AIDS Prevention Campaigns Research Articles

Peças de comunicação governamentais sobre as profilaxias pré (PrEP) e pós-exposição (PEP) ao HIV (2016-2019): análise de seus conteúdos e circulação entre gays, mulheres trans/travestis e trabalhadoras sexuais

Abstract This article analyzes the advertisement of pre-exposure (PrEP) and post-exposure (PEP) prophylaxis treatment for HIV considering the historical role of AIDS prevention campaigns in Brazil. A total of 24 pieces of communication on PrEP, PEP, and CP (Combined Prevention), produced from 2016 to 2019 and published on the website and social media of the Brazilian Ministry of Health were analyzed in addition to the testimony of 30 users of prophylaxis - including gays, trans women/travestis, and sex workers - in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. The materials were classified according to type, year, audience, and access information, and the results were interpreted from four axes: contextualization of the communication pieces and the experience of the interlocutors with the information; sexuality and risk; gender, emotions, and moralities; and condom displacements. The analysis indicated the erasure of expressions of sexuality and the predominance of an abstract and structured language, presupposing a rational and individualistic public, with condoms associated with “sexual risk.” Users’ reports regarding the advertisement of information on these prophylaxis reveals its insufficiency. We conclude that the potential of information and communication campaigns, guided by the sociocultural reality of social segments, has been little explored, compromising access to prophylaxis. Thus, the biomedicalization of prevention and the advance of conservatism in Brazil hinder the Brazilian response to AIDS.

Survey Evaluation of AIDS Prevention Awareness Campaign Use of Kirkpatrick Model

Background: AIDS is a pandemic and a health challenge in the world and all the people of society are at risk of this health problem. Awareness Campaign has become increasingly used in recent years and aims to convey persuasive messages to perform specific behaviors in the target group. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of AIDS prevention and awareness campaign in students through the use of Kirkpatrick’s Evaluation Model. Methods: the cross-sectional study was conducted in border areas of the Sarvabad City in 2018. A total of 564 students in high school were randomly selected. This research was based on Kirkpatrick model. This model considers the effectiveness of training programs in four levels, reaction, learning, behavior and results. Required data were collected by a questionnaire based Kirkpatrick model. Media used in this campaign included: banner, pamphlet, videos and training by health experts. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Results: The most attractive media used in awareness campaign for participants were training provided by health professionals (speech and Q&A session) and educational videos, pamphlets and banners, respectively. Awareness and behavior of students significantly increased after the campaign by 51.6% and 25.6%, respectively (P≤0. 00). Conclusion: Kirkpatrick model was effective and can be used to evaluate awareness campaign, because this model shows the changes well that caused by training in reaction, learning and behavior. Therefore effectiveness evaluation in the all subjects needed to be improved through implementation of optimizing training design.

Social Media Preferences of Youths attending HIV/ AIDS Awareness and Prevention Campaign in ENSACA

Social Media Preferences of Youths attending HIV/ AIDS Awareness and Prevention Campaign in ENSACA

Hubungan Kampanye Pencegahan HIV AIDS Terhadap Sikap Pada Penderita HIV/AIDS (ODHA) di Pangandaran

Pangandaran is a tourist destination becomes a place that is vulnerable to the spread of HIV AIDS. HIV AIDS prevention campaign activities are very important. Various parties have carried out campaign activities to prevent the spread of HIV AIDS. The purpose of this study was to determine how the relationship between the exposure to HIV AIDS prevention campaigns with the formation of attitudes of care for people with HIV AIDS. This research was ordered by quantitative research with a survey approach. The population and sample of this research are high school students in Pangandaran. The data analysis was performed by Pearson correlation test. The results of the study note that most students or students are relatively often exposed to campaign exposure through banners, posters and whatsapps, while electronic television and radio media are relatively rare. There is a strong relationship between campaign exposure and caring attitude towards HIV AIDS sufferers. It is recommended to increase education or assistance for adolescents about preventing HIV / AIDS in direct or media campaigns in an effort to build positive attitudes and eventually will have behaviors that can avoid HIV AIDS. Besides that a positive attitude can also build awareness for people with HIV AIDS.

