Air Temperature Conditions Research Articles

Root Distribution of Tomato Cultivated in Greenhouse under Different Ventilation and Water Conditions.

Mastering root distribution is essential for optimizing the root zone environment and for improving water use efficiency, especially for crops cultivated in greenhouses. Here, we set up two irrigation amount levels based on measurements of the cumulative 20 cm pan evaporation (Ep) (i.e., K0.9: 0.9 Ep; K0.5: 0.5 Ep), and three ventilation modes through opening the greenhouse vents at different locations (TR: open the roof vents only; TRS: open both the roof and south vents; TS: open the south vents only) to reveal the effects of the ventilation mode and irrigation amount on the root distribution of greenhouse tomato. Six treatments were designed in blocks with the ventilation mode as the main treatment and the irrigation amount as the vice treatment. On this basis, the normalized root length density (NRLD) model of six treatments was developed by considering air environment, soil water and temperature conditions, root length density (RLD) and yield. The results showed that air speed of the TRS was significantly higher than TR and TS (p < 0.01), and the air temperature and relative humidity under different ventilation showed the rule: TR > TS > TRS. There was a significant third-order polynomial function relationship between NRLD and soil depth, and the coefficient of the cubic term (R0) had a bivariate quadratic polynomial function relationship with irrigation amount and air speed (determination coefficient, R2 = 0.86). Root mean square errors of the simulated and measured value of NRLD under TR, TRS and TS were 0.20, 0.23 and 0.27 in 2020, and 0.31, 0.23 and 0.28 in 2021, respectively, normalized root mean squared errors were 15%, 17%, 20% in 2020, and 23%, 18% and 21% in 2021. The RLD distribution ratio from the ground surface to a one-quarter relative root depth was 74.1%, and 88.0% from the surface to a one-half relative root depth. The results of the yield showed that a better combination of ventilation and irrigation was recommended as TRS combined with K0.9.

Tracking the growth of the edible Moroccan snail, Otala tingitana (Paladilhe, 1875), raised under controlled conditions

ABSTRACT The development of the heliciculture sector in Africa, particularly in Morocco, requires a better understanding of the environmental and nutritional growth conditions of endemic snails. To date, little is known about Otala tingitana snails, a Moroccan endemic edible species with a growing economic and agronomic interest. In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions for efficient snail growth. Experiments were carried out to track the growth of snails under controlled conditions of air temperature, humidity and photoperiod from hatching to maturity. In accordance with previous studies on other types of snails, weight, shell growth, dietary ingestion, ecological yield, mortality rate and maturation time were all monitored. Results showed that a combination of 20°C temperature, short photoperiod (8L-16D) and high humidity (80% RH) represents the optimal conditions for efficient growth of this species. Thus, thanks to the improved rearing conditions, two complete life cycles could be achieved within a single year. This allows for significant improvement in the productivity and the rearing conditions of this species for nutritional and other purposes.

Promoting effect of raft-raised scallop culture on the formation of coastal hypoxia

The coastal waters around the Yangma Island are an important mariculture area of raft-raised scallop and bottom-seeded sea cucumber in the North Yellow Sea, China. Large-scale hypoxia in the bottom water of this area has caused the death of a large number of sea cucumbers and heavy economic losses. To find out the formation mechanism of hypoxia, the data obtained in each August during 2015–2018 were analyzed. Compared with the non-hypoxic year (2018), the temperature, trophic index (TRIX) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the bottom water were relatively higher, and the water column was stratified causing by continuous high air temperature and low wind speed meteorological conditions in the hypoxic years (2015–2017). These sites with the coexistence of thermocline and halocline, and the thickness of thermocline >2.5 m and its upper boundary >7.0 m deep, were prone to hypoxia. Spatially, the hypoxic place was highly consistent with the scallop cultivating places, and the DOC, TRIX, NH4+/NO3− and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) at the culture sites were higher, indicating that organic matter and nutrients released by scallops may lead to local oxygen depletion. In addition, the bottom water of the culture sites had higher salinity, but lower turbidity and temperature, indicating that the slowed water exchange caused by scallop culture was a dynamic factor of hypoxia. All sites with AOU >4 mg/L at the bottom had hypoxia occurrence, even if there was no thermocline. In other words, stratification promoted the formation of hypoxia in coastal bottom water, but it was not indispensable. The raft-raised scallop culture could promote the formation of coastal hypoxia, which should arouse the attention for other coastal areas with intensive bivalve production.

