter time in hospital, fewer pleural adhesions and lower recurrence rates.

THE EFFECTS OF A SMALL RIVER AS A VENTILATION PATH IN COASTAL CITIES

In Japan, the cooling effect of ventilation path is expected as a measure to mitigate urban heat island especially in coastal cities. In this paper, results are shown from micro-climatological observations performed in and around a small river;”Meguro River”, during summer. Its width is 25 m, and it flows through southern part of Tokyo almost toward east direction and runs into Tokyo Bay at near Shinagawa.Air temperature at the river mouth was about 4 degrees lower than the city-averaged air temperature around midday on fine days. In the case of narrow rivers, it is possible to act as a ventilation path because the riverside buildings induce the upper layer sea breeze in many places. The depth of see breeze is remarkably larger than that of slope cold air drainage, therefore, it may be good idea to consider the way of three dimensional use of sea breeze in all over the city to mitigate urban heat island.

Emergency Use of an Endobronchial One-Way Valve in the Management of Severe Air Leak and Massive Subcutaneous Emphysema

Bronchopleural (BPF) and alveolar-pleural (APF) fistulas are frequently encountered in clinical practice with persistent air leaks that can lead to significant morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, and potentially increased mortality. BPF and APF are commonly related to pulmonary resections. Other etiologies include minimally invasive procedures (thoracentesis and image-guided biopsies), and spontaneous fistulas related to an underlying structural lung disease (e.g., emphysema) or a necrotizing pulmonary process (e.g., infection or malignancy). Radiofrequency ablation for pulmonary malignancies is an effective modality that can rarely lead to APF with persistent air leak. Surgical intervention remains the standard treatment option for BPF and APF. A variety of minimally invasive bronchoscopic approaches can be considered for selected nonsurgical candidates. The use of one-way endobronchial valves to manage severe and persistent air leaks can be considered a minimally invasive option in selected patients. The valves selectively block inspiratory airflow to a specific segmental or subsegmental airway but allow expiratory flow with drainage of air and secretions from the corresponding distal airways and lung parenchyma.

The Impact of Different Terrain Configurations on the Formation and Dynamics of Katabatic Flows: Idealised Case Studies

Impacts of different terrain configurations on the general behaviour of idealised katabatic flows are investigated in a numerical model study. Various simplified terrain models are applied to unveil modifications of the dynamics of nocturnal cold drainage of air as a result of predefined topographical structures. The generated idealised terrain models encompass all major topographical elements of an area in the tropical eastern Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru, and the adjacent Amazon. The idealised simulations corroborate that (i) katabatic flows develop over topographical elements (slopes and valleys), that (ii) confluence of katabatic flows in a lowland basin with a concave terrainline occur, and (iii) a complex drainage flow system regime directed into such a basin can sustain the confluence despite varying slope angles and slope distances.

Emphysematous Cystitis

In Brief Objectives: Emphysematous cystitis is a rare, gas-forming infection of the urinary tract that classically occurs in older diabetic women. We described a combination of pregnancy and cesarean delivery, which predisposed our patient to glycosuria and inoculated coliform bacteria into the bladder causing emphysematous cystitis. Case: A 32-year-old African multigravida presented 17 days following an uncomplicated primary low transverse cesarean section with suprapubic crepitance. A computed tomography scan showed an enlarged bladder measuring 13.1 × 14.1 cm. The patient was diagnosed with emphysematous cystitis, then managed with intravenous antibiotics and transurethral drainage of air, purulent material, blood clots, and 1 L of urine. Discussion: Although there was no formal documentation of glycosuria in her medical records, we believe it is very likely this played a role in the pathogenesis of her emphysematous cystitis. It is possible that our patient experienced glycosuria by way of physiologic glycosuria of pregnancy, an undiagnosed serum glucose intolerance, or related to administration of dextrose-containing IV fluids during the cesarean. Conclusion: Emphysematous cystitis is a unique postcesarean complication, which may present in atypical populations postpartum. A case of a 32-year-old African multigravida presented 17 days following an uncomplicated primary low transverse cesarean section with suprapubic crepitance.

