Air Conditioning Units Research Articles

Energy audit, techno-economic, and environmental assessment of integrating solar technologies for energy management in a university residential building: A case study

This study presents the results of an energy audit and management performed on a university residential building in Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. The building’s energy consumption, areas of energy wastage, and energy-saving opportunities were investigated, and the corresponding energy metrics were quantified accordingly. Firstly, an energy consumption is estimated based on the building's electricity bills, meter measurements, and survey. Then, the energy consumption is analyzed and evaluated. Subsequently, the feasibility of integrating solar technologies (i.e., photovoltaics and domestic water heating) into buildings is appraised from techno-economic and environmental perspectives. The study employs ASHRAE Level 1 and 2 guidelines for conducting energy audits. The results show that electricity consumption is highest in air conditioning units (which consume ∼62%), followed by socket loads (∼25%), and lastly, lights (∼13%). Detailed analysis of the energy-use characteristics of the building revealed the mismanagement of electricity. Through light retrofits such as replacing the incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs, adopting sensory lights, and delamping, the building would save 4,432.6 kWh annually. Additionally, changing the AC unit type from non-inverter to inverter type would save approximately 61,194 kWh/year, representing 22.96% energy savings, with a payback period of 8.6 years. Overall, the proposed energy conservation measures will mitigate 30.8 tons of CO2 per year. Furthermore, incorporating PV and SWH systems will lead to annual energy contributions of 79,820 kWh and 38,048 kWh, with payback periods of 3.77 years and 2.49 years, respectively. Notably, the solar technologies will altogether abate approximately 91.5 tons of CO2 and provide a carbon credit gain of $1,830 annually.

Micro-Grid Day-Ahead Stochastic Optimal Dispatch Considering Multiple Demand Response and Electric Vehicles

Multiple demand responses and electric vehicles are considered, and a micro-grid day-ahead dispatch optimization model with photovoltaic is constructed based on stochastic optimization theory. Firstly, an interruptible load model based on incentive-based demand response is introduced, and a demand response mechanism for air conditioning load is constructed to implement an optimal energy consumption curve control strategy for air conditioning units. Secondly, considering the travel demand and charging/discharging rules of electric vehicles, the electric vehicle optimization model is built. Further, a stochastic optimization model of micro-grid with demand response and electric vehicles is developed because of the uncertainty of photovoltaic power output. Finally, the simulation example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model. The simulation results show that the proposed model can effectively tackle the uncertainty of photovoltaic, as well as reduce the operating cost of micro-grid. Therefore, the effective interaction between users and electric vehicles can be realized.

Machine learning optimization model for reducing the electricity loads in residential energy forecasting

Recently, households have consumed more power by overusing refrigerators, mobiles, washing machines, and electrical appliances. The incoming energy needs to be optimized, and this research uses machine learning for energy forecasting to reduce the overconsumption of power. Intelligent buildings are additionally associated with Heating, Air Conditioning (HVAC), and Ventilation Units. Due to the limited devices, it acquires only minimum communication capability. In this paper, deep learning with Meta-heuristic based algorithm has been proposed to address the constraints such as multi-objective optimization and fitness function and address the energy consumption of HVAC units. It uses a gated recurrent circuit (GRU) with a gorilla troop optimizer (GTO) to optimize the energy efficiently. This study uses the HVAC model to analyze smart buildings and addresses power consumption through HVAC systems based on power loss, price management, and reactive power. The simulation environment is performed using python at various experiments with various scenarios for proposed evaluation. Here, integrity in intelligent buildings is considered. The results outcomes are compared with other HVAC devices using different metrics and communication protocols. It has been proven that the proposed model is more effective in reducing the system's energy consumption than other approaches.