Methods of fog control for a vehicle windscreen before vehicle moving off

INTRODUCTION: In any type of vehicle, the accessory equipment system of air heating and conditioning should ensure safety by means of glazing protection from fogging with high operational speed and minimal energy consuming, as drivers reaction slows down in low visibility conditions and the risk of road accidents increases.&#x0D; AIMS: Analytical review of state-of-the-art methods of efficiency improvement of condensate cleaning from the inner surface of a vehicle windscreen in order to discover promising methods of fog control before vehicle moving off which are energy efficient and driver- and passenger-friendly.&#x0D; LINE OF RESEARCH: Review of publications, dedicated to issues of condensate cleaning and vehicle glazing prevention from fogging.&#x0D; METHODS: Study and analysis of papers in the mentioned area, published in open sources.&#x0D; RESULTS: Conditions of fogging on inner surfaces of vehicle glazing are discussed. Russian and foreign regulatory documents, featuring demands to the procedure of fog cleaning from the windscreen inner surface, are given. Special aspects of air drying in cabin of electric vehicles and ICE-driven vehicles and various methods of the windscreen inner surface heating are considered.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Efficiency of windscreen condensate cleaning may be increased significantly by means of conjuction of such methods as: a) making inner surfaces of vehicle glazing hydrophobic; b) defroster design optimization in order to ensure air supply having minimal pressure losses, maximal output mass, high speed and uniform distribution of airflow along the surface of critically important fields of view; c) using of tempered windscreens with transparent electrically-conducting layer; d) drying of vehicle cabin air. At present, the search for efficient methods of windscreen warming and cabin air drying in recirculation mode for both electric vehicles and ICE-driven vehicles, operating in low air temperature conditions, continues.

핀-튜브 열교환기에서 불균형적 착상의 영향에 대한 연구

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of non-uniform frost deposition on fin-tube heat exchangers. Frost deposition phenomena mainly occur in an outdoor unit of a heat pump system because the temperature of the evaporator fin surface is lower than the dew point temperature of the intake air. To minimize performance drop of the evaporator, it is important to consider frost deposition pattern and its impact on the evaporator heat exchanger. As a first step, an efficient simulation model of the fin-tube heat exchanger under frosting condition was introduced and verified with experimental data. Frost non-uniformity was then investigated in terms of two different types of frost non-uniformity: through-plane non-uniformity and in-plane non-uniformity. As a result, it was found that the through-plane non-uniformity was dependent on air intake amount other than air temperature or humidity conditions. It was also found that the heat exchanger with in-plane non-uniformity had more severe degradation of heat transfer rate, although it might relieve the overall air side pressure drop.

PERAN TAMAN HUTAN HUJAN TROPIS INDONESIA TERHADAP IKLIM MIKRO (Studi Kasus di Taman Hutan Hujan Tropis Indonesia Kawasan Kantor Gubernur di Kota Banjarbaru Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan)

In line with the increasing population and the community's need for city facilities and infrastructure, urban development continues to increase. The paradigm of urban development should have changed and needs to be designed early towards the city with a better, more balanced way of life and still paying attention to environmental quality. The level of environmental comfort decreases as a result of the imbalance between built-up space and green open space (RTH) with the three main functions of urban vegetation being structural function, environmental function and visual function. RTH has a role in shaping the comfort of the urban climate through ecological functions, namely as a regulator of air temperature and humidity, so that it can be used as input in improving the quality of the microclimate by improving the quality of urban RTH so as to minimize the decline in environmental quality. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of vegetation structure and the role in improving the microclimate at each Tropical Rainforest Miniature RTH location in the Governor's Office area in Banjarbaru City. Banua Botanical Garden as a research site located in the Banjarbaru City Area, South Kalimantan Provincial Government Office Complex. The influence of vegetation structure on Location I which is dominated by lawns/grasses and shrubs with horizontal and columnar header shapes with low header density. Meanwhile, in Location II, the shape of the canopy is columnar and horizontal with a medium canopy density and has a tree height of 3-4 meters, slightly reducing the air temperature around the RTH. For Locations III and IV, they have a pyramid-shaped and spherical header shape that acts as a counterweight to increasing air humidity and decreasing air temperature. The role of the Tropical Rainforest Miniature RTH in the Governor's Office area in Banjarbaru City in improving the microclimate based on air temperature at locations I, II, III and IV, namely 30.1°C, 29.2°C, 28.0°C and 27.3°C. It can be seen that location III and location IV have the lowest temperature because they have characteristics of vegetation structures that can lower air temperature. For humidity parameters, it will adjust to air temperature conditions as well as wind speed will adjust to the vegetation structure in the RTH.

