Air Breathing Research Articles

Toxicity of deltamethrin on total protein of kidney, liver, testis and ovary of air breathing fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

The present study includes the biochemical, total protein alterations induced by chronic (30 days) exposure of Clarias batrachus to a sublethal concentrations (0.015 ppm conc.) of deltamethrin on the profile of total protein in the liver, kidney, testis and ovary. The liver, kidney, testis and ovary showed significant depletion of total protein amounting. The present study therefore points towards a severe metabolic dysfunction in response to deltamethrin toxicity in the fish Clarias batrachus (Bloch.).

MINORITAS MUSLIM DI NEGARA KOMUNIS LAOS: PERKEMBANGAN DALAM KETERBATASAN

The general statement is that minority groups have always been discriminated against by the majority, plus Laos itself carries out communism as the state ideology. In general, the discourse on the equality of communists with atheists is quite popular in the community. Not only labeled as having no religion, a state labeled as communist is synonymous with not supporting the existence of an ethnicity or a religious community. This article aims to explain the history and life of Muslim groups in Laos as a minority community group. This research is a historical research, where in collecting data sources using literature study techniques, and data analysis using a political history approach. The results of the study show that Laos, which is geographically located in the middle of mainland Indochina, makes it a crossroads of culture and religion. The political turmoil in the Indochina region and the civil war in Laos had an impact on the number of Laos' Muslim population. Pathet Lao's victory over the civil war resulted in an authoritarian communist government, causing the Muslim population to shrink. The 1991 Lao Constitution amendment in 2003 brought a breath of fresh air with religious freedom to the Lao people. Although there are still problems with human and financial resources in developing the community and da'wah, Laotian Muslims live quietly in a communist country. Islam in Laos is developing slowly but quietly within its limitations.

Retinal Oxygen Delivery and Metabolism Response to Hyperoxia During Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Rats.

PurposeThe purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that responses of total retinal blood flow (TRBF), inner retinal oxygen delivery (DO2), metabolism (MO2), and extraction fraction (OEF) to hyperoxia are higher after minutes of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as compared to days of BCCAO.MethodsTwenty-eight rats were subjected to BCCAO for 30 minutes (n = 12), 1 day (n = 8), or 3 days (n = 8). Eight of the 12 rats were also evaluated at baseline, prior to BCCAO. During room air breathing (RA) and 100% O2 inspiration (hyperoxia), blood flow and phosphorescence lifetime imaging were performed to measure TRBF and vascular O2 contents, respectively. DO2, MO2, and OEF were calculated from these measurements.ResultsAfter 30 minutes or 3 days of BCCAO, TRBF did not differ between RA and hyperoxia conditions (P ≥ 0.14) but decreased under hyperoxia after 1 day (P = 0.01). Compared to RA, DO2 and MO2 were increased under hyperoxia after 30 minutes of BCCAO (P ≤ 0.02). Additionally, MO2 was decreased under hyperoxia after 1 day of BCCAO (P = 0.04). OEF was decreased under hyperoxia compared to RA (P < 0.001). Under hyperoxia, TRBF and DO2 were reduced after all BCCAO durations compared to baseline (P ≤ 0.04), whereas MO2 did not differ from baseline after 30 minutes of BCCAO (P = 1.00).ConclusionsThe findings indicate that hyperoxia introduced minutes after ischemia can reduce DO2 impairments and potentially return MO2 to approximately normal values. This information contributes to the knowledge of the effect of supplemental oxygen intervention on TRBF, DO2, MO2, and OEF outcomes after variable durations of ischemia.

Analysis of the Role of the Regional Inspectorate in the Budget Management Review on the Implementation of the Deli Serdang Regency APBD

Regional autonomy is a breath of fresh air for the region, because it not only gets greater authority but also allocates a larger budget. The source of regional expenditure comes from regional original income from transfer of funds, regional original income and other legal sources. Most regional income donations come from balancing funds with a trend that continues to shrink. The research procedure used is a qualitative research procedure. The method of collecting information used is observation and interviews. The results of the research obtained in an effort to improve the welfare of citizens, regional governments are faced with the need for shopping areas which continues to increase while the original source of income for the region is limited. If the government is not able to maximize income outside the balancing fund, it can enlarge the fiscal gap that continues to be large. This is in line with the role of the inspectorate in carrying out a budget review for the implementation of the APBD in Deli Serdang Regency.