Reducing the consumption of household systems using hybrid deep learning techniques

At present household consumes high power due to over usage of mobiles, refrigerators, washing machine, and other electrical appliances. It is necessary to optimize the incoming energy and the main of this research is to use machine learning for forecasting the energy for reducing the overconsumption of power. However, smart buildings are restricted, with limited power access and capacity associated with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) units. It further suffers from low communication capability due to device limitations. In this paper, a deep learning architecture is used to offer solutions to address these constraints. The deep learning algorithm considers three constraints, such as a multi-objective optimization problem and a fitness function, to resolve the price management problem and high-level energy consumption in HVAC systems. For multi-objective optimization problems, the Pareto front solutions are produced using the Pascoletti-Serafini scalarization method. The suggested models produce predictions based on power usage using Hybrid Deep Learning models. Models such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Drop-CRU were used. To forecast upcoming load demand and avoid utilization peaks, the LSTM neural network has been preferred in this work. The study analyzes and optimizes the consumption of power in smart buildings by HVAC systems in terms of power loss, price management, and reactive power. Experiments are conducted over various scenarios to check the integrity of the system over various smart buildings and high-rise buildings. The results are compared in terms of various HVAC devices on various metrics and communication protocols, where the proposed (PS-LSTM) system is considered more effective than other models.

كفاءة الطاقة لأنظمة التكييف التقليدية في ظل تغير المناخ

The energy used in a country's economy is very important to its development. Over the years, the electricity and ventilation consumption of buildings have increased. People's concerns about the quality of their indoor environment are also increasing. Most buildings have air conditioning and ventilation systems that are designed to provide an environment that’s comfortable and healthy for the occupants. This is done through the use of ventilation. In addition to improving the indoor air quality, it can also help prevent people from experiencing discomfort. Studies have shown that about 60% of office buildings' energy consumption is attributed to the use of air conditioning systems. These systems provide cool air to the spaces while keeping the temperature controlled. A VAV system can meet the health criterion and the IAQ by supplying enough fresh air to meet national standards. A conventional AC system requires a refrigeration plant and a network of pipes to deliver cold water to the spaces. Since air-cooled chiller systems have a flexible design, they are commonly used in commercial buildings. They can provide a cooling effect that's significantly higher than that of water-cooled units. Compared to water cooling systems, air-cooled units are more energy-efficient. This is because the head pressure control of the system ensures that the pressure is kept high. The use of air conditioning has been one of the biggest sources of electrical energy consumption worldwide. It has contributed over 10% of the total energy produced, and it contributes to the harmful effects of climate change. Climate change is a growing concern that will require the production and use of more air conditioning units. This has necessitated the development of a comprehensive research to address this issue.

Longitudinal thermal imaging for scalable non-residential HVAC and occupant behaviour characterization

This work presents a study on the characterization of the air-conditioning (AC) usage pattern of non-residential buildings from longitudinal thermal images collected at the urban scale. The operational pattern of two different air-conditioning systems (water-cooled systems operating on a pre-set schedule and window AC units operated by the occupants) are studied from the thermal images. It is observed that for the water-cooled system, the difference between the rate of change of the window and wall temperature can be used to extract the operational pattern. While, in the case of the window AC units, wavelet transform of the AC unit temperature is used to extract the frequency and time domain information of the AC unit operation. The results of the analysis are compared against the indoor temperature sensors installed in the office spaces of the building. This forms one of the first few studies on the operational behavior of HVAC systems for non-residential buildings using the longitudinal thermal imaging technique. The output from this study can be used to better understand the operational and occupant behavior, without requiring to deploy a large array of sensors in the building space.

A magnetocaloric air-conditioning system prototype

This paper discusses the design procedure and first results of a large-scale magnetic air-conditioning system prototype demonstrated in a relevant environment compatible with the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. The prototype, which contains all components of a functional cooling system, was experimentally evaluated in an especially developed calibrated calorimeter designed according to international technical standards for testing split-type air-conditioning units. The proposed experimental analysis is one of the first to quantify the impact of external losses associated with the heat exchangers on the cooling system performance. For outdoor and indoor temperatures fixed at 35 and 27 °C, respectively, the coefficient of performance disregarding thermal, flow and mechanical losses beyond the limits of the active magnetic regenerator was 5.72, corresponding to a second-law efficiency of 20.7%. When these losses and other essential operating variables, such as the heat exchanger fan power and the valve power consumption, are included, one-order-of-magnitude reductions are observed in the performance parameters, indicating that they should not be neglected in realistic assessments of not-in-kind cooling technologies.