Photosynthetic Changes and Growth of Paprika Transplants as Affected by Root-zone Cooling Methods under High Air Temperature Conditions after Transplanting

Photosynthetic Changes and Growth of Paprika Transplants as Affected by Root-zone Cooling Methods under High Air Temperature Conditions after Transplanting

Simulation of Window-to-Wall Ratio for Thermal Comfort of Fully-Enclosed Courtyard Residential Buildings in Kafanchan

The literature has revealed that relationship between the courtyard and the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) is paramount to thermal comfort of fully-enclosed courtyard residential buildings. This study, therefore, seeks to determine the optimum WWR for fully-enclosed courtyard residential building typology for Kafanchan and its environs. The Integrated Environment Solution and Virtual Environment (IES-VE) simulation software was used to simulate five typologies of WWRs for four typologies of room area(s) in fully-enclosed courtyard residential buildings in Kafanchan. The IES-VE software was used for the simulation experiment. WWRs were developed into five models which were simulated to determine the optimum. The results revealed that, WWR4 (window size of 1.44m2) has better air temperature condition in all the room areas than all the remaining WWRs. This suggests that it is the best, followed by WWR3, 2, 1 and 5 respectively. Conclusively, WWR4 is the optimum. However, further simulation studies are required to understand optimum location of windows for improved airflow in the fullyenclosed courtyard building.

Potential for Ammonia Generation and Emission in Broiler Production Facilities in Brazil

Air quality is one of the main factors that must be guaranteed in animal production. However, the measurement of pollutants is still a problem in several countries because the available methods are costly and do not always apply to the reality of the constructive typology adopted, as in countries with a hot climate, which adopt predominantly open facilities. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop predictive models for the potential generation and emission of ammonia in the production of broiler chickens with different types of litter, different reuse cycles and under different climatic conditions. Samples of poultry litter from thirty commercial aviaries submitted to different air temperatures were analyzed. The experiment was conducted and analyzed in a completely randomized design, following a factorial scheme. Models were developed to predict the potential for generation and emission of ammonia, which can be applied in facilities with ambient conditions of air temperature between 25 and 40 °C and with wood shaving bed with up to four reuse cycles and coffee husks bed with up to six reuse cycles. The developed and validated models showed high accuracy indicating that they can be used to estimate the potential for ammonia generation and emission.

How do people set air conditioning temperature setpoint in urban domestic–Behavior model in Chinese three climate zones based on historical usage data

Predicting user behavior in setting air conditioning (A/C) can help develop automatic A/C control techniques, but it is challenging. Existing studies have largely focused on A/C switching behavior models, with fewer studies exploring temperature-setting behavior models in various climate zones. This study analyzed differences in household A/C temperature setpoint behaviors in three climate zones, using usage data collected from embedded sensors in A/C during the cooling season. Further, five machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied to model the A/C temperature setpoint behavior for the three climate zones. The results showed that the behavior is related to time, indoor air temperature (Tin), outdoor air temperature (Tout), temperature setpoint before settings (Tset'), and cumulative time the A/C is turned on (tc). A/C usage behavior varied significantly among users in different climate zones. Users in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) have a higher acceptable Tin and the opposite in Cold zones. In HSWW zones, users were able to find their preferred setting temperature more quickly. By applying the random forest algorithm and proper data pre-processing, the model can predict the “Warmer”, “Keep setpoint unchanged” and “Cooler” settings with 0.700–0.810 macro F1 score and 0.936–0.961 accuracy. This shows the excellent performance of ML algorithms in predicting user behavior with large data sizes. The Tin, Tset', and tc are important input features. This work aims to model A/C temperature setpoint behavior through ML algorithms to help develop intelligent A/C control methods for different climate zones in the future.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of an Atmospheric Water Harvester Using a Thermoelectric Cooler