Local atmospheric decoupling in complex topography alters climate change impacts

AbstractCold air drainage and pooling occur in many mountain valleys, especially at night and during winter. Local climate regimes associated with frequent cold air pooling have substantial impacts on species phenology, distribution and diversity. However, little is known about how the degree and frequency of cold air drainage and pooling will respond to a changing climate. Evidence suggests that, because cold pools are decoupled from the free atmosphere, these local climates may not respond in the same way as regional‐scale climates estimated from coarse‐grid general circulation models. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that historical changes in the frequency of synoptic conditions have produced complex spatial variations in the resulting climatic changes on the ground. In the mountainous terrain of the Oregon Cascades, we show that, at relatively exposed hill slope and ridge top locations, air temperatures are highly coupled to changes in synoptic circulation patterns at the 700‐hPa level, whereas in sheltered valley bottoms, cold air pooling at night and during winter causes temperatures to be largely decoupled from, and relatively insensitive to, 700‐hPa flow variations. The result is a complex temperature landscape composed of steep gradients in temporal variation, controlled largely by gradients in elevation and topographic position. When a projected climate warming of 2.5 °C was combined with likely changes in the frequency distribution of synoptic circulation, modelled temperature changes at closely spaced locations diverged widely (by up to 6 °C), with differences equalling or exceeding that of the imposed regional temperature change. Because cold air pooling and consequent atmospheric decoupling occur in many mountain valleys, especially at high latitudes, this phenomenon is likely to be an important consideration in understanding the impacts of climate change in mountainous regions. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

Comparison of a large and small-calibre tube drain for managing spontaneous pneumothoraces

To compare treatment success of large- and small-bore chest drains in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothoraces the case-notes were reviewed of those admitted to our hospital with a total of 73 pneumothoraces and who were treated by trainee doctors of varying experience. Both a large- and a small-bore intercostal tube drain system were in use during the two-year period reviewed. Similar pneumothorax profile and numbers treated with both drains were recorded, resulting in a similar drain time and numbers of successful and failed re-expansion of pneumothoraces. Successful pneumothorax resolution was the same for both drain types and the negligible tube drain complications observed with the small-bore drain reflected previously reported experiences. However the large-bore drain was associated with a high complication rate (32%) with more infectious complications (24%). The small-bore drain was prone to displacement (21%). There was generally no evidence of an increased failure and morbidity, reflecting poorer expertise, in the non-specialist trainees managing the pneumothoraces. A practical finding however was that in those large pneumothoraces where re-expansion failed, the tip of the drain had not been sited at the apex of the pleural cavity irrespective of the drain type inserted.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum

Due to its rarity there is no clear policy on the management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM). We treated 23 SPM patients between January 1 996 and November 2 006. There were 20 males and 3 females and their mean age was 27. Clinical records of the patients were collected and analyzed. The most frequent symptoms were neck swelling (n = 20) and rhinolalia (n = 15). Onset of the symptoms was acute. A preceding factor was found in 19 (83 %) patients; these included vigorous cough, forced physical activity, vigorous sneezing and enormous efforts during spontaneous vaginal delivery. Chest X-ray was sufficient to show mediastinal free air in 18 patients. Computerized chest tomography showed pneumomediastinum in all patients. Twenty patients were treated expectantly. Subcutaneous air drainage was needed to drain massive subcutaneous emphysema in three patients. Acute onset of typical symptoms, the existence of a preceding factor and the exclusion of other possible causes of pneumomediastinum with the help of CT are sufficient to make a diagnosis of SPM. A surgical intervention is generally not needed for the treatment of this entity.

Combined effect of two sustainable technologies: Self-compacting concrete (SCC) and controlled permeability formwork (CPF)

The work presented in this paper aims at contributing to sustainable construction through enhancement of durability of concrete structures. Full size precast elements were cast with both self-compacting concrete (SCC) and conventional vibrated concrete (CC) using controlled permeability formwork (CPF). SCC is known to impart a more homogeneous and finer microstructure, compared to conventional concrete, therefore leading to more durable reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures. CPF enables, in fresh concrete, drainage of excess water and air besides retaining binder particles at the concrete surface, leading to a blow-hole free surface and enhanced quality of the outer layers. The research program developed was designed to compare performance of two different CPF systems and also assess the combined effect of using CPF on SCC compared to CC.