Effectiveness of RANS in predicting indoor airborne viral transmission: A critical evaluation against LES

We investigate the dispersal of droplet nuclei inside a canonical room of size 10×10×3.2m3 with a four-way cassette air-conditioning unit placed at the center of the ceiling. We use Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations with three flow rates corresponding to air changes per hour (ACH) values of 2.5, 5, and 10. The room setup as well as the operating conditions are chosen to match those of a recent high-fidelity large eddy simulation (LES) study. We use statistical overloading with a total of one million droplet nuclei being initially distributed randomly with uniform probability within the room. Six nuclei sizes are considered ranging in radius from 0.1 to 10μm (166,667 nuclei per size). The simulations are one-way coupled and employ the Langevin equations to model sub-grid motion. The flow and particle statistics are compared against the reference LES simulations, and we find that the RANS k−ɛ realizable model may be used as a computationally cheaper alternative to LES for predicting pathogen concentration in confined spaces albeit, with potentially increased statistical discrepancy.

Experimental Study on Heat Recovery of Air Dryer from Waste Heat Energy of Condensing Unit from VCRS Air Conditioner

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is a system to condition indoor air by cooling or heating to achieve thermal comfort for a human being. The HVAC system operates based on the refrigeration cycle, where heat is dissipated from the condensing unit in the warm air arrangement. This represents an ironic foundation of heat that might be recovered for further schemes or applications. In this paper, experimental work was developed to validate the proposed heat recovery system using heated air released from the condenser unit of the HVAC system as a source for the air dryer for the drying rack. Four different output parameters are to be observed in this research: the dry-bulb temperature of the air exit from the condenser unit, the dry-bulb temperature of the air inflowing the dryer, and the drying time and the relative humidity of the air leaving the dryer. These experimental works were conducted using a domestic application of a 1.0 hp air conditioning (AC) system with R-22 refrigerant gas and based on the following factors: The three-variant mass of wet clothes, the three-stage of mechanical fan speed for releasing warm air from the condenser, and the effect of variable ambient or surrounding air dry-bulb temperature were studied. A physical prototype of the dryer was constructed for proof-of-concept purposes. The experimental output was then analyzed to obtain precision and accurate data. To determine the system behavior, a refrigeration cycle analysis was conducted. It has been shown that an AC system of 1.0 hp can cover wet clothes drying of weights 1950 g, 4255 g, and 6350 g at 55, 80, and 110 min with a constant air velocity of 0.34 m-3.s-1 in an ambient temperature of 33°C. The significant contribution of this research is the proposed heat-recovery-based air dryer system with the capability to increase the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the AC unit from 2.36 to 2.70. Hence, the energy-saving was received using the heat-recovered-based air dryer instead of a commercial electric air dryer system that uses high power consumption from their heater element.

Experimental air conditioning energy evaluation under Caribbean climate conditions

A 23 factorial design was performed to analyze the performance of a mini-split air conditioning system under several psychrometric air conditions at the evaporator inlet, similar to Tropical Caribbean region conditions. In addition, a search for new energy-saving opportunities was performed. The results showed that interactions between the temperature of the air inlet, the humidity of the air inlet, and the fan speed level are significant in the mini-split energy performance under Caribbean climate conditions. Hence, working on an oriented energy savings control strategy is necessary. Therefore, this study recommends developing a fan speed control scheme, generating energy savings of around 10% in the air conditioning unit.