An atmospheric water harvester with a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) can extract water vapour from air. This study tested a prototype atmospheric water harvester with a TEC and evaluated the condensation flow parameters affecting the amount of water produced using experimental and numerical methods. This experiment was performed under controlled conditions (a temperature of 313 K and relative humidity of 85%) in a climate chamber for 8 h and under actual weather conditions in Kuwait for 8 h. The humid air condensed when the cooling surface temperature was less than the dew point temperature, and the produced water was collected. The experimental findings indicated that the dew point temperature increased with increasing relative humidity and the cooling surface temperature increased with increasing atmospheric air temperature. The numerical analysis involved modelling and simulation (for 8 h, similar to the experiment) under the boundary conditions of inlet air temperature, relative humidity, cooling surface temperature, and inlet air velocity. The temperature decreased from the inlet to the outlet because of condensation. A comparison of the results showed that the calculated amount of produced water was close to the experimental value. The results of this study will help enhance the efficiency of producing clean and safe drinking water.

Utilizing the Random Forest Method for Short-Term Wind Speed Forecasting in the Coastal Area of Central Taiwan

The Taiwan Strait contains a vast potential for wind energy. However, the power grid balance is challenging due to wind energy’s uncertainty and intermittent nature. Wind speed forecasting reduces this risk, increasing the penetration rate. Machine learning (ML) models are adopted in this study for the short-term prediction of wind speed based on the complex nonlinear relationships among wind speed, terrain, air pressure, air temperature, and other weather conditions. Feature selection is crucial for ML modeling. Finding more valuable features in observations is the key to improving the accuracy of prediction models. The random forest method was selected because of its stability, interpretability, low computational cost, and immunity to noise, which helps maintain focus on investigating the essential features from vast data. In this study, several new exogenous features were found on the basis of physics and the spatiotemporal correlation of surrounding data. Apart from the conventional input features used for wind speed prediction, such as wind speed, wind direction, air pressure, and air temperature, new features were identified through the feature importance of the random forest method, including wave height, air pressure difference, air-sea temperature difference, and hours and months, representing the periodic components of time series analysis. The air–sea temperature difference is proposed to replace the wind speed difference to represent atmosphere stability due to the availability and adequate accuracy of the data. A random forest and an artificial neural network model were created to investigate the effectiveness and generality of these new features. Both models are superior to persistence models and models using only conventional features. The random forest model outperformed all models. We believe that time-consuming and tune-required sophisticated models may also benefit from these new features.

Contrasting effects of lake breeze and urbanization on heat stress in Chicago metropolitan area

This study used the latest Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with multilayer urban canopy models to investigate contrasting effects from urbanization and lake breeze on summer heat stress over the Chicago metropolitan area (CMA). Comparisons between the model and in situ observations show that this coupled modeling system better captures urban locations' diurnal pattern of surface air temperature, skin temperature and relative humidity, with root mean square error reduced from 1.58 to 1.80 °C to 1.14–1.31 °C, 3.11–3.55 °C to 1.81–2.21 °C, and 10.73–11.35% to 7.84–8.60%, respectively, compared to WRF without coupling the urban canopy models. Two sensitivity experiments were conducted to isolate the influence of lake breeze and urbanization: one replaced the urban land use with cropland over the CMA, and the other filled all of Lake Michigan with cropland. Three different heat stress indices were computed to assess the uncertainties of heat stress response to changes in air temperature, relative humidity, and wind conditions. Results show that, when the lake has the largest cooling effect on air temperature, it also increases the relative humidity the most, and vice versa for urban warming and drying effects. Urbanization intensifies heat stress at night, and extends the heat caution period by up to 4 h over inland urban grids; the lake breeze relieves heat stress during afternoon (when the heat stress is the worst), and shortens the heat caution period by 1–3 h over inland urban grids and 3–4 h over coastal urban grids. The intensification of heat stress over the CMA due to urbanization is more than four times greater than the reduction from the lake breeze in the late afternoon and evening.