PERAN PESANTREN DALAM DUNIA USAHA

Historically, the existence of Islamic boarding schools began to receive full attention from the government after the issuance of Law (UU) Pesantren No. 18 of 2019. Which regulates the implementation of the education function, the function of da'wah and the function of community empowerment. With the issuance of this law, it is a breath of fresh air for the role of Islamic boarding schools in providing educational services, building and maintaining the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as a field of da'wah in maintaining the traditions and teachings of Islam rahmatan lil'alamin. Islamic boarding schools under individual policies led by a figure (kyai, Habib, ust and others) organize and formulate education optimally in accordance with the characteristics and peculiarities of the pesantren, not only educating, teaching, preaching, and training students according to Islamic rules. However, Islamic boarding schools are required to be independent, one of the efforts to encourage this independence is through the establishment of the Pesantren Business World. With the existence of this pesantren-owned business, students are prepared to enter the community by bringing religious knowledge and general knowledge, so they are not rigid in entering the world of business, business, culture and others. Pesantren besides being a means of da'wah with a deepening culture of Islam, however, it does not have to be hands off with the business world to realize business innovation as a driving force for the economy of pesantren and the people.

Cost-Effectiveness of an Extended Home Visit Program for Oxygen-Dependent COPD Patients.

Long-term oxygen therapy in COPD is usually supervised through home-care respiratory programs. Such programs often involve an intensive education intervention at the initiation of long-term oxygen therapy, followed by an extended follow-up period that aims toward home oxygen adherence. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness ratio of such a maintenance program. A simulation model was developed that compared 2 strategies after the intensive education intervention: (1) enrollment and (2) no enrollment in a maintenance program. The study population consisted of a hypothetical cohort of 200 patients (100 patients per group; mean age, 74 years; 45% men; mean FEV1 of 43% predicted value; and mean resting PaO2 while breathing air, 50 mm Hg). Effectiveness assumptions of the program were derived from a current literature review. The primary outcome was the ratio of the incremental cost of the program per quality-adjusted life-years gained. Only direct costs were considered; a health-care system perspective was adopted. Costs are reported in 2020 Canadian dollars (Can $). Over a 5-year period, an extended home-visit program may prevent 9 deaths and provide an additional 39 years of life and 24 quality-adjusted life-years. Compared with usual care (ie, no enrollment in the maintenance program), the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was Can $17,197 per quality-adjusted life-years gained. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of the model. Only a reduction in adherence of 25% per year would increase the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life-years beyond the threshold of Can $50,000 that is usually considered as acceptable from a health-care system perspective. An extended home-visit program to maintain or improve adherence to long-term oxygen therapy in patients with COPD would most likely be cost-effective.

Changes in the Abundance of Monoterpenes from Breathable Air of a Mediterranean Conifer Forest: When Is the Best Time for a Human Healthy Leisure Activity?

The exposure to monoterpenes emitted by plants to the air might provide human health benefits during forest-based leisure activities. However, forests, especially Mediterranean ones, lack studies to relate forest production and the emission of monoterpenes, considering potential human forest exposure. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the variation in the abundance of monoterpenes in the human breathable air under the canopy of a Mediterranean conifer forest, evaluating the influence of different factors. For this purpose, from March to November 2018, we monitored the abundance of monoterpenes in the air at nose height, leaf development, air temperature and soil water potential in a mountain Mediterranean forest of Pinus pinaster located in Sierra de Albarracín (Teruel, Spain). We detected six monoterpenes, with α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene being the three most abundant. Temperature was the main environmental factor driving the abundance of monoterpenes in air, with a maxima of abundance found during summer. Leaf development in spring decreased the abundance, while after a drought period, the abundance increased. Thus, people enjoying forest-based activities in Mediterranean conifer areas would be more exposed to air monoterpenes when the temperature increases during the period after leaf development, as long as the trees are not severely water-stressed. If that is the case, the abundance of monoterpenes in the air would increase after the drought period.