Can carbon isotopes be used to predict watershed-scale transpiration?

[1] The Penman-Monteith equation is often used to estimate transpiration, but an important limitation to this approach, especially for mountainous forested sites, is an accurate estimate of canopy conductance averaged over the area of interest (Gs). We propose a method for estimating watershed-scale transpiration using estimates of Gs derived from measurements of stable isotopes. To estimate Gs, we first determined the isotopic composition of ecosystem respiration (δ13CER) as derived from the 12C:13C ratio of respired CO2 entrained within nocturnal cold air drainage flows exiting the base of the watershed. An isotope-derived estimate of recent canopy conductance over the entire watershed (Gs-I) was derived using biophysical models. To estimate daily average transpiration, we applied Gs-I and other measured environmental variables to the Penman-Monteith equation. The results were compared with an independent measure of transpiration using the heat dissipation method at four locations within the watershed. Considering the large number of assumptions required for both estimates of transpiration, the two estimates were remarkably similar. The relationship between the values derived by the two techniques was statistically significant (p value 0.1), but the standard error was large (SE = 0.48). The results demonstrate that this technique holds promise, but the effects of potential limitations require further attention. The future research necessary to fully demonstrate the validity of this potentially promising method is discussed.

Percutaneous Computed Tomography–Guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Lung Tumors Complicated With Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia

We report 3 patients with lung cancer complicated with interstitial pneumonia who were treated by percutaneous computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation. Patient 1 recovered from a pneumothorax without chest drainage. Patient 2 presented with a progressive pneumothorax after discharge from the hospital and required readmission for air drainage. In patient 3, the pneumothorax did not improve by chest drainage and pleurodesis, and the patient died of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia. Radiofrequency ablation of intractable lung cancer with complicating interstitial pneumonia requires careful consideration because a progressive pneumothorax may require surgical intervention or result in acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia.

Nocturnal temperature inversions in a small, enclosed basin and their relationship to ambient atmospheric conditions

Observations from a recent meteorological experiment in the Meteor Crater, a small, near circular, enclosed basin, in northern Arizona of the United States, are used to investigate the status of the atmosphere in the basin as indicated by temperature inversion and its relationship to ambient atmospheric conditions. Strong synoptic winds aloft do not necessarily imply that no inversion could develop in the basin. Instead, the near-surface wind over the plain surrounding the basin is found to be a more important factor in determining whether the basin atmosphere would be coupled to, or decoupled from, its ambient environment. A necessary condition for the decoupling and the development of a strong inversion overnight is that the mean nighttime temperature over the plain needs to be less than 5 m s−1. The low-level stability of the ambient environment also plays an important role. It was found that as long as the bulk Richardson number over the plain is less than 0.6, turbulence would exit over the plain and influence the basin atmosphere at least partially through the night, preventing a strong temperature inversion from developing in the basin. The strength of the inversion in the basin appears to be increase exponentially with the longwave radiation loss from the upper basin sidewalls. Over the basin floor, the relation between inversion strength and longwave radiation loss is poor mainly because the cooling of air over the basin floor is a combination of radiative cooling and the drainage of cold air from the sidewalls.

Thoracoscopy in Children: Is a Chest Tube Necessary?