Analysis of the Resistance Change of Chemosensitive Layers to the Presence of Ammonia Vapors under Variable Conditions of Air Temperature and Humidity

The developed chemosensitive layers consisted of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and a conductive polymer (polyaniline-PANI) in a polymeric matrix (a polystyrene solution in methylene chloride). The layers were challenged with a test gas to determine the optimum variant in terms of sensitivity to the selected analyte and the repeatability of results. In terms of individual components, the greatest percentage change in resistance (32%) and the best repeatability were found for chemosensitive layers containing a PANI salt in the polymeric matrix. Even greater changes in resistance were exhibited by sensors containing more than one active component in the matrix: 45% for PANI + MWCNTs and 75% for PANI + rGO. The presented method of thin-layer deposition was shown to be suitable for the production of sensitive and functional sensors of ammonia vapors. The developed sensors were characterized by high repeatability and sensitivity to a harmful substance that constitutes an inhalation hazard to workers. The sensors were also analyzed for their durability and recovery as well as the ability to function under varying temperature and humidity conditions.

Physical and numerical modelling of soil-atmosphere-structure interaction

Extreme, extended wet and dry seasons increase the adverse effects that soil wetting and drying cycles have on the response of shallow geotechnical structures. In expansive soils, volumetric changes due to water content variations may result in the incompatibility of deformations at the soil-structure interface. This study proposes a physical approach and a numerical model to address the soil-atmosphere-structure interactions during soil saturation and desiccation. Experimental desiccation tests were performed on relatively thin, compacted kaolin clay samples that represent the soil-atmosphere boundary. A climatic chamber was used to impose atmospheric conditions of air relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity, and irradiance on the soil surface. Empirical mathematical expressions were obtained to estimate soil desiccation rates as a function of basic atmospheric parameters and soil properties. The experimental desiccation approach was complemented with a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) numerical model for unsaturated soils. The coupled THM model calculates water and thermal fluxes, soil volumetric changes, vertical stresses, and the compatibility of soil-structure movements during swelling and shrinking. An example of the capabilities of the numerical model is presented for a full-scale geotechnical problem.

Determining the Concentration Level of Air Pollutants Related to Road Traffic in Kano Metropolis

The problem of road traffic-related air pollutants is universal. Traffic air pollution usually occurs on roads and mainly at intersections which significantly affects the air quality of such areas. The research aims to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between road transport air pollutants and temperature conditions on climate modification in the study area, which might perfect environmental sustainability. The study was best designed on field Experimentation to assess the spatiotemporal emission levels and analyses the implications of road Vehicular traffic-related air pollutants Concentration (such as, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and Methane gas) on Kano weather conditions (precisely Temperature) in 15 selected sample sites or locations, the measurements of pollutants Concentration, temperature level were carried out using the instruments called a Crowcorn gas detector, field thermometer were used together with the help of 5 research assistants. presents the periodic concentration levels of CH4 (methane) in relation to road traffic in different time periods: afternoon, evening, and morning, categorized into three concentration levels: high, medium, and low. The table provides various statistical measures to describe the distribution of methane concentrations within each category. High Concentrations in the afternoon reveal an average mean methane concentration is 0.20. The coefficient of variability, which measures the dispersion of the data points around the mean, is 46.06%. The skewness of 1.19 implies a moderately positively skewed distribution. The kurtosis of 1.38 indicates a distribution with a peak slightly higher than a normal distribution and a moderate presence of outliers. These findings could inform air quality management and monitoring efforts in Kano Metropolis. If temperature is consistently correlated with higher CO and CH4 levels, authorities may need to consider seasonal variations and temperature-related interventions when addressing air quality issues.