Decoupling sex and intimacy: the role of dissociation in early AIDS prevention campaigns

This essay furthers scholarly investigations into how the dissociation of concepts works in actual argumentative contexts. It argues that in moments of biomedical controversy, dissociation can stabilize the epistemic grounds of argument by drawing on taken-for-granted and fundamentally nonscientific forms of evidence. In service of this argument, I explore the role that dissociation plays in paramedical AIDS information materials published before the official recognition of HIV as AIDS's etiological agent in 1984. My analysis illustrates that these texts circumvent the uncertainty surrounding the cause of AIDS by forwarding tentative prevention protocols that dissociate sexuality from intimacy and thus encourage members of at-risk communities to adopt dominant, heteronormative relationship patterns. I conclude by arguing that the dissociation of concepts undergirds biomedicine’s ever-broadening epistemic authority—even in moments of palpable uncertainty—by legitimating contingent biomedical knowledge with commonplace social values.

“Where Angels Fear to Tread, Fools Will!” Who Is in Control of Your Sexual Health? A Discursive Examination of Self-Surveillance in an HIV and AIDS Prevention Campaign

“Where Angels Fear to Tread, Fools Will!” Who Is in Control of Your Sexual Health? A Discursive Examination of Self-Surveillance in an HIV and AIDS Prevention Campaign

AIDS인식 유형에 대한 연구 : Q방법론 적용을 중심으로

본 연구는 Q방법론을 통하여 에이즈에 대한 인식을 분석하여, 향후 에이즈 예방캠페인 개발에 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구의 분석과정은 문헌자료 및 심층면담을 실시하여 Q모집단을 수집하였다. 2014년 10월 20일부터 27일까지 진술문으로 구성된 Q표본을 가지고, 이를 연구 대상자인 P표본이 자가 참조에 따라 분류하는 방식으로 진행되었다. 27개의 Q 표본을 선정하여 20명에게 분류토록 한 결과 모두 3개의 에이즈에 인식에 대한 유형이 도출되었다. 분석된 결과 총 3가지의 유형 즉 제1유형(N=9) : 부정형, 제2유형[(N=6) : 사회적 지지형, 제3유형(N=5) : 이기적 사고형으로 분류되었다. 부정형은 에이즈에 대하여 부정적 견해가 강했고, 사회적 지지형은 우호적 의견을 보였고, 이기적 사고형은 중립적 견해를 보였다. 그리고 각 유형의 특징과 함께 유형별 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 의미는 인간의 내면을 이해하는데 유용한 Q 방법론을 이용한 연구라는 점과 함께 에이즈 예방 및 관리정책의 효율적 전략을 제안한 점이라 하겠다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cognizance of AIDS by applying the Q methodology, as well as to provide preliminary data for developing AIDS prevention campaigns. A Q population was identified from a literature search and in-depth interviews. The study process analyzed the P sample, the study participants, using the Q-sorting methodology to produce the Q sample, which is composed of statements from October 20 to 27, 2014. 20 participants (analyzed) 27 statements and 3 types of AIDS cognizance were produced as a result. These types are 1(N=9), 2(N=6), and 3(N=5), which correspond to denial, social support, and selfish motivation, respectively. The members of the denial type had a strongly negative opinion about AIDS, whereas the social support type showed a friendly gesture. The selfish motivation type took a neutral stance. The common and different points, as well as the distinctive features of these types, were studied. The accomplishments of this study include suggesting an efficient strategy for making an AIDS control policy, as well as a qualitative analysis, through the employment of the Q-methodology, which is useful for understanding human beings' (internal viewpoint).

Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infection among Men who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan in 2012.

The number of men who have sex with men (MSM) infected with HIV-1 in Taiwan has increased rapidly in the past few years. The goal of this study was to conduct a molecular epidemiological study of HIV-1 infection among MSM in Taiwan to identify risk factors for intervention. Voluntary counseling program and anonymous testing were provided to patrons at 1 gay bar, 7 night clubs and 3 gay saunas in Taipei and New Taipei Cities in 2012. HIV-1 subtypes were determined using gag subtype-specific PCR and phylogenetic analysis by env sequences. Recent HIV-1 infection was determined using LAg-Avidity EIA. In-depth interviews and questionnaires were used to identify risk factors. The prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 among MSM in Taiwan were 4.38% (53/1,208) and 3.29 per 100 person-years, respectively. Of 49 cases genotyped, 48 (97.9%) were infected with subtype B and 1 with CRF01_AE (2%). Phylogenetic analysis of 46 HIV-1 strains showed that 25 (54.4%) subtype B strains formed 9 clusters with each other or with other local strains. The CRF01_AE case clustered with a reference strain from a Thai blood donor with bootstrap value of 99. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors associated with HIV-1 infection included use of oil-based solution as lubricant (vs. saliva or water-based lubricants, OR= 4.23; p <0.001); exclusively receptive role (vs. insertive role, OR= 9.69; p <0.001); versatile role (vs. insertive role, OR= 6.45; p= 0.003); oral sex (vs. insertive role, OR= 11.93; p= 0.044); times of sexual contact per week (2-3 vs. zero per week, OR= 3.41; p= 0.021); illegal drug use (OR= 4.12; p <0.001); and history of sexually transmitted diseases (OR= 3.65; p= 0.002). In conclusion, there was no new HIV-1 subtype or circulating recombinant form responsible for the increase of HIV-1 among MSM in Taiwan in 2012. Misuse of oil-based solution as lubricant is a new risk factor identified among MSM in Taiwan. The Taiwan’s Centers for Disease Control has created a video (www.youtube.com/watch?v=BinExvvOTMM&feature=iv&src_vid=BW81-PfmY3E&annotation_id=annotation_2436493705) to correct such misconception in its AIDS prevention campaign.