The Effect of Socio-Cultural Factors on English Language Learning and the Impact on SSCE Results: The Case of Private vs Public Secondary Schools in Kano, Nigeria

This paper investigates the effect of socio-cultural practices on the English Senior School Certificate of Education (SSCE) results in public and private secondary school students in Kano, Nigeria. Using a case study approach, we explore whether socio-cultural practices might have influenced or constrained student performance in English SSCE results. This case study involves ten (10) participants from ten (10) secondary schools. An open-ended questionnaire was administered to all participants; findings revealed that teaching-related facilities in public secondary schools are not sufficiently available, unlike private schools. Furthermore, findings also indicate that the teacher-student ratio in public secondary schools is higher than in private schools. Students’ attitudes towards learning English language, including the use of social media, has also influenced the English SSCE results. Likewise, the schools’ socio-cultural practices affect the students’ performance in English SSCE exams. It is strongly recommended that the recruitment of additional English language teachers in public schools, and the establishment of more public schools aimed at improving the teacher-student ratio be employed. This would likely provide more active and interactive sessions for students, as well teachers. There is also a need to provide sufficient teaching and learning facilities and equipment in public schools, such as chairs, tables, fans, air-conditioning units, textbooks, computers, projectors, and so on. Public-school stakeholders should encourage the use of English language in English classes.

Indoor CO2 removal: decentralized carbon capture by air conditioning

Growing evidence indicates that an elevated CO2 concentration as low as 1000 ppm could lead to direct human health risks, while the CO2 concentration in a lot of indoor environments may exceed that figure by several times. Employing the latest developed moisture swing sorbent, we here built a CO2 purification module to be incorporated with existing air conditioning units to keep the indoor CO2 concentration at healthy levels. The sorbent binds CO2 spontaneously from ambient air when dry and then releases CO2 in the presence of moisture, thanks to the moisture-driven reversible hydrolysis reaction of carbonate ions at a nano interface. Thus, the indoor dry air circulation and the outdoor air flow (for cooling the condenser) of the air-conditioning system provide a perfect carbon capture platform for the moisture swing sorbent to work. Tests in an acrylic box (mimicking an indoor environment) showed that the CO2 purification module can keep the indoor CO2 level to be close to or even lower than outdoor levels with an initial CO2 concentration of 1000 or 2000 ppm. An enlarged test was further conducted in an air-conditioned office to demonstrate the effectiveness of the purification module. Finally, we discussed the potential of this kind of decentralized carbon capture facility enabled by retrofitted air conditioners to contribute to negative emissions and mitigation of the global warming and climate change crisis.

Highly efficient desiccant-coated heat exchanger-based heat pump to decarbonize rail transportation

In the rail sector, air conditioning accounts for 30% of the total operational energy consumption, thus, it is crucial to enhance the efficiency of air conditioning units (ACUs) to reduce overall energy consumption. Traditional ACUs for train vehicles usually have a low coefficient of performance (COP), often less than 2, because of condensation-based dehumidification and a consequent reheating process and also the restricted spaces to install ACUs on the rooftop of the cabinet. Herein, we present a novel ACU with an integrated structural design that uses desiccant-coated heat exchangers (DCHEs) coupled with heat pumps, providing comfortable air conditioning on the metro or high-speed trains. This approach provides a direct method for reducing the air temperature and humidity simultaneously, thus realizing the decoupling of temperature and humidity treatments on a single heat exchanger. Using this design, experimental results show that the proposed system can improve the COP by ∼40% under standard conditions compared with existing ACUs (2.5 vs. 1.8). In addition, the proposed system achieves the highest COP of 2.8 under Shenzhen ground conditions (high humidity and temperature conditions) and exhibits high adaptability to various climate zones. The application of the DCHE-based system in the rail sector can significantly contribute to the decarbonization of the sector and make rail transportation sustainable and ready for a green transformation.