Long‐Term, High‐Resolution Permafrost Monitoring Reveals Coupled Energy Balance and Hydrogeologic Controls on Talik Dynamics Near Umiujaq (Nunavik, Québec, Canada)

AbstractRising temperatures in the Arctic and subarctic are driving the rapid thaw of permafrost by reducing permafrost cooling, increasing active layer thickness, and promoting talik formation. In this study, the cyrohydrogeology of a permafrost mound located within the discontinuous permafrost zone near Umiujaq (Nunavik, Québec, Canada) is characterized through the analysis of a dataset covering more than two decades of monitoring. This dataset captures a high degree of interannual variability in air temperature and ground thermal conditions, as well as the formation and closure of a supra‐permafrost talik. Data indicate that variable saturation and advective heat transport directly contribute to the expansion and contraction of the talik. Data further indicate the presence of two distinct thermo‐hydrologic settings resulting from differences in surface conditions, as well as subsurface thermal and flow regimes. The first, found at the top of the mound feature, is characterized by very low moisture contents (&lt;0.05 m3/m3), while the second, found at the side of the mound feature, shows higher annual moisture contents that strongly influence the dynamics of heat and groundwater flow. The data were synthesized into a detailed conceptual model of the cyrohydrogeological dynamics that highlights the important role of hydrogeological characterization and long‐term data sets in understanding the effects of groundwater flow on seasonal frost and permafrost dynamics. Specifically, the results presented here show that in the absence of long‐term data sets, longer‐period transient phenomena such as talik opening and closure may be misrepresented as uni‐directional feedback loops, as opposed to highly dynamic temporary phenomena.

Photosynthetic Changes and Growth of Paprika Transplants as Affected by Root-zone Cooling Methods under High Air Temperature Conditions after Transplanting

Photosynthetic Changes and Growth of Paprika Transplants as Affected by Root-zone Cooling Methods under High Air Temperature Conditions after Transplanting

Biomass, Essential Oil Yield, and Composition of Marjoram as Influenced by Interactions of Different Agronomic Practices under Controlled Conditions

Origanum marjorana L. has been valued for centuries for its flavoring attributes and therapeutic properties. The growing demand for its various applications necessitates optimizing agronomic practices for its production. A glasshouse pot trial was conducted to identify optimum agronomic practices for increased herbage and oil yield, as well as oil quality. The effects of varying air temperature regimes (low, medium, and high levels), irrigation (low, medium, and high levels), nitrogen fertilizer application (N = 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha), and soil type (sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and loamy sand) on the productivity of marjoram plants were investigated. The results showed an increase in plant growth and herbage yield as well as chlorophyll content under conditions of high air temperature, low irrigation, and moderate to high nitrogen level applied to sandy loam soil, with an increase in oil yield with loamy sand soil. The major compounds observed in marjoram essential oil were terpinene-4-ol (22.63-36.72%) and (Z)-β-terpineol (6.85-16.60%), in which terpinene-4-ol was not found to be within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) limits of acceptability while (Z)-β- terpineol had no reference limits available. A promising performance of marjoram cultivation under high regimes of air temperature (16.7 to 36.6 °C), nitrogen fertilization (200 kg ha-1 N), and low irrigation (up to 60% soil water depletion from field capacity) on sandy loam soils was demonstrated for improved crop productivity.

Air conditioning energy consumption measurement and saving strategy analysis for an office building in hot summer and cold winter area

ABSTRACT The energy consumption of different air conditioning systems varies greatly. In order to analyse the energy consumption status and energy-saving potential of air conditioning in existing office buildings, this paper takes an existing office building in hot summer and cold winter area as an example. The office and air conditioning energy consumption were continuously measured. The air conditioning energy consumption analysis model was established. With the measured data as input, the simulation calculation of the annual air conditioning energy consumption was carried out. The results showed that the measured value was quite different from the recommended value of the building energy efficiency standard. Changes in indoor air temperature or fresh air volume had a significant impact on air conditioning energy consumption. When the indoor set air conditioning temperature was 22°C in summer and 22°C in winter, the fresh air volume increased from 0 to 180 m3/(p·h), the increase of air conditioning power consumption reached 109.9% and 115.2%, respectively. The energy-saving envelope of the office building can obtain about 15% of the energy-saving benefits. However, users’ adjustment of operating parameters such as fresh air volume and indoor design temperature can easily lead to energy loss greater than that of energy-saving envelope.