AIP Conference Proceedings Research Articles

Communities recognition in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem by dynamical clustering algorithms based on different oscillators systems

We have recently introduced [Phys. Rev. E 75, 045102(R) (2007); AIP Conference Proceedings 965, 2007, p. 323] an efficient method for the detection and identification of modules in complex networks, based on the de-synchronization properties (dynamical clustering) of phase oscillators. In this paper we apply the dynamical clustering tecnique to the identification of communities of marine organisms living in the Chesapeake Bay food web. We show that our algorithm is able to perform a very reliable classification of the real communities existing in this ecosystem by using different kinds of dynamical oscillators. We compare also our results with those of other methods for the detection of community structures in complex networks.

GEANT4 simulation of slow positron beam implantation profiles

The paper presents the positron implantation profiles, which are important for proper interpretation of data produced in slow-positron depth defect spectroscopy (VEPAS). In the paper, we compared the profiles reported in other publications and those obtained using the GEANT4 codes, which are used for the simulation of interaction of energetic particles with matter. The comparison shows that the GEANT4 codes produce profiles which match fairly well with those generated by other codes, which take into account more accurately processes at low energies when positrons interact with core electrons, valence electrons, plasmons etc. The profiles in different materials simulated for different implant energies were parameterized using two analytical formulas: the Makhovian profile and the profile proposed by Ghosh et al. [V.J. Ghosh, D.O. Welch, K.G. Lynn, in: E. Ottewite, A.H. WeissSlow (Eds.), Positron Beam Techniques for Solids and Surfaces, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 303, New York, 1994, p. 37]. The adjustable parameters obtained are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The total backscattering probability obtained from the GEANT4 simulations is in agreement with experimental data reported.

Scientometric mapping of vacuum research in nuclear science & technology: a global perspective

This paper attempts to analyse the growth and development of Vacuum research in Nuclear Science and Technology, as reflected in publication output covered by International Nuclear Information System (INIS) database during 2002-2006. A total of 12027 papers were published in the field of vacuum science. United States topped the list with 1936 (16.10%) publications followed by Japan with 1770 (14.70%) publications, The highest number of publications (3276) were published in 2004. The average number of publications published per year were 2405.4. The highest number of publications were in ‘Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields’ with 2644 (21.98%) publications. The authorship and collaboration trend is towards multi-authored papers. The highly productive institutions were: Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (Japan) with 366 publications, University of Tokyo (Japan) with 274 publications, Hiroshima University (Japan) with 245 publications, Osaka University Japan (Japan) with 224 publications and Chinese Academy of Science (P-R-China) with 223 publications. The most preferred journals for publication were: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology-A with 857 papers, Physical Review -D with 765 papers, Journal of High Energy Physics with 500 papers, Thin Solid Films with 311 papers, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena with 309 papers, and AIP Conference Proceedings with 308 papers.

Matched and equipartitioned design method for modern high-intensity radio frequency quadrupole accelerators

A new design method—Matched and equipartitioned (EP) design method—has been proposed for radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) dynamics design, on the considerations of preventing emittance growth and halo formation in high-intensity linacs by means of keeping beam envelope matched and energy balance within the beam, as well as avoiding structure resonances [R.A. Jameson, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-28 (1981) 2408; R.A. Jameson et al., Scaling and optimization in high-intensity linear accelerators, LA-CP-91-272, Los Alamos National Laboratory, July 1991 (introduction of LINACS design code); R.A. Jameson, AIP Conf. Proc. 279 (1992) 969; R.A. Jameson, An approach to fundamental study of beam loss minimization, in: Y.K. Batygin (Ed.), AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 480, Space Charge Dominated Beam Physics for Heavy Ion Fusion, Saitama, Japan, December 1998]. As there are more than three parameters for a linear accelerator, but only three equations (two envelope equations and an EP equation) are available to design the structural parameters of the RFQ accelerator around the beam, therefore the others have to be determined by additional rules. Following these equations and rules, a new RFQ design code named MATCHDESIGN has been written at Peking University. Three example designs are generated by this code and their simulation results have been compared with a conventional RFQ, which had proved the feasibilities and merits of the new method.