For coming out of the closets: HIV and AIDS and Theology in Brazil

The HIV and AIDS epidemic arrived in Brazil as a gay cancer, a narrative created mostly through the media before actual cases were diagnosed. This narrative has remained strong and powerful maintaining the stigma and discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS. Any truthful and honest theological or church response to the epidemic will have to deal with this ghost even when the focus is moved from the LGBT community to speak of other vulnerable subjects and groups. The first part of this article shows how the gay cancer narrative was constructed in the context of an emerging homosexual movement and major political changes in the country. The second part of the article presents some of the responses in the field of religion in the Brazilian context, how they reinforced the gay cancer narrative, but also how more positive answers were given, especially in the early years of the epidemic. It also makes explicit the virtual absence of a systematic theological reflection, even in the context of Latin American Liberation Theology, mostly because of the difficulty in dealing with structural issues that deepen and make more complex class and economic poverty. The third part of the article reports the creation and reactions to the HIV and AIDS prevention campaign Not even the Saint protects you Use condom in the context of the 15 th S Paulo GLBT Pride Parade in 2011. The fourth and final part makes some theological remarks emerging from the narrative of the advertising campaign in the search for an out of the closet theology in the context of the HIV and AIDS epidemic.

The Role of HIV/AIDS Prevention Campaigns on HIV Related Behavioural Changes in Ibadan, Nigeria

This study examined the impact of sources of AIDS education on HIV-related behavioural changes, and its implications for HIV prevention and service delivery in Nigeria. We analysed cross-sectional data obtained from a structured face-to-face interview with 1,373 respondents aged 15-50, who have ever had sex in Ibadan, Nigeria. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, its route of transmission and prevention strategies was high. About 20 % of the respondents were exposed to the AIDS prevention campaigns. A majority reported sexual behavioral changes, which included restriction of sex partners, use of condoms, sexual abstinence and avoidance of casual sex. Thirty-nine percent took some steps to reduce risk of infection by avoiding transfusion with unscreened blood and testing for HIV status. Using multiple logistic regressions, the factors affecting the reported changes were identified. The application of health belief model shows that the model cannot wholly explain the changes in behavior. The role of female powerlessness in safer sex decision-making is noted. Despite the limitations of the study, the need for a sustained AIDS prevention campaign is stressed. The implications of the study for AIDS programs and research are highlighted.

Sinal de decadência”

&#x0D; Este artigo apresenta parte da discussão que fiz em minha monografia de conclusão de curso, defendida em novembro de 2008, na Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Com efeito, analisei as respostas sócio-culturais arroladas na luta contra a epidemia da Aids no Brasil. Especificamente, busquei refletir sobre as críticas elaboradas por clérigos da Igreja Católica às campanhas e programas de prevenção empreendidos pelo Governo Federal dentre os anos de 1993 a 2007 para conter os avanços da epidemia no segmento jovem da população. Aqui apresento as campanhas de prevenção à Aids destinadas aos jovens, seguidas das críticas arroladas por três católicos: o teólogo Felipe Aquino, o Cardeal Rafael Llano Cifuentes e o Bispo Eduardo Benes, encerrando com minha análise sobre a celeuma, sob a luz do conceito de Representação.