Historically, a chest tube or drain has been left following a thoracic operation to allow drainage of air or fluid in the postoperative period. However, in patients undergoing thoracoscopy, the tube is often the greatest source of postoperative pain. We began excluding chest tubes several years ago and therefore are reviewing our experience to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this approach. A retrospective review of the medical record was performed on patients undergoing thoracoscopy at two centers from 1993 to 2007. Patients who left the operating room without a chest tube were included in this series. Patient demographics, type of operation, and outcome were recorded. A total of 333 thoracoscopic procedures were performed at the two institutions without the use of a chest tube. Ages ranged from 1 week to 39 years. Weight ranged from 1.3 kg to 117 kg. The cases performed included aortopexy, congenital diaphragmatic repair, excision of a bronchogenic cyst, exploratory thoracoscopy, lung biopsy, resection extralobar sequestration, Nuss procedure, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, resection/biopsy of mediastinal lesions, resection of esophageal duplication, excision of parathyroid adenoma, hiatal hernia repair, esophagomyotomy, and thymectomy. Within this group of thoracic operations, 176 patients underwent lung biopsy. Pulmonary lobectomy or segmentectomy patients were excluded. All patients had a chest radiograph in the recovery room. Only one developed a postoperative pneumothorax, which occurred on postoperative day 2 following reintubation for respiratory failure. This patient required repeat thoracoscopy. The use of routine chest tubes following thoracoscopy in children appears to be unnecessary as the absence of a chest tube in our series resulted in an intervention in one patient (0.3%). Elimination of the chest tube will allow for a much more tolerable postoperative course in most children.

Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States

AbstractSpatial climate data sets of 1971–2000 mean monthly precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature were developed for the conterminous United States. These 30‐arcsec (∼800‐m) grids are the official spatial climate data sets of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The PRISM (Parameter‐elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model) interpolation method was used to develop data sets that reflected, as closely as possible, the current state of knowledge of spatial climate patterns in the United States. PRISM calculates a climate–elevation regression for each digital elevation model (DEM) grid cell, and stations entering the regression are assigned weights based primarily on the physiographic similarity of the station to the grid cell. Factors considered are location, elevation, coastal proximity, topographic facet orientation, vertical atmospheric layer, topographic position, and orographic effectiveness of the terrain. Surface stations used in the analysis numbered nearly 13 000 for precipitation and 10 000 for temperature. Station data were spatially quality controlled, and short‐period‐of‐record averages adjusted to better reflect the 1971–2000 period.PRISM interpolation uncertainties were estimated with cross‐validation (C‐V) mean absolute error (MAE) and the 70% prediction interval of the climate–elevation regression function. The two measures were not well correlated at the point level, but were similar when averaged over large regions. The PRISM data set was compared with the WorldClim and Daymet spatial climate data sets. The comparison demonstrated that using a relatively dense station data set and the physiographically sensitive PRISM interpolation process resulted in substantially improved climate grids over those of WorldClim and Daymet. The improvement varied, however, depending on the complexity of the region. Mountainous and coastal areas of the western United States, characterized by sparse data coverage, large elevation gradients, rain shadows, inversions, cold air drainage, and coastal effects, showed the greatest improvement. The PRISM data set benefited from a peer review procedure that incorporated local knowledge and data into the development process. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PHENOLOGY, FROST DAMAGE, AND FLORAL ABUNDANCE OF MONTANE WILDFLOWERS

The timing of life history traits is central to lifetime fitness and nowhere is this more evident or well studied as in the phenology of flowering in governing plant reproductive success. Recent changes in the timing of environmental events attributable to climate change, such as the date of snowmelt at high altitudes, which initiates the growing season, have had important repercussions for some common perennial herbaceous wildflower species. The phenology of flowering at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (Colorado, USA) is strongly influenced by date of snowmelt, which makes this site ideal for examining phenological responses to climate change. Flower buds of Delphinium barbeyi, Erigeron speciosus, and Helianthella quinquenervis are sensitive to frost, and the earlier beginning of the growing season in recent years has exposed them to more frequent mid-June frost kills. From 1992 to 1998, on average 36.1% of Helianthella buds were frosted, but for 1999-2006 the mean is 73.9%; in only one year since 1998 have plants escaped all frost damage. For all three of these perennial species, there is a significant relationship between the date of snowmelt and the abundance of flowering that summer. Greater snowpack results in later snowmelt, later beginning of the growing season, and less frost mortality of buds. Microhabitat differences in snow accumulation, snowmelt patterns, and cold air drainage during frost events can be significant; an elevation difference of only 12 m between two plots resulted in a temperature difference of almost 2 degrees C in 2006 and a difference of 37% in frost damage to buds. The loss of flowers and therefore seeds can reduce recruitment in these plant populations, and affect pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators that previously relied on them. Other plant species in this environment are similarly susceptible to frost damage so the negative effects for recruitment and for consumers dependent on flowers and seeds could be widespread. These findings point out the paradox of increased frost damage in the face of global warming, provide important insights into the adaptive significance of phenology, and have general implications for flowering plants throughout the region and anywhere climate change is having similar impacts.