Overview of smart masks and research on new technology

&lt;p&gt;The smart mask is a new type of mask with active air supply and breathing. It adopts an external electric fan-forced air supply system, which can effectively reduce the user’s breathing load and achieve the purpose of improving comfort and user experience. However, in the current market, the function of smart masks is relatively simple with weak practicability and limited application. Based on these situations and in the research of a large number of smart masks and other types of masks, their application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages of the current technologies used in smart masks are analysed and compared to demonstrate their advantages in comfort and functionality. In terms of application prospects, new technologies can be integrated into the research and development of smart masks, providing new ideas for the research and development of new masks, which is crucial to the future market development of smart wearable products.&lt;/p&gt;

Relevance of channel shape in air-breathing membraneless direct formic acid microfluidic fuel cell: Experimental and numerical investigations

A 3-D model is established by considering mass transport phenomena, electrochemical reactions, electrode porosity, air breathing at the cathode, electrodes properties, fluid density and fluid viscosity. The model is applied to μFFC V- and U-shaped microfluidic channels. The agreement between the experiments and simulation in terms of predicted polarization curves, power outputs and fuel utilization indicate that the model can provide a trustworthy platform to study a wide set of stream architectures under numerous operating conditions. The power output and fuel efficiency utilization were improved by reducing the gap between the anode and the cathode. An optimum performance was achieved with a μFFC-U using 0.5 M HCOOH and flow rate of 100 μL min−1 delivering current density and power density output as high as 985 mA cm−2 and 165 mW cm−2, respectively. A proof of concept is demonstrated with a stack of three μFFC-Us (9.6 cm2 footprint and total volume of 10.6 cm3) connected in series powering four green LEDs (each of requiring a 2.1–2.5 V and 4.2–5 mW) for 20 h with low flow rate of 16.7 μL min−1. These results represent an important step towards the construction of microenergy systems for low power electronics applications.

Accelerating animal energetics: high dive costs in a small seabird disrupt the dynamic body acceleration-energy expenditure relationship.

Accelerometry has been widely used to estimate energy expenditure in a broad array of terrestrial and aquatic species. However, a recent reappraisal of the method showed that relationships between dynamic body acceleration (DBA) and energy expenditure weaken as the proportion of non-mechanical costs increases. Aquatic air breathing species often exemplify this pattern, as buoyancy, thermoregulation and other physiological mechanisms disproportionately affect oxygen consumption during dives. Combining biologging with the doubly labelled water method, we simultaneously recorded daily energy expenditure (DEE) and triaxial acceleration in one of the world's smallest wing-propelled breath-hold divers, the dovekie (Alle alle). These data were used to estimate the activity-specific costs of flying and diving and to test whether overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) is a reliable predictor of DEE in this abundant seabird. Average DEE for chick-rearing dovekies was 604±119kJday-1 across both sampling years. Despite recording lower stroke frequencies for diving than for flying (in line with allometric predictions for auks), dive costs were estimated to surpass flight costs in our sample of birds (flying: 7.24× basal metabolic rate, BMR; diving: 9.37× BMR). As expected, ODBA was not an effective predictor of DEE in this species. However, accelerometer-derived time budgets did accurately estimate DEE in dovekies. This work represents an empirical example of how the apparent energetic costs of buoyancy and thermoregulation limit the effectiveness of ODBA as the sole predictor of overall energy expenditure in small shallow-diving endotherms.

An EC-QCL based dual-species (CH4/N2O) detection method at 7.8 µm in mid-IR region for simultaneous applications of atmospheric monitoring and breath diagnostics

A high-sensitive optical detection method was designed and developed at 7.8 μm mid-IR region by coupling a room-temperature operated continuous wave (cw) external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) with an astigmatic multipass cell. The detection strategy operates in the principle of wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic detection strategy (2f-WMS). We have shown that the methodology has the ability for simultaneous and real-time quantitative measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in ambient air and human exhaled breath in parts per billion (ppb) levels via an extremely narrow single QCL scan of ∼0.06 cm−1. The high-resolution rotational-vibrational interference-free 2f-WMS spectra of CH4 and N2O centred at 1297.8192 cm−1 and 1297.8314 cm−1, respectively were simultaneously acquired with 0.20 s data acquisition time in the optimized experimental conditions. Minimum detection limits of 6 ppb for N2O and 30 ppb CH4 were achieved by the cw-EC-QCL based 2f-WMS detection method, thus opening its broad applications in environmental monitoring and non-invasive biomedical diagnostics.

