Animal Ailments Research Articles

Potential Plant-based Remedies for Gouty Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review on Counterweighing the Inflammatory Pathways

The complex etiology of Gouty Arthritis (GA) makes it a multidimensional illness for which there are now no effective therapeutic therapies that can stop its development entirely. This review examines how effectively different plants and their constituents reduce blood uric acid levels and lessen the predisposition to gout. Research has looked at the possible roles of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory pathways, important transport and signaling proteins, and the health benefits of different plants and their components in the development of GA. Plant remedies have been used for a long time to treat human and animal ailments. Most people in developing countries use traditional plant-based medicine for basic care due to its affordability, availability, and cultural acceptability. This review aims to gather comprehensive information on plants and their compounds that exhibit anti-gout activities, focusing on in vitro and in vivo investigations. The scientific database was searched by using different keywords, and papers published between March 2008 and December 2023 were considered. The inclusion criteria were publications on inflammatory mediators, free radicals, oxidative stress, or proteins in gout etiology or evolution, along with plant-based remedies. Finally, 27 publications based on inclusion and exclusion criteria reported the active compounds and analyzed parameters and outcomes of research carried out with these medicinal plants. This paper extensively explores the potential mechanism of employing medicinal herbs for the management of gout. However, more investigation is needed to fully comprehend the role that various biomarkers play in the development of GA, as well as to investigate the possible functions of different plants and the substances found in them.

Study on Antibacterial Activities of Croton macrostachyus and Pycnostachys abyssinica Leaf Extracts Against Some Human Pathogens.

The present study was aimed to verify the medicinal value of Croton macrostachyus and Pycnostachys abyssinica traditionally used to treat human and animal ailments in Ethiopia. Fresh leaves of these species were collected, dried under shade, and ground into fine powder. The extraction was carried out by the maceration method using methanol as a solvent. The compounds in the crude extract were further profiled by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. C. macrostachyus had a higher percentage extract yield (22.5%) than P. abyssinica (13.7%). The phytochemical screening showed more abundant phenolic compounds and tannins in the extract of C. macrostachyus and alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic compounds, and tannins in the extract of P. abyssinica. Overall, C. macrostachyus produced twofold higher growth inhibition zone (24.0 ± 0.5-43.0 ± 1.0 mm) against the tested pathogens than P. abyssinica (7.0 ± 0.5-24.0 ± 0.3 mm). Among the bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be the most sensitive to compounds of C. macrostachyus. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (25 mg/mL) were obtained from compounds 1 and 3 of C. macrostachyus leaf extract against Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae and compounds 2 and 3 of the same against S. aureus. Similarly, compound 1 of P. abyssinica leaf extract produced the lowest MIC (25 mg/mL) against K. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compound 3 of the same species against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. All the profiled compounds of the two species had both bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against the tested pathogens. The results of the present study revealed that the compounds of C. macrostachyus had strong antibacterial activity against all the tested pathogens, indicating the high potential of the compounds. However, further characterization and identification of the specific compounds for the development of biocide formulations are suggested.

Review on the Conservation and in vitro Regeneration of Medicinal Plant Boerhavia diffusa

Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava) is a flowering herbal plant belonging to Nyctaginaceae family. This species holds a significant medicinal importance across various cultural and traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda and Unani, where its aerial parts and roots are utilized to treat a wide range of ailments in humans and animals. One of the key reasons behind the plant popularity is its significant pharmacological importance because of the diverse array of biologically active compounds present in. its various parts such as roots, leaves, stem, and seeds. This very popularity makes it a sought-after resource for pharmaceutical industries and, therefore, has led to detrimental consequences, including over-exploitation and habitat degradation. In vitro culture technique provides a promising avenue for the conservation and sustainable production of this valuable herb. The tissue culture method is beneficial for the sustained production of phytochemicals as well as for its conservation. This review is based on the morphological and taxonomical status along with the medicinal importance, and the scientific aspects of tissue culture protocols developed for B. diffusa. . KEYWORDS :Punarnava, Nyctaginaceae, Medicinal plant, In vitro regeneration

Taxonomy, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl. (Fabaceae Family): A Narrative Review.