Climate chamber investigation of the effect of indoor thermal histories on thermal adaptation in different seasons

The indoor thermal history of residents in the hot summer and cold winter climate zone in China have undergone a significant change in recent years, which also changes their seasonal thermal adaptations and this has formed feed-back effects to the increasing usage of air conditioning units in this area. To study the seasonal variations of thermal adaptation, the thermal comfort experiments were conducted on two groups of participants. Each groups included 20 participants who had indoor history mainly with natural ventilation (NV group) and air-conditioning (AC group), respectively. The results demonstrated that the thermal sensation vote (TSV) in warm environments did not differ between AC and NV subjects in summer. However, the TSV of AC subjects were much lower than that of NV subjects in the same standard effective temperature and skin temperature in a cold environment in winter. Overall, the participants who spent most of their time in AC space in winter showed a low level of thermal adaptation with a narrower acceptable skin temperature range of 32.6 – 33.5 °C. Thus, this study presents the basic information regarding the seasonal effects on human thermal adaptation due to different long-term indoor thermal histories.

Evaluation Of Refrigerating Load And Air Flow Performance In Air Conditioning Unit at Hospital Z

<p><em>This research was conducted to evaluate air conditioning systems in pharmaceutical warehouses against the ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE ventilation standards 170 – 2008 and SNI-03-6572-2001. The method used is to calculate the cooling load on the FCU (Fan Coil Unit) using the CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature Difference) method and calculate the External Static Pressure on the ducting system. The analysis is carried out by comparing the results of calculating the FCU requirements with the actual specifications that have been implemented. Furthermore, the measurement results of the existing room air condition are compared with the standards for pharmaceutical warehouse applications. The calculation results show that the pharmaceutical warehouse has a cooling load of 47,472.72 Btu/hr, and has an external static pressure of 123 Pa. While the selected FCU (Fan Coil Unit) has a capacity of 78,771 Btu/hr and a maximum external static pressure of 130 Pa with a rated airflow of 4000 m3/hr. After 9 years of use, it is known that the rated airflow has decreased by around 37% of the FCU capacity. Existing room air conditions obtained the extreme temperature and RH of 23.36°C and 72%, respectively.</em></p><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script>

Performance assessment of HEPA filter to reduce internal dose against radioactive aerosol in nuclear decommissioning

The thermal cutting of contaminated or activated metals during decommissioning nuclear power plants inevitably results in the release of radioactive aerosol. Since radioactive aerosols are pernicious particles that contribute to the internal dose of workers, air conditioning units with a HEPA filter are used to remove radioactive aerosols. However, a HEPA filter cannot be used permanently. This study evaluates the efficiency and lifetime of filters in actual metal cutting condition using a plasma arc cutter and a high-resolution aerosol detector. The number concentration and size distribution of aerosols from 6 nm to 10 μm were measured on both the upstream and downstream sides of the filter. The total aerosol removal efficiency of HEPA filter satisfies the standard of removing at least 99.97% of 0.3 μm airborne particles, even if the pressure drop increases due to dust feeding load. The pressure drop and particle size removal efficiency at 0.3 μm of the HEPA filter were found to increase with repeated cutting experiments. By contrast, the efficiency of used HEPA filter reduced in removing nano-sized aerosols by up to 79.26%. Altogether, these results can be used to determine the performance guidance and replacement frequency of HEPA filters used in nuclear power plants.

Numerical and experimental investigation into effects of winglet shape on flow and noise performances of axial-flow fans for outdoor unit of air conditioner

In this study, the effects of winglet shape on the flow performance, efficiency, and aerodynamic noise of axial-flow fans, used as cooling fans in an outdoor unit of split-type air-conditioners, are numerically and experimentally investigated. Especially, a focus is placed on the coherent flow structures of the tip and leakage vortices: the former is generated from the fan blade tip near the leading edge, and the latter forms in the gap between the blade tip and the shroud. Two types of axial-flow fans are considered: one is with a blade-tip winglet, and the other is without the blade-tip winglet. The flow fields around the fans are simulated by numerically solving the three-dimensional unsteady incompressible RANS equations, and the radiated acoustic pressure is predicted using the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings equation. The validity of the numerical methods is confirmed through the predicted results with the measured ones. The flow field characteristics driven by the fans with and without the winglet are analyzed by comparing the detailed structure of the tip and leakage vortices in the gap flow region. In addition, the flow performance, efficiency, and sound pressure of the axial fans are characterized in association with the vortex structures. These results reveal that the winglet shape in the gap flow region has an adverse effect on the flow and acoustic performances of axial-flow fans by increasing the gap-vortex strength.