Autonomous reactor control using model based predictive control for space propulsion applications

Reliable reactor control is important to reactor safety, both in terrestrial and space systems. For a space system, where the time for communication to Earth is significant, autonomous control is imperative. Based on feedback from reactor diagnostics, a controller must be able to automatically adjust to changes in reactor temperature and power level to maintain nominal operation without user intervention. Model-based predictive control (MBPC) is investigated as a potential control methodology for reactor start-up and transient operation in the presence of either a constant or a time varying external source. Bragg-Sitton and Holloway [Bragg-Sitton, S.M., Holloway, J.P., 2004. Reactor start-up and control methodologies. In: El-Genk, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2004), AIP Conference Proceedings 699, pp. 614–622.] assessed the applicability of MBPC to reactor start-up from a cold, zero-power condition in the presence of a time-varying external radiation source, where large fluctuations in the external radiation source can significantly impact a reactor during start-up operations. Here the MBPC algorithm is applied using the point kinetics model to describe the reactor dynamics, with a single group of delayed neutrons and a fast neutron lifetime of 10 −7 s. Controller stability is assessed by carefully considering the dependencies of each component in the defined cost (objective) function and its subsequent effect on the selected “optimal” control maneuvers. Additional analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the controller when a lower fidelity reactor kinetics model is adopted for the model system versus using a full six-group delayed neutron representation in the point kinetics equations to represent the “real” system operation.

Entropic criterion for model selection

Model or variable selection is usually achieved through ranking models according to the increasing order of preference. One of methods is applying Kullback–Leibler distance or relative entropy as a selection criterion. Yet that will raise two questions, why use this criterion and are there any other criteria. Besides, conventional approaches require a reference prior, which is usually difficult to get. Following the logic of inductive inference proposed by Caticha [Relative entropy and inductive inference, in: G. Erickson, Y. Zhai (Eds.), Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 707, 2004 (available from arXiv.org/abs/physics/0311093)], we show relative entropy to be a unique criterion, which requires no prior information and can be applied to different fields. We examine this criterion by considering a physical problem, simple fluids, and results are promising.

Simulation of crystalline beams in storage rings using molecular dynamics technique

Achieving very low temperatures in the beam rest frame can present new possibilities in accelerator physics. Increasing luminosity in the collider and in experiments with targets is a very important asset for investigating rare radioactive isotopes. The ordered state of circulating ion beams was observed at several storage rings: NAP-M [Budker, et al., in: Proceedings of the 4th All-Union Conference on Charged-Particle Accelerators [in Russian], vol. 2, Nauka, Moscow, 1975, p. 309; Budker et al., Part. Accel. 7 (1976) 197; Budker et al., At. Energ. 40 (1976) 49. E. Dementev, N. Dykansky, A. Medvedko et al., Prep. CERN/PS/AA 79-41, Geneva, 1979] (Novosibirsk), ESR [M. Steck et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3803] and SIS [Hasse and Steck, Ordered ion beams, in: Proceeding of EPAC ’2000] (Darmstadt), CRYRING [Danared et al., Observation of ordered ion beams in CRYRING, in: Proceeding of PAC ’2001] (Stockholm) and PALLAS [Schramm et al., in: J.L. Duggan (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Appl. of Acc. in Research and Industry AIP Conference Proceedings, p. 576 (to be published)] (Munich). In this report, the simulation of 1D crystalline beams with BETACOOL code is presented. The sudden reduction of momentum spread in the ESR experiment is described with this code. Simulation shows good agreement with experimental results and also with the intrabeam scattering (IBS) theory [Martini, Intrabeam scattering in the ACOOL-AA machines, CERN PS/84-9 AA, Geneva, 1984]. The code was used to calculate characteristics of the ordered state of ion beams for the TARN-II [Katayama, TARN II project, in: Proceedings of the IUCF workshop on nuclear physics with stored cooled beams, Spencer, IN, USA, 1984].

Ultra-shallow junction (USJ) sheet resistance measurements with a non-penetrating four point probe

An accurate method to measure the four point probe (4PP) sheet resistance (RS) of ultra shallow junction (USJ) Source–Drain Extension structures is described. The method utilizes Elastic Material probes (EM-probes) to form non-penetrating contacts to the silicon surface [R.J. Hillard, P.Y. Hung, William Chism, C. Win Ye, W.H. Howland, L.C. Tan, C.E. Kalnas, Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology, AIP Conference proceedings 683 (2003) 802.]. The probe design is kinematic and the force is controlled to ensure elastic deformation of the probe material. The probe material is such that large direct tunneling currents can flow through the native oxide thereby forming a low impedance contact. Sheet resistance measurements on USJ implanted P+/N structures with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) junction depths less than 15nm have been measured. The method is demonstrated on implanted USJ structures and found to be consistent with expectations.