<i>Ormocarpum trichocarpum</i> (Taub.) Engl. is a shrub or small tree harvested from the wild as a source of food, traditional medicines and wood. The present review compiles existing information on the medicinal uses and chemical and pharmacological properties of <i>O. trichocarpum</i>. Multiple searches on existing literature on the traditional, medicinal, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of <i>O. trichocarpum</i> were conducted in online Databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus<sup>®</sup>, SpringerLink<sup>®</sup>, ScienceDirect<sup>®</sup>, SciELO and PubMed<sup>®</sup>, as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library. This study showed that the bark, leaves, roots, stem bark, stems and whole plant parts of <i>O. trichocarpum</i> are used against 32 human and animal diseases and ailments.<i> </i>The main ailments and diseases treated by <i>O. trichocarpum</i> crude extracts include its use as an emetic, poisoning antidote, protective charm and traditional medicine for erectile dysfunction, gastrointestinal problems, prolonged labour, sexually transmitted infections and skin infections. The phytochemical evaluation of the plant revealed that it contains alkaloids, alkanes, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes and bioflavonoids. Pharmacological assessments showed that the crude extracts and phytochemical compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiplasmodial and tyrosinase-inhibiting activities. Detailed studies focusing on toxicological evaluations, <i>in vivo</i> and clinical research aimed at corroborating the traditional medical applications of <i>O. trichocarpum</i> are recommended.

Medicinal ethnoveterinary plants used for treating livestock ailments in the omo-gibe and rift valley basins of Ethiopia

BackgroundTraditional medical practices have been used to maintain animal health for millennia and have been passed down orally from generation to generation. In Ethiopia also, plants are the primary means by which the indigenous people in remote areas treat the illnesses of their animals. The present study was therefore, carried out to document the type and distribution of medicinal plants of the county.MethodsTo collect ethnobotanical information, a total of 205 informants (133 men and 72 women) were selected. Among these 121 traditional medicine practitioners, while the remaining 84 were selected through a systematic random sampling method. Ethnobotanical data were collected between January 2023 and August 2023 through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, guided filed walks and focus group discussions. Using descriptive statistics, the ethnobotanical data were analyzed for the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity Level (FL) values, preference, and direct matrix rankings. SPSS 26.0 and PAST 4.11 software were used in data analysis.ResultsTotally, 78 ethnoveterinary medicinal plants distributed in 36 families were identified in the study area. Asteraceae was the dominant family with 9 species (14%), followed by Euphorbiaceae with 8 species (12%). Herbs 42(56%), wild collected 62 (66%), and leaf part (52%) made the highest share of the plant species. Hordeum vulgare L. had the highest fidelity level (FL = 98%) for treating bone fractures. Blackleg, bloat, and endoparsistes each had the highest values of the consensus factor among the informants (ICF = 1). According to preference ranking, Withania somnifera was the most potent remedy for treating blackleg. Knowledge of medicinal plants was shared through storytelling within families.ConclusionIn the study area, there is broad access to traditional medicinal plants that can treat ailments in animals. Conservation efforts should be prioritized to protect medicinal plants from threats such as agricultural expansion, drought, and development. Further research should be conducted to explore the potential of different medicinal plants for treating common livestock ailments.

Biological Activities and Traditional Use of Hyptis suaveolens in Human and Veterinary Medicine: A Review

Hyptis suaveolens (H. suaveolens), known as Gros baume or sweet-smelling Hyptis, is an invasive plant from tropical regions widely used to manage human and animal ailments, such as bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. This study aimed to synthesize a scientific research work on the use of this medicinal plant in the traditional pharmacopeia, as well as the biological and pharmacological activities already recognized in the literature. Information for this synthesis was collected from physical (libraries and documentation centers of universities in Benin) and reliable scientific databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, which were queried based on the keywords related to H. suaveolens. This plant contains secondary metabolites in its aerial parts, such as leaves, and stems, which are rich in essential oils. From leaves to roots, all parts of this plant are of interest to both humans and animals to treat various pathologies. The most frequently cited diseases include asthma, panariasis, jaundice, hyperthermia, indigestion, stomach pains, nausea, colds, gall bladder infections, breast abscesses, hemorrhoids, oral-anal candidiasis, edemas, cramps, and skin infections The various aqueous and ethanolic extracts are evaluated by researchers and the biological activities are indicated in the literature. Those activities include the antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, insect repellent, and insecticidal effects. However, no toxicity resulting from the use of this plant has yet been reported in the literature. Research on H. suaveolens toxicity must be continued to gain a comprehensive understanding of its application in human and livestock health. This literature review allows the virtues and risks related to the traditional use of H. suaveolens in human and animal pharmacopeia. The various potentialities of this plant provide a lever for exploring its antiviral effects in traditional veterinary medicine in general.

Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge and ethnomedicinal use of plants in the Tropical Rift Valley of Ethiopia

IntroductionA wide range of floral resources are used in Ethiopia for primary healthcare. Unfortunately, due to inadequate documentation and the fact that they were verbally passed down from one generation to the next, these indigenous medicinal practices are being forgotten. The study's goal was to identify and record indigenous peoples' traditional knowledge of plant usage in the Abala Abaya District of Wolaita, Ethiopia. MethodsThe collection of ethnobotanical data used a cross-sectional research design involving focus group discussions and semistructured questionnaires between January 2021 and April 2022. From each selected kebele (ward; smallest administrative unit), 50 informants (a total of 200) were selected as representative sample using a systematic random sampling technique. ResultsMore than 50 different human and animal illnesses have been documented to be treated by seventy-two species of plants grouped in thirty-two families. The most abundant families were Poaceae and Asteraceae (8 taxa in each). The two most often used plant parts were leaf (29%) and herbs (54%), respectively. Oral administration was the most typical mode of delivery (75%). For treating stomachache in the category of gastrointestinal illnesses, Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel got the greatest fidelity level scores (FL = 100%). ConclusionsIn Abala Abaya District, there is broad access to traditional medicinal plants that can treat ailments in both humans and animals. This study, therefore, might be a baseline piece of information for further botanical related studies in the region. Plants with the highest FL values are highly recommended for novel drug discovery.

The utilization of Binahong leaves as medicinal plants for livestock production and health

The utilization of Binahong leaves or Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis as a medicinal plant in livestock production and health, has garnered significant attention in recent years. This review paper aims to comprehensively analyze the diverse potential benefits of Binahong leaves in enhancing livestock well-being and productivity. With a focus on its applications in the livestock sector, this review encompasses multiple facets, including the phytochemical composition of Binahong leaves, their pharmacological activities, and their impact on animal health and production. The phytochemical profile of Binahong leaves is examined in detail, highlighting the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, which contribute to their medicinal properties. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities, making Binahong leaves a promising natural remedy for addressing health challenges in livestock. Furthermore, the review explores the potential mechanisms by which Binahong leaves can improve livestock health. These mechanisms involve the enhancement of immune responses, the reduction of oxidative stress, and the mitigation of common ailments in animals. Additionally, the effects of Binahong leaves on livestock growth, reproduction, and overall production are discussed, emphasizing their role in sustainable livestock farming. In ruminants, Binahong is beneficial for therapy in Gastroenteritis caused by Bacillus subtilis, for the treatment of eye infections, for overcoming drug resistance in E. coli, and for mastitis therapy in dairy cattle. This review paper suggests the potential utilization of Binahong as an herbal plant or alternative medicine for general health and, specifically, for enhancing livestock productivity.

Role of Nutrition in Prevention of Liver Ailments in Animals

Role of Nutrition in Prevention of Liver Ailments in Animals

A review of medicinal, chemical, and pharmacological properties of Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. (Vitaceae family)

Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. is a scandent shrub used as food and traditional medicine in tropical Africa. The present review compiles existing information on the medicinal uses, chemical, and pharmacological properties of C. cornifolia. Literature searches on the traditional, medicinal, phytochemistry, and biological activities of C. cornifolia were conducted using online databases which included Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus®, SpringerLink®, ScienceDirect®, SciELO, and PubMed®, as well as using pre-electronic literature sources obtained from the university library. The current study showed that fruits, bark, leaf sap, leaves, root bark, roots, rootstock, stem bark, and twigs of C. cornifolia are used against 33 human and animal ailments and diseases. The chemical evaluation of the plant revealed that it contains alkaloids, alkanes, methyl esters, steroids, triterpenoids, organo heterosilane, prenylated benzo-lactone, cardiac glycosides, catechol, coumarins, flavonoids, fatty acids, phenolics, dicarboxylic acid, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. Ethnopharmacological evaluations showed that the crude extracts and chemical compounds isolated from the species have antifungal, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anti-diabetic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, central nervous system depressant, nematicidal and neuropharmacological activities. Detailed studies focusing on toxicological evaluations, in vivo studies, and clinical assessments aimed at corroborating the documented traditional medical uses of C. cornifolia are recommended.