In-situ generation of both hydroxyl radical and adsorptive flocs in electro-coagulation process with air breathing cathode

In order to achieve considerable generation of free radicals during electro-coagulation (EC) process, EC with air breathing cathode (EC-ABC) was designed to allow for the coexistence of electro-Fenton (EF) and EC functions. This EC-EF-ABC synergetic system allows for both in-situ free radicals and adsorptive flocs generation in an undivided electrolytic cell. The yield of hydroxyl radicals and adsorptive flocs were quantified for accurate mechanism analysis. The control mechanism of the transition from EF to EC function during EC-ABC system was investigated. The air cathode material was studied and optimized to obtain high hydroxyl radical generation. The influences of both dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH condition on hydroxyl radical and flocs generation were studied. Whiles the latter was found to dominate the successive EF and EC functions, and further controls the hydroxyl radicals and flocs yield, the former only has a dominant effect on the hydroxyl radical yield. The adsorptive iron (oxy)hydroxide flocs’ structure was also found to be fully depend on the DO condition. The control mechanism of initial pH and DO condition on radical and flocs generation was simplified as a ‘Sudoku-like’ relationship. The optimized initial pH and DO condition was studied to maximize the generation of hydroxyl radicals and adsorptive flocs. The design of EC-ABC process could have both advanced oxidation and adsorption abilities for wastewater pollutant removal.

Literary tradition and the Egyptian Book of the Dead

The oral literary tradition, which lasted for centuries among different tribes and peoples, preceded the art of the written word, the written literature that was born much later. Thus, written literature was based on the types of oral literature for many important elements of the design of literary works. Of course, writing enabled literature and its types to take a different course and development compared to the creations - works of oral literature, which were passed down orally from one person to another, from one generation to another, and over time many of them were forgotten and disappeared. The poetic language used by the writers in their texts conditioned not only the value of the works they created, but also the way they were accepted and communicated to the recipient not only of the time they were created but also of later times. In the Book of the Dead, Toti, the ruler of heaven, earth, and the underworld, the creator of life and of all nations, says: “I gave breath (air) to him who was in the secret place by the power of the magic words of my discourse, and Osiris triumphed over the enemies”. One of the first forms with literary elements is the Book of the Dead, of Egyptian tradition, consisting of hymns, litany and religious texts and which belongs to the time of the reign of Semt, king of the first Dynasty, which, according to connoisseurs of this work was copied, re-copied and added from generation to generation over a period of close to 5000 years ”. Indeed, the book consists of various creations which the Egyptians wrote on tombs and sarcophagi, on coffins and on immortal slabs, on papyri, talismans and pyramid walls to ensure the well-being of their dead in the afterlife. Works that come to us from a distant past, such as the "Egyptian Book of the Dead", testify, in one way or another, the course of the change of the art of speech over time, the enrichment and importance it has had for man and its existence.

The Ocean Biomolecular Observing Network (OBON)

Abstract Ocean life—from viruses to whales—is built from “biomolecules.” Biomolecules such as DNA infuse each drop of ocean water, grain of sediment, and breath of ocean air. The Ocean Biomolecular Observing Network (OBON) is developing a global collaboration that will allow science and society to understand ocean life like never before. The program will transform how we sense, harvest, protect, and manage ocean life using molecular techniques, as it faces multiple stresses including pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. It will also help communities detect biological hazards such as harmful algal blooms and pathogens, and be a key component of next-generation ocean observing systems. OBON will encourage continuous standardization and intercalibration of methods and data interoperability to help enhance and future-proof capabilities. OBON's objectives are: 1) to build a coastal-to-open ocean multi-omics biodiversity observing system; 2) to develop and transfer capacity between partners; 3) to enhance marine ecosystem digitization and modelling and 4) to coordinate action on pressing scientific, management, and policy questions.

Activities of the Lithuanian Seimas in Foreign Policy 1920–1927

Išsaugoti nepriklausomybę. Lietuvos Seimo veikla užsienio politikoje 1920–1927 metais (Preserving Independence. Foreign Policy Activities of the Seimas of Lithuania between 1920 and 1927) is a monograph by Audronė Veilentienė written from the perspective of Lithuania’s statehood. It addresses the activities of the Lithuanian parliament – the Seimas – in foreign policy during the period between 1920 and 1927. This book is like a breath of fresh air in the historiography of Lithuanian foreign policy and diplomacy, which has long been tormented by foreign concepts and is therefore full of complexes. It also acts as a counterbalance to “the falsification of history, the humiliation of the Lithuanian nation and state, and the compromising of the idea of statehood itself” as well as a stimulus for “developing the nation’s historical consciousness” [7, 9]. This in-depth study based on the analysis of Lithuanian and foreign sources immortalises the efforts of the members of the Lithuanian Seimas, Lithuanian politicians, and diplomats in preserving the independence.

