Graphical Aids Research Articles

The work of a prospective high school teacher in pre-professional training in highlighting mathematical knowledge

This article aims to identify the knowledge that enables a prospective secondary school teacher to mobilize number sense components during a pre-professional practicum. Using a qualitative case study approach, four classroom episodes focused on fractions, percentages, and algebraic language are analyzed. The study involves one prospective teacher and 23 students from a multi-grade school in central-southern Chile. The analysis integrates teacher’s specialized knowledge and mathematical working spaces to explore how these frameworks inform the teacher’s knowledge. The findings reveal that the teacher employs personal theories, real-life examples, and graphical aids to enhance students’ understanding, though there is a reliance on rules and algorithms. While specialized knowledge aids in teaching, there is less emphasis on fostering students’ conceptual understanding and judgement. The study recommends improving teacher training programs to better equip prospective teachers in grasping number sense components, highlighting the need for more focused training on its development.

A Study on the Design of Embedded Visual Image Teaching Aids to Assist Young Children's Cognitive and Fine Motor Development.

Visual development in infancy is crucial for establishing neural connections and enhancing the growth of the visual center. Adequate visual stimulation supports cognitive learning, helping children integrate images, colors, and shapes. This research examines the design and use of a visual image teaching aid to guide children in exploring image cognition and developing fine motor skills. This study involved 70 kindergarten teachers who participated in a questionnaire survey about 60 children aged from 5 to 6 years old. The results show that visual graphic aids effectively promoted coordination, control, and the integration of visual and fine motor skills in children. Furthermore, these aids supported the development of spatial and environmental relationships through hands-on activities.

Cluster randomized pilot of the Best Case/Worst Case-Geriatric Oncology (BC/WC-GeriOnc) communication tool for older adults with cancer.

226 Background: BC/WC-GeriOnc is a conversation framework and graphic aid that supports shared decision making (SDM) between oncologists and older adults with cancer. Oncologists are trained to use scenario planning to discuss treatment options by describing the range of plausible outcomes—including an individualized most-likely case—and to make a patient preference-aligned recommendation. Methods: To compare BC/WC-GeriOnc vs enhanced usual care (EUC; usual care plus geriatric assessment), we enrolled 7 medical oncologists from a Comprehensive Cancer Center, Veterans Affairs