Experimental Pretesting of Public Health Campaigns: A Case Study

The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the merits of evaluating new public health campaign materials in the developmental phase using an experimental design. This is referred to as experimental pretesting. In practice, most new materials are tested only after they have been distributed using nonexperimental or quasiexperimental designs. In cases where materials are pretested prior to distribution, pretesting is usually done using qualitative research methods such as focus groups. Although these methods are useful, they cannot reliably predict the effectiveness of new campaign materials in a developmental phase. Therefore, we suggest when pretesting new materials, not only qualitative research methods but also experimental research methods must be used. The present study discusses an experimental pretest study of new campaign materials intended for distribution in a national sexually transmitted infection (STI) AIDS prevention campaign in the Netherlands. The campaign material tested was the storyline of a planned television commercial on safe sex. A storyboard that consisted of drawings and text was presented to members of the target population, namely, students between the ages of 14 and 16 enrolled in vocational schools. Results showed positive effects on targeted determinants of safe sexual behavior. The advantages, practical implications, and limitations of experimental pretesting are discussed.

Can Fear Arousal in Public Health Campaigns Contribute to the Decline of HIV Prevalence?

Most American health professionals who work in HIV/AIDS do not support the use of fear arousal in AIDS preventive education, believing it to be counterproductive. Meanwhile, many Africans, whether laypersons, health professionals, or politicians, seem to believe there is a legitimate role for fear arousal in changing sexual behavior. This African view is the one more supported by the empirical evidence, which suggests that the use of fear arousal in public health campaigns often works in promoting behavior change, when combined with self-efficacy. The authors provide overviews of the prevailing American expert view, African national views, and the most recent findings on the use of fear arousal in behavior change campaigns. Their analysis suggests that American, post-sexual-revolution values and beliefs may underlie rejection of fear arousal strategies, whereas a pragmatic realism based on personal experience underlies Africans' acceptance of and use of the same strategies in AIDS prevention campaigns.

Cutaneous Manifestations of Syphilis

After a marked decline in the number of syphilis cases in the context of AIDS prevention campaigns, a significant increase has been observed in states of the former Soviet Union since 1994. In recent years, outbreaks have also been reported in the US, Canada, and several European countries. The current epidemic in the US and in different parts of Europe has largely involved men who have sex with men, many of whom are infected with HIV. Since a misdiagnosis of syphilis can have serious consequences for the patient and also for pregnancies and newborns, clinicians should be aware of the many manifestations of syphilis and difficulties in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Younger clinicians in particular are no longer familiar with the diverse clinical symptoms and the complex diagnostics of syphilis. Patients co-infected with HIV may present with atypical clinical manifestations and laboratory test results. Furthermore, through its association with an increased risk of HIV infection, syphilis has acquired a new potential for morbidity and mortality, and the diagnosis of syphilis should be routinely considered in patients with uveitis, sudden deafness, aortic thoracic aneurysm, or pregnancy. Only a minority of syphilis infections are detected in the primary stage. This may be because of atypical locations and, occasionally, atypical morphology of the lesions; however, it may also be because of the difficulty of detecting the pathogen. In the secondary stage, which is clinically extremely diverse, the diagnosis is confirmed serologically. There is a need for increased awareness of the symptoms and signs of acute infections, together with a willingness to consider the diagnosis of syphilis in patients with vague symptoms. An increasing number of diagnostic tests (both specific and nonspecific) are now available. However, in the absence of clinical symptoms or in cases with a low titer or inconsistent test results, diagnosis of syphilis can be difficult or even impossible. Treatment and follow-up should follow current guidelines designed for the involved area. In this article, the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis and their diagnostic and therapeutic management are described in detail.

?Eyes Have No Curtains?: The Moral Economy of Secrecy in Managing Love Affairs among Adolescents in Northern Tanzania in the Time of AIDS

This article concerns how the Meru in northern Tanzania manage their love affairs. It explores the cultural logic of secrecy in sexual life by focusing on how young people manage multiple and concurrent love affairs in a morally acceptable way, which, in turn, facilitates a thriving atmosphere for the spread of infection and disease. AIDS-prevention campaigns have not simply placed sexual life on the agenda, but have also made sexual life a public affair. Yet, although people's sexual life and their management of intimate relationships have become increasingly troubled with the AIDS epidemic, the campaigns have made little headway against the epidemic. Drawing on my longitudinal fieldwork, I will argue that HIV-prevention programs do not resonate with local practices and principles for managing intimate love affairs, including codes of secrecy, (sexual) shame, and respectability.