Numerical simulation of crystalline ion beams in storage ring

The use of crystalline ion beams can increase luminosity in the collider and in experiments with targets for investigation of rare radioactive isotopes. The ordered state of circulating ion beams was observed at several storage rings: NAP-M (Proceedings of the Fourth All Union Conference on Charged Particle Accelerators, Vol. 2, Nauka, Moscow, 1975 (in Russian); Part. Accel. 7 (1976) 197; At. Energy 40 (1976) 49; Preprint CERN/PS/AA 79-41, Geneva, 1979) (Novosibirsk), ESR (Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3803) and SIS (Proceedings of EPAC’2000, 2000) (Darmstadt), CRYRING (Proceedings of PAC’2001, 2001) (Stockholm) and PALLAS (Proceedings of the Conference on Applications of Accelerators in Research and Industry, AIP Conference Proceedings, p. 576, in preparation) (München). New criteria of the beam orderliness are derived and verified with a new program code. Molecular dynamics technique is inserted in BETACOOL program (Proceedings of Beam Cooling and Related Topics, Bad Honnef, Germany, 2001) and used for numerical simulation of crystalline beams. The sudden reduction of momentum spread in the ESR experiment is described with this code. The simulation shows a good agreement with the experimental results. The code has then been used to calculate characteristics of the ordered state of ion beams for the MUSES Ion Ring (IR) (MUSES Conceptual Design Report, RIKEN, Japan, 2001) in collider mode. A new strategy of the cooling process is proposed which permits to increase significantly the linear density of the ordered ion beam and thereby the luminosity of electron–ion colliding experiments.

Resolution of a Classical Gravitational Second-Law Paradox

Sheehan and coworkers have claimed [D. P. Sheehan et al., Found. Phys. 30, 1227 (2000); 32, 441 (2002); D. P. Sheehan, in Quantum Limits to the Second Law, AIP Conference Proceedings 643 (American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2002), p. 391] that a dilute gas trapped between an external shell and a gravitator can support a steady state in which energy flux by particles in one direction is balanced by energy flux by radiation in the opposite direction, and in which work can be extracted from an isothermal heat reservoir, thereby violating the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we identify a fundamental error in their simulation and analysis of their model system that vitiates their conclusions. We analyze a simpler, exactly soluble, three-dimensional model of a very dilute gas in a gravitational field between two thermal reservoirs, and show that their conclusions are not supported for the simple model. We show that their method of simulation, when applied to either the simple model or their more complex model under simpler conditions where the answers are known, leads to unphysical results. We also show that, when appropriate sampling is done, their model gives results in accord with the second law and detailed balance.

Magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the inverse-pinch plasma discharge

A wall confined plasma in an inverse-pinch configuration holds potential as a plasma target for Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) as well as a simple geometry to study wall-confined plasma. An experiment is planned to study the inverse-pinch configuration using the Zebra Z pinch [B. S. Bauer et al., AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 409 (American Institute of Physics, Melville, 1997), p. 153] of the Nevada Terawatt Facility at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR). The dynamics of the discharge formation have been analyzed using analytic models and numerical methods. Strong heating occurs by thermalization of directed energy when an outward moving current sheet (the inverse pinch effect) collides with the outer wall of the experimental chamber. Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations show Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer–Meshkov like modes of instability, as expected because of the shock acceleration during plasma formation phase. The instabilities are not disruptive, but give rise to a mild level of turbulence. The conclusion from this work is that an interesting experiment relevant to wall confinement for MTF could be done using existing equipment at UNR.

The simulation of the swelling and deswelling dynamics of gels

We have formulated the dynamics and the simulation scheme for large deformation of gels using the stress-diffusion coupling model [Yamaue, T., Taniguchi, T., and Doi, M., 2000, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 519 (AIP), p. 584]. Using this model, we have simulated the deswelling process of 2D slab thermo-responsive gels undergoing spinodal decomposition, in comparison with the conventional collective diffusion model of gel networks. We reproduced the ‘plateau period’ due to the surface skin formation and the pattern formations in the inner region of gels by the stress-diffusion coupling model.