Biological and medicinal properties of Pouzolzia mixta solms (Urticaceae): a narrative review

Local communities use plant resources from the surrounding environment for firewood, food and medicines, and for their livelihood maintenance, security and income generation. The different parts of Pouzolzia mixta Solms are characterized by nutritional, cultural and pharmaceutical properties. Pouzolzia mixta is a small tree or shrub which grows naturally in tropical woodlands and thickets of Africa and Asia. The current study is aimed at providing information on the biological and medicinal properties of P. mixta. Information on the biological and medicinal properties of P. mixta was obtained from online databases such as Scopus, JSTOR, Scimago, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as books, journal articles, dissertations, book chapters, thesis and other scientific articles obtained from the University of Fort Hare library. This study showed that the leaves of P. mixta are used as culinary herb and leafy vegetable in tropical Africa and Asia. In south central Africa, the bark, leaves, roots and stems of P. mixta are used as ritual and protective charm, and traditional medicine to treat and manage 48 human and 13 animal diseases and ailments. The phytochemical evaluations of the species showed that the leaves and roots of the species are characterized by alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, steroids and tannins. The pharmacological assessments showed that the crude extracts of P. mixta leaves, roots and stems are characterized by antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility and antioxidant activities. This review highlighted the food, pharmaceutical and health benefits of P. mixta in different countries in east and southern Africa, and Asia. Based on the results of this review, detailed ethnopharmacological evaluations of P. mixta focusing on phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicological evaluations, in vivo and clinical research are recommended. The data from the current study should contribute to improved management and conservation of P. mixta in tropical Africa and Asia, considering concerns about anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity. Key words: Biological activities, indigenous knowledge, pharmacological properties, Pouzolzia mixta, traditional medicine, Urticaceae

Hepatoprotective outcome of Silymarin against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rabbit model

For centuries, medicinal plants have been used to treat human and animal ailments. Recent research indicated Silymarin as commonly employed antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiviral and antifibrotic. Anti-oxidant properties are believed to be responsible for its hepatoprotective effect. In this research, 46 rabbits were utilized in total. Each rabbit was separated into 04 groups: Group A (n=13) served as control and received neither Silymarin nor CCl4 treatment. Group B (n=13) was given 100 mg/Kg CCl4 as treatment. CCl4 and Silymarin were administered to Groups C and D (n=10), respectively. Using commercially available assays, the parameters Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and serum urea were determined for each animal. Multiple comparisons between each of the four categories were analyzed statistically. Administration of Silymarin in CCl4-induced liver toxicity improved all parameters significantly (P<0.05). The AST Mean ± SE of Groups A, B, C and D was 73.98 ± 2.22, 137.00 ± 4.22, 120.90 ± 3.00 and 95.43 ± 2.85 respectively. Groups A, B, C, and D had respective ALT Mean SE values of 44.51+ 2.64, 99.47 + 3.19, 74.60 + 3.20, and 54.60 + 3.20. Total Bilirubin for Groups A, B, C, and D were 0.622 + 0.023, 1.302 + 0.025, 0.959 + 0.033, and 0.765 + 0.024, respectively. 100 mg Silymarin demonstrated more significant results than 50 mg Silymarin. In conclusion, Silymarin has hepatoprotective, anti-fibrotic, and anti-cirrhosis properties. It is well-tolerated and efficacious antidote for CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity

Animal and their products used for treatment and prevention of disease practiced by traditional healers in Jimma Arjo district, East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia.

Ethiopia is one of the countries with richest fauna used for medicinal purpose. The Jimma Arjo community has knowledge and practice of utilizing this medicinal animal for treatment of human and animal ailments. The objective of this research is to assess animals and their products used for treatment of human and animal ailment METHODS: A cross-sectional ethnozoological survey was conducted using a semi structured questionnaire among purposively selected traditional healers resided in Jimma Arjo district. The data collected was entered in Microsoft excel spread sheet and analysed using SPSS statistical software. Fidelity level (FL), use value and informant consensus factor was determined. A total of 33 animal species was found to be used for treating 40 human ailments and different livestock disease confirmed by 36 informants of different ages, sexes and educational backgrounds. The majority of animals (63.63%) were mammals followed by birds (15.15%). Most of the respondents were male, married and aged 55 years and above. Most of the healers learn ethnozoological practice from the father (36.11%) followed by mother (19.44%). The traditional practice is accepted by (72.22%) of the community where 61.11% of the healers are not willing to transfer their knowledge to other. For most of the healers, the reason to practice traditional healing was for treating one's own family or animals (41.67%). The FL was found 100% for honey from Apis mellifera and Trigona spp. for asthma, Cynopterus sphinx for viral skin disease and Crocuta crocuta for bad sprit treatment. In this study, honey from A. mellifera, Hystrix cristata and Sus scrofa domesticus were reported to cure different ailments. This study indicated wide use of medicinal animals and their products which could be used as an alternative and complementary medicine or a basis for in developing new drugs because the existing drugs especially antimicrobials are under threat due to the development of resistance by microbes.