&amp;quot;Eyes Have No Curtains&amp;quot;: The Moral Economy of Secrecy in Managing Love Affairs among Adolescents in Northern Tanzania in the Time of AIDS

This article concerns how the Meru in northern Tanzania manage their love affairs. It explores the cultural logic of secrecy in sexual life by focusing on how young people manage multiple and concurrent love affairs in a morally acceptable way, which, in turn, facilitates a thriving atmosphere for the spread of infection and disease. AIDS-prevention campaigns have not "simply" placed sexual life on the agenda, but have also made sexual life a public affair. Yet, although people's sexual life and their management of intimate relationships have become increasingly troubled with the AIDS epidemic, the campaigns have made little headway against the epidemic. Drawing on my longitudinal fieldwork, I will argue that HIV-prevention programs do not resonate with local practices and principles for managing intimate love affairs, including codes of secrecy, (sexual) "shame," and "respectability."

Safe sex negotiation on TV: gender discourses among female community health workers under the Family Health Program in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This paper analyzes the understanding among female community health workers in the Family Health Program in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, concerning the notion of safe sex negotiation promoted by the Brazilian government in AIDS prevention campaigns targeting women. The paper is based on empirical data gathered in 2003. The study focused on TV advertisements used in campaigns by the Brazilian Ministry of Health from 1994 to 2000. The analytical approach was informed by feminist and cultural studies, taken from a post-structuralist and Foucauldian perspective. The research aimed to produce knowledge to support a critical reading of such education for HIV/AIDS prevention, especially concerning gender relations. The paper argues that knowledge and practices permeating the "safe sex negotiation" discourse incorporate, reproduce, and/or transmit hegemonic representations of masculinity and femininity and that these representations differentiate and highlight hierarchical positions of women in relation to men and/or women in relation to other women, producing and/or reinforcing prejudices and inequalities.

The embodiment of inequality: AIDS as a social condition and the historical experience in South Africa

The embodiment of inequality: AIDS as a social condition and the historical experience in South Africa

Pattern of responses to HIV transmission questions: rethinking HIV knowledge and its relevance to AIDS prejudice

This paper intends to investigate the connection between HIV transmission knowledge and prejudicial attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS (PWAs), with an emphasis on exploring the pattern of cognitive profile in response to knowledge questions. Data for the present study were derived from the ‘Health Attitudes and Health Seeking Behavior Study’, a telephone survey of a nationally representative sample, aged 20 to 70, from April to May 1997 in Taiwan. A total of 2,471 respondents who had heard of AIDS and knew that it was infectious were included in the analysis. Based on answers to four transmission-route items (blood transfusion, mother-foetus, sexual contacts, needle sharing) and two casual-contact items (shaking hands and sharing utensil), a variable ‘pattern of knowledge performance’ was constructed, by which the respondents were clustered into five knowledge groups. Bivariate and multivariate analyses illustrated the greater explanatory power of pattern of knowledge performance rather than additive scoring of knowledge items to PWAs' prejudice. Moreover, it was the responses to casual-contact rather than transmission-route questions that made a greater contribution to PWAs’ prejudice. Special attention is given to the possible perceptual undertaking inherent in the five types of knowledge group. To implement effective AIDS prevention campaigns and interventions, the design for increasing the risk perception of the correct HIV transmission routes should differ from that of reducing the risk perception of the casually transmitted routes.

Pattern of responses to HIV transmission questions: rethinking HIV knowledge and its relevance to AIDS prejudice

Abstract This paper intends to investigate the connection between HIV transmission knowledge and prejudicial attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS (PWAs), with an emphasis on exploring the pattern of cognitive profile in response to knowledge questions. Data for the present study were derived from the ‘Health Attitudes and Health Seeking Behavior Study’, a telephone survey of a nationally representative sample, aged 20 to 70, from April to May 1997 in Taiwan. A total of 2,471 respondents who had heard of AIDS and knew that it was infectious were included in the analysis. Based on answers to four transmission-route items (blood transfusion, mother-foetus, sexual contacts, needle sharing) and two casual-contact items (shaking hands and sharing utensil), a variable ‘pattern of knowledge performance’ was constructed, by which the respondents were clustered into five knowledge groups. Bivariate and multivariate analyses illustrated the greater explanatory power of pattern of knowledge performance rather than additive scoring of knowledge items to PWAs' prejudice. Moreover, it was the responses to casual-contact rather than transmission-route questions that made a greater contribution to PWAs’ prejudice. Special attention is given to the possible perceptual undertaking inherent in the five types of knowledge group. To implement effective AIDS prevention campaigns and interventions, the design for increasing the risk perception of the correct HIV transmission routes should differ from that of reducing the risk perception of the casually transmitted routes.