Problematika dalam Evaluasi Studi Pembelajaran Pendidikan Islam

Abstract: Islamic educational institutions such as madrasas and Islamic boarding schools have succeeded in building human character with a religious culture that loves the Republic of Indonesia. The slanted view of informal institutions "madrasas and Islamic boarding schools" since its establishment until now still exists. They feel that the output or alumni of informal institutions are less ogled by the national job market, especially internationally. In fact, until now Islamic educational institutions still exist and do not care about these unfounded accusations. Islamic educational institutions are more focused on strengthening and deepening the competence of santri, students, and prospective scholars so that after returning to society they reflect individuals who have character, integrity, broad knowledge, and virtuous character. The method used is descriptive qualitative. While the approach used in literature. The results of the analysis found the following findings that Islamic Education policies from time to time experienced quite heavy dynamics. Dutch-era Islamic education received policy discrimination. Islamic education only got a breath of fresh air after the Dutch leadership fell to Japan. The Japanese government agreed to the request of the Indonesian people. Starting from the establishment of Elementary Schools, Middle Schools, and Senior High Schools, to the establishment of Islamic Colleges in Jakarta. The journey of Islamic education can be said to have truly become independent after Indonesia's independence. There are five problems to evaluate the study of Islamic Education in Indonesia, including Limitations of Government Power, Disagreements on a Problem, Subjectivity in Interpretation, Limitations in Research on Resource Management, and Complexity of Human Behavior. These five problems need to get responses from various parties, it is not enough if they are only handled by a few people, it is necessary for the cooperation of all parties so that ideal policies can be formulated in time.

0378 Daytime PAP Accommodation: A Breath of Fresh Air

Abstract Introduction Rising healthcare costs and resource utilization represents a growing problem in the United States, especially for individuals with progressive neuromuscular disorders. Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea has been demonstrated to decrease healthcare resources in the general population; however, there is no well-defined approach to diagnosis and management of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in patients with neuromuscular disease (NMD). Many providers believe it best to diagnose and introduce positive airway pressure (PAP) support during a single overnight in-laboratory sleep study. Patients with NMD require a team with understanding of sleep physiology, complex pulmonary pathophysiology, disease process and progression, and advanced PAP therapy modes and indications. Optimal treatment requires patient and caregiver education, frequent monitoring of PAP data, ongoing evaluation of oxygenation and ventilation parameters, as well as assistance with device issues. We hypothesized a focused, personalized approach to managing patients with NMD will improve patient adherence to PAP therapy, nocturnal oxygenation, and ventilation, as well as limit hospital admissions. Methods 10 patients diagnosed with NMD (including muscular dystrophy, diaphragm paralysis, and scoliosis) presented to UPMC Montefiore sleep lab for daytime accommodation study with a pulmonary-sleep physician and dual-trained respiratory therapist-sleep technician. The visit included mask fitting, patient education, and initiation of PAP therapy with titration of bilevel pressure settings. Data collected included: pre- and 3-month-post nocturnal oxygen saturation and serum bicarbonate level; data download at 3 months including device usage, leak, average PAP pressures; and number of hospital admissions. Results All 10 patients demonstrated initiation of PAP therapy with usage on 100% of days for minimum of 6 hours per night. There was improvement in average nocturnal oxygen saturation and serum bicarbonate level after visit compared to prior. 3 patients were hospitalized in 6-12 months following, none for respiratory related reasons. Conclusion In this pilot study, an innovative daytime PAP accommodation study for patients with sleep-disordered breathing due to NMD results in excellent initiation and adherence to PAP therapy, as well as improvement in oxygenation and ventilation and minimal hospitalizations. Future studies are necessary including a larger randomized trial to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of home based NIV initiation. Support (If Any) NIH T32 HL082610-15, American Thoracic Society ASPIRE fellowship

Focus on using nanopore technology for societal health, environmental, and energy challenges.

With an increasing global population that is rapidly ageing, our society faces challenges that impact health, environment, and energy demand. With this ageing comes an accumulation of cellular changes that lead to the development of diseases and susceptibility to infections. This impacts not only the health system, but also the global economy. As the population increases, so does the demand for energy and the emission of pollutants, leading to a progressive degradation of our environment. This in turn impacts health through reduced access to arable land, clean water, and breathable air. New monitoring approaches to assist in environmental control and minimize the impact on health are urgently needed, leading to the development of new sensor technologies that are highly sensitive, rapid, and low-cost. Nanopore sensing is a new technology that helps to meet this purpose, with the potential to provide rapid point-of-care medical diagnosis, real-time on-site pollutant monitoring systems to manage environmental health, as well as integrated sensors to increase the efficiency and storage capacity of renewable energy sources. In this review we discuss how the powerful approach of nanopore based single-molecule, or particle, electrical promises to overcome existing and emerging societal challenges, providing new opportunities and tools for personalized medicine, localized environmental monitoring, and improved energy production and storage systems.