Antifungal effects of Nigella sativa L. (Black cumin) seed extracts and seed oil on selected Candida albicans strains

The seed extracts of Nigella sativa (black cumin) have been used in different civilizations around the world for centuries to treat various animal and human ailments. C. albicans is a member of the normal human microbiome, but under certain circumstances it can cause infections that range from superficial infections of the skin to life-threatening systemic infections. Resistance to antifungal drugs in C. albicans has been on the increase in recent years. Several factors such as biofilm formation and overexpression of genes for efflux drug pump have been identified to contribute to the pathogenic potential of this fungus. This research examined antifungal effects of black cumin seed extracts and seed oil on C albicans wild-type (C1 and C2) and URA3 delete (CAF2 and CAI4) strains. Effects of the extracts on the key genes (MDS3 and MDR1) involved in drug resistance in C. albicans were also investigated. Aqueous and methanol extracts of the plant seeds were prepared using standard procedure. Aqueous and methanol extracts of N. sativa seeds, as well as the seed oil, were used for antimicrobial screening and for the analysis of effects on drug resistance genes using agar well diffusion technique, while fluconazole was used as a standard drug. The seed oil, as well as the aqueous and methanolic seed extracts of N. sativa greatly inhibited the wild-type clinical isolates C1 and C2. Interestingly, the URA3-delete strains were only inhibited by the oil. The amplification of the target genes in the various strains presented some intriguing results, with the gene(s) detected only prior to exposure or after exposure to the agent or at both instances. N. sativa, particularly the seed oil, has proven to have antifungal effects on fluconazole-resistant C. albicans with varying effects on the resistant genes.

Assessing ethno-veterinary practices in Kashmir Himalayas: Traditional knowledge and its role in animal healthcare

This study was aimed at exploring the ethno-veterinary practices in the District of Kupwara in Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory of India, by examining the traditional knowledge and its application in animal healthcare. The study included qualitative methods, such as interviews with local farmers (n=100) and traditional healers, as well as observation of their practices from February to April 2023. The results revealed a rich knowledge base among the local community regarding the use of medicinal plants for treating a range of animal ailments. 32 plants of pharmaceutical value representing 23 families have been assessed, with the Asteraceae family receiving the greatest attention. Eighty-eight percent of these ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species were herbs. Leaves of these plants were used most often (27%), followed by the entire plant (21%), seeds (21%), roots and fruits (9%), bulbs (6%), and stems and rhizomes (3%). Glycine max (0.91) and Allium sativum (UVi = 0.89) had the highest UVi values, whereas Oryza sativa (0.51), Allium sativum (0.49), and Zea mays (0.43) were the most cited and most often mentioned therapeutic plant species. Traditional veterinary practices were found to be deeply embedded in the local culture and were passed down through generations of farmers and traditional healers. These practices are still widely used today, in combination with modern veterinary medicine, to provide comprehensive care to livestock in the region. This study highlights the importance of preserving and promoting ethno-veterinary knowledge and practices as a valuable resource for animal healthcare in rural communities.

Ethnobotanical importance and conservation status of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad in division Mirpur, Kashmir Himalaya

Background: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad has been used traditionally for curing ailments in humans and animals in different parts of the world. The current study was conducted to determine the ethnobotanical importance of C. colocynthis in division Mirpur, Kashmir Himalaya. Methods: Twelve well-planned ethnobotanical surveys of the study area were arranged. A total of 118 respondents of varying educational backgrounds, professional affiliations, and age groups were interviewed. Visual appraisal assessment (VAA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA) methods were used to collect the qualitative and quantitative data. Results: The plant part value (PPV) indicated that fruit as a whole (PPV=90) and its parts, i.e., rind (PPV=83.33), pulp (PPV=80), and seeds (PPV=90) are mostly used for ethnomedicinal purposes. C. colocynthis was found to be most commonly used to treat microbial infections (FL=0.91), diabetes (FL=0.86) and obesity (FL=0.84). The informant agreement ratio (IAR) values indicate that C. colocynthis has antidiabetic (IAR=0.96), antilipidemic (IAR=0.91), and antimicrobial (IAR=0.88) potential. The conservation status was calculated to be 1.82, and it was stated that C. colocynthis is vulnerable in the study area. Conclusion: It can be concluded that C. colocynthis has been an important ethnomedicinal plant in the study area. It is still in use by farmers, herbalists, nomadic people, and rural people for the treatment of microbial infections, obesity, constipation, and blood purification. Due to its unchecked utilization, there is severe pressure on its survival, and its conservation is needed immediately. Keywords: Traditional Ethnomedicines, Mirpur, Conservation Status, Citrullus colocynthis

Medicinal Plants Used for the Management of Hepatitis Over the Past 15 Years in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review.