Thermodynamic optimization of multi-stage cryogenic systems : Kirkconnell, C. S. and Curran, D. G. T. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, (613), 1123–1132

Thermodynamic optimization of multi-stage cryogenic systems : Kirkconnell, C. S. and Curran, D. G. T. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, (613), 1123–1132

Experimental study on work flow in the pulse tube refrigerator : Ikeguchi, T. et al. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, (613), 799–806

Experimental study on work flow in the pulse tube refrigerator : Ikeguchi, T. et al. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, (613), 799–806

Thermodynamic design principle of mixed-gases Kleemenko refrigeration cycles : Gong, M. Q. et al. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, (613), 873–880

Thermodynamic design principle of mixed-gases Kleemenko refrigeration cycles : Gong, M. Q. et al. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, (613), 873–880

Influence of the plasma on ICRF antenna voltage limits

An ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) probe [F.W. Baity, G.C. Barber, V. Bobkov, R.H. Goulding, J.-M. Noterdaeme, D.W. Swain, in: 14th Topical Conference on Radiofrequency Power in Plasmas, Oxnard 2001, AIP Conference Proceedings 595, AIP, Melville, NY, 2001, p. 510] has been implemented to study voltage stand-off of the ICRF antennas on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG). The probe was operated at first in a test stand where features of high RF voltage operation in vacuum and plasma created by an ion source of the Hall type [Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 8 (1999) R1] were studied. Vacuum arcs as well as ignition of high voltage glow discharge are candidate processes to explain voltage limits of the ICRF antennas. The setup on AUG was used to expose high RF voltages in real conditions of the tokamak scrape-off layer which are faced by the ICRF antennas. It is found that high voltage breakdown on the ICRF antenna is often correlated with ELM activity. The maximal RF voltage increased from shot to shot, i.e. the conditioning effect is observed. For the good-conditioned ICRF probe it was shown experimentally that the voltage limit can be increased while the rectified current is suppressed at the same time.

Diffraction radiation from relativistic heavy ions

In recent years, the relativistic heavy ion beams at new accelerator facilities are allowed to obtain some new interesting results (see, for instance, Datz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (18) (1997) 3355; Ladyrin et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 404 (1998) 129). The problem of non-destructive heavy ion beam diagnostics at these accelerators is highly pressing. The authors of the papers (Rule et al., Proceedings of the Seventh Beam Instrumentation Workshop, Argonne IL, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 390, NY, 1997; Castellano, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 394 (1997) 275) suggested to use diffraction radiation (DR) appearing when a charge moves close to a conducting surface (Bolotovskii and Voskresenskii, Sov. Phys. Usp. 9 (1966) 73) for non-destructive electron beam diagnostics. The DR characteristics are defined by both Lorentz-factor and the particle charge, and do not depend on its mass. The estimation of feasibility of using DR for relativistic ion beam diagnostics is undoubtedly interesting.

Paths to ignition by radio frequency heating during the B-field ramp

To conserve transformer volt-seconds, power to toroidal magnetic field coils, and to trigger an early transition into high confinement (H) mode, where the requirements on auxiliary power are lower, rf heating during the B-field ramp phase of ignition-class tokamaks is considered. The scheme is analyzed by modifying the usual plasma operating condition diagrams to apply to the ramp phase where the magnetic field, plasma current, and density are changing. It is shown that ion cyclotron range-of-frequencies direct electron heating during the ramp phase of IGNITOR [B. Coppi, M. Nassi, and L. E. Sugiyama, Phys. Scr. 45, 112 (1992)], as proposed by Majeski [R. Majeski, in AIP Conference Proceedings 485—Radio Frequency Power in Plasmas, Annapolis, MD (AIP, New York, 1999), p. 353], may be useful in optimizing the operating condition path to ignition.

AIP Conference Proceedings #383 from the Taos Meeting: Workshop on the Earth's Trapped Particle Environment

Studies of the Earth's radiation belts were among the first in situ space experiments in the late 1950s, the 1960s, and the early 1970s. A series of annual McCormack‐conferences were held during those early years. After that the field received less attention and decreasing resources; during the late 1970s and the 1980s radiation belt physics were discussed at only a few topical conferences. However, the fields of radiation belt and ring current research experienced a small renaissance during the 1990s.

S. Nakai and G.H. Miley, Eds., Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena(12th International Conference, Osaka, April 1995), AIP Conference Proceedings 369 Part One and Part Two, American Institute of Physics, New York (1996), 1426 pages.

S. Nakai and G.H. Miley, Eds., Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena(12th International Conference, Osaka, April 1995), AIP Conference Proceedings 369 Part One and Part Two, American Institute of Physics, New York (1996), 1426 pages. - Volume 15 Issue 1