The mechanics of air breathing in African clawed frog tadpoles, Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae).

Frog larvae (tadpoles) undergo many physiological, morphological and behavioral transformations throughout development before metamorphosing into their adult form. The surface tension of water prevents small tadpoles from breaching the surface to breathe air (including those of Xenopus laevis), forcing them to acquire air using a form of breathing called bubble sucking. With growth, tadpoles typically make a behavioral/biomechanical transition from bubble sucking to breaching. Xenopus laevis tadpoles have also been shown to transition physiologically from conforming passively to ambient oxygen levels to actively regulating their blood oxygen. However, it is unknown whether these mechanical and physiological breathing transitions are temporally or functionally linked, or how both transitions relate to lung maturation and gas exchange competency. If these transitions are linked, it could mean that one biomechanical breathing mode (breaching) is more physiologically proficient at acquiring gaseous oxygen than the other. Here, we describe the mechanics and development of air breathing and the ontogeny of lung morphology in X. laevis throughout the larval stage and examine our findings considering previous physiological work. We found that the transitions from bubble sucking to breaching and from oxygen conforming to oxygen regulation co-occur in X. laevis tadpoles at the same larval stage (Nieuwkoop-Faber stages 53-56 and 54-57, respectively), but that the lungs do not increase significantly in vascularization until metamorphosis, suggesting that lung maturation, alone, is not sufficient to account for increased pulmonary capacity earlier in development. Although breach breathing may confer a respiratory advantage, we remain unaware of a mechanistic explanation to account for this possibility. At present, the transition from bubble sucking to breaching appears simply to be a consequence of growth. Finally, we consider our results in the context of comparative air-breathing mechanics across vertebrates.

The Diencephalon Contributes to Hypoxia‐Induced Facilitation of Fictive Air Breathing in Pre‐Metamorphic Tadpoles

Introduction and hypothesis The onset of air breathing is an important milestone in the physiological development of the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). The expression of the motor command driving lung ventilation is inhibited during the early tadpole stages and is progressively disinhibited as the animal enters metamorphosis. Environmental and endocrine signals regulate the onset of metamorphosis and our previous work showed that exposing isolated brainstems from pre-metamorphic tadpoles to acute hypoxia (98% N2 + 2% CO2; 15 min) facilitates the expression of air breathing, as indicated by an increase in fictive air breaths that persists for at least 2h after the end of hypoxic stimulation. Based on the growing evidence indicating that structures located rostral to the brainstem contribute to respiratory control, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of rostral structures augments hypoxia-induced facilitation of fictive air breathing in pre-metamorphic tadpoles. Methods Experiments were performed on pre-metamorphic tadpoles (TK stages V to XI). The central nervous system as isolated and placed in a recording chamber where it was superfused with an oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (98% O2, 2% CO2; pH = 7.9). The preparation was randomly assigned to one of three groups corresponding to a distinct level of brain transection: 1) Medullary preparation, 2) Diencephalon and 3) Telencephalon. The neural correlates of gill and lung ventilation was assessed by placing suction electrodes onto cranial nerves V and X. Following 1h of recovery, fictive breathing was recorded under baseline condition (15 min) before being exposed to hypoxia (98% N2 + 2% CO2; 15 min). The preparation was returned to baseline condition and time-ependent changes were recorded 30 min, 1h and 2h post-hypoxia. Fictive gill and lung breathing frequency and amplitude was measured in each time point. In a distinct series of experiments, preparations from each groupwere maintained under basal conditions to assess stability of the preparations over the course of the protocol. Result Hypoxia induced time-dependent changes in lung burst frequency that were greater than those observed in “time control” experiments. The largest increase was observed in preparations with diencephale whereas medullary preparations did not respond. Gill burst frequency remained constant; changes in burst amplitude (gill or lung) were not significant. Conclusion and perspectives The lack of response of medullary preparations is consistent with data showing that the locus coeruleus is an important central O2 sensing structure. However, results obtained from diencephalon preparations indicate the presence of structures that potentiate the long-term stimulatory effects of hypoxia on fictive air breathing. The fact that the time-dependent rise in lung burst frequency was not as important in more intact preparations suggest that more rostral structures attenuate those effects.