Treatment of human and animal ailments using botanical sources has obtained significant attention in Ethiopia. The compounds available in plants comprise a plentiful source of bioactive ingredients able to treat many complications. The review aimed to present an updated list of plants used for managing hepatitis over the past 15 years in Ethiopia. Systematic, comprehensive search was undertaken from electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus) between September 01 and October 15, 2022, using standard search terms. Original researches carried out in Ethiopia, written and published in English between January 01/2007 and December 31/2021, and reported hepatitis as a disease treated by medicinal plants were included in the review. Plants beyond the list of Ethiopian and Eritrean floral were excluded. Data were extracted from texts and tables of original papers on a Microsoft Excel. Quality was assessed by applying the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. A total of 317 papers were obtained from the database search. After removing duplicates and screening, 15 articles fit the inclusion criteria and selected for final review. Of the 24 plants identified, 35.7% were herbs. Leaf and root (35.7% each) were the predominant plant parts used for remedy preparation. Combined use of leaf and root comprised 10.7%. The families Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae comprise the highest number of plant species. About 89.3% of remedies were administered orally. The majority of plants belong to herbs and the frequently used plant parts are leaf and roots. Evidence generated from the present review indicated that lots of plants have been used to manage hepatitis. Moreover, the findings could serve as preliminary information to formulate new drugs acting against hepatitis. Therefore, it is desirable for scholars to recognize, document, and keep plants and the associated knowledge appropriately.

Potential of medicinal plants for curing human ailments in vellamalaipatti, madurai district, tamil nadu, india

In the Vellamalaipatti Village of the Madurai district, the current study was conducted to examine the potential of medicinal plants for treating a variety of human illnesses. The study focuses on 50 plant species from 32 families that are used to cure human and animal ailments. 86 human disorders are treated with fifty plant species. Utilizing a modified questionnaire method, details about the plants and their regional
 

Comparative phylogenomics of Trueperella pyogenes reveals host-based distinction of strains.

Trueperella pyogenes, an opportunistic pathogen causes various ailments in different animals. Different strains from different animals have distinct characters phenotypically and genotypically. Hence understanding the strains in a particular geographical location helps in framing the preventive measures. Comparative genomics of all the available T. pyogenes genome in the NCBI was conducted to understand the relatedness among strains. Whole genome phylogeny showed host associated clustering of strains recovered from swine lungs. Core genome phylogeny also showed host associated clustering mimicking whole genome phylogeny results. MLST analysis showed that there was higher diversity among cattle strains. Multidimensional scaling revealed five swine clusters, two cattle and buffalo clusters. Pangenome analysis also showed that T. pyogenes had an open genome with 57.09% accessory genome. Host specific genes were identified by pangenome analysis, and (R)-citramalate synthase was specific for swine strains of Asian origin. Host specifc genes identified by pangenome analysis can be exploited for developing a molecular assay to specifically identify the strains. The study shows that MLST having higher discriminatory power can be used as an epidemiological tool for strain discrimination of T. pyogenes.

Reviewer on the role of ethnoveterinary practice for animal health

Ethnoveterinary practices are important because they are easily available, inexpensive and effective, especially in rural areas where veterinary services are absent or irregular and expensive. At this level, indigenous animal health systems are used for emergency purposes. Despite recent efforts to promote the use of ethno veterinary knowledge worldwide, much information is only documented in field reports and scientific publications. Few practical researches have been done to help animal healthcare workers, farmer leaders and farmers to actively train others in the use of effective and validated ethno veterinary practices. The overall objective of the paper is to highlight to importance of traditional medicinal practices used to treat livestock diseases. Local people in the study area possess traditional knowledge of medicinal plants to treat various animal ailments; however, agricultural expansion and disinterest of young generation became the major threat to medicinal plants. It is, therefore, necessary to preserve this indigenous knowledge on traditional medicines by proper documentation, identification of plant species used, and herbal preparation. To save medicinal plants from further loss, involving local communities in cultivation of the most utilized medicinal plants is recommended.