공간기후모형을 이용한 나주지역 배 개화기 일 최저기온 예보

2004년부터 2005년까지 복잡 지형에 위치한 나주 지역 배 과수원에 대하여 광역적 기후 지형 모형을 적용, 일 최저 기온의 공간분포를 정밀 추정함으로써 서리 경고 시스템의 정확성을 향상시키고자 하였다. 2004년 봄, 세 곳의 배 과수원에 대해 모형을 적용한 결과, 관측값과 일치함을 보여 주었고 예측력은 기상청 예측 결과보다 더 향상되었다. 실측과 모형에 의한 일 최저 기온의 차이는 골짜기에서 <TEX>$-2.1{\sim}+2.7^{\circ}C$</TEX>(평균 <TEX>$-0.4^{\circ}C$</TEX>), 강변에서 <TEX>$-1.6{\sim}+2.7^{\circ}C$</TEX>(평균 <TEX>$-0.4^{\circ}C$</TEX>), 구릉지에서 <TEX>$-1.1{\sim}+3.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>(평균 <TEX>$0.6^{\circ}C$</TEX>)였다. 냉기침강 효과가 크고 서리 내습 가능성이 높은 골짜기와 강변의 오차가 크게 줄어들었다. To improve the accuracy of frost warning system for pear orchard in a complex terrain in Naju area, the daily minimum temperature forecasted by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) was interpolated using a regional climate model based on topoclimatic estimation and optimum scale interpolation from 2004 to 2005. Based on the validation experiments done for three pear orchards in the spring of 2004, the results showed a good agreement between the observed and predicted values, resulting in improved predictability compared to the forecast from Korea Meteorological Administration. The differences between the observed and the predicted temperatures were <TEX>$-2.1{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$</TEX> (on average <TEX>$-0.4^{\circ}C$</TEX>) in the valley, <TEX>$-1.6{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$</TEX> (on average <TEX>$-0.4^{\circ}C$</TEX>) in the riverside and <TEX>$-1.1{\sim}3.5^{\circ}C$</TEX> (on average <TEX>$0.6^{\circ}C$</TEX>) in the hills. Notably, the errors have been reduced significantly for the valley and riverside areas that are more affected by the cold air drainage and more susceptible to frost damage than hills.

High-resolution atmospheric observations by the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System

High-resolution observations of atmospheric phenomena by the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) during its first mapping year are presented. An atmospheric campaign was implemented on the basis of previous spacecraft imaging. This campaign, however, proved of limited success. This appears to be due to the late local time of the Odyssey orbit (the locations of activity at 4–6 p.m. appear to be different from those at 2 p.m.). Ironically, images targeting the surface were more useful for study of the atmosphere than those images specifically targeting atmospheric features. While many previously recognized features were found, novel THEMIS observations included persistent clouds in the southern polar layered deposits, dust or condensate plumes on the northern polar layered deposits, dust plumes as constituent parts of local dust storms, and mesospheric clouds. The former two features tend to be aligned parallel and normal to polar troughs, respectively, suggesting a wind system directed normal to troughs and radially outward from the center of the polar deposits. This is consistent with katabatic drainage of air off the polar deposits, analogous to flow off Antarctica. The observation of dust lifting plumes at unprecedented resolution associated with local dust storms not only demonstrates the importance of mean wind stresses (as opposed to dust devils) in initiation of dust storms, but is also seen to be morphologically identical to dust lifting in terrestrial dust storms. As Odyssey moves to earlier local times, we suggest that the atmospheric campaign from the first mapping year be repeated.