SIMULAÇÃO COMPUTACIONAL PARA DIMENSIONAMENTO DE EQUIPAMENTO DE CLIMATIZAÇÃO DE SALA DE AULA

This study presents the sizing study of an air conditioning unit for a classroom located in the city of Porto Alegre - RS. In addition, design day conditions were used to simulate/compare with other days of the year. For the simulation, the EnergyPlus® software was used, as well as Euclid (Sketchup) to prepare the building plan, including the thermal zone data. In the simulation, considerations were made regarding the power of electrical equipment, lighting, number of people and air renewal.

Experimental evaluation for potential drop in refrigerants under high-ambient conditions

Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals requires nations to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Air conditioners, as contributors to direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases, can play a major role in limiting global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Nations classified as Article Five parties, including 147 nations, are required to completely phase out Hydrochlorofluorocarbons including R-22 in 2040. Some of these nations reside in extremely hot climates, and new refrigerants perform poorly under hot weather conditions. While the time is ticking to the phaseout, transitional solutions can be used to move away from R-22 to facilitate the phase-down, especially for units that are still in service.In this paper, a comparative experimental assessment of R453A and R458A as drop-in replacements for R22 is presented. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the two refrigerants to assess their suitability for countries residing in hot climates during the transitional phase-out and phase-down of refrigerants. R22 is used as the baseline refrigerant because it is widely used in developing nations and performs well under high ambient temperatures, reaching as high as 50 °C. Six ambient temperatures (35 °C, 40 °C, 46 °C, 48 °C, 50 °C, and 52 °C) were tested to evaluate the performance of a concealed ducted split air-conditioning unit. The unit rated cooling capacity is 10.39 kW at 48 °C. The measured cooling capacity in comparison to that of R22 was between 87 % and 96 % and 88 % to 96 % for R453A and R458A, respectively, over the tested range of temperatures. The coefficient of performance compared to the baseline showed degradation of 6 %–17 % and 3–10 % for R435A and R458A, respectively. The compression ratio increased by 9 % to 15 % on average for both tested alternative refrigerants over the tested temperature range. It is concluded that R458A performs well as a drop-in alternative refrigerant to R22 and surpasses that of R453A, as it showed slightly less deviation in coefficient of performance.

SG-APSIC1089: Environmental screening of SARS CoV-2 to support an outbreak investigation in Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Objectives: Many healthcare workers and patients in intensive care units of Sardjito Hospital, a referral and academic hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in June–August 2021, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Much evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 persists on hospital environmental surfaces and medical equipment. We investigated the potential sources of virus in our cases, particularly environmental contamination. Methods: Environmental screening for SARS-CoV-2 was conducted using RT-PCR of swabs collected from case-related medical equipment and hospital surfaces. We examined the environmental cleaning method in these areas as well. Results: We swabbed medical equipment in close contact with patient droplets such as the ventilator, the high-flow nasal cannula, the nebulizer, and suction equipment, as well as some environmental surfaces near the patient, such as the bed rail, air conditioning unit, and portable HEPA-filter outlet. Among 19 samples, genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 was detected only on a sample from a nebulizer. The point of contamination was on the outer body of that nebulizer, which indicated that the contact transmission source might be from patient droplets and/or inadequate cleaning. No more positive results emerged from our screening, indicating that the environmental cleaning was adequate. The IPC team recommended that we no longer use nebulizers for COVID-19 patients and that the cleaning procedure be improved, particularly after the device is used. Conclusions: Environmental screening for SARS-CoV-2 can be used to support investigations of inpatient COVID-19 outbreaks in hospitals. Adequate cleaning and care procedures for medical equipment are very important in preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the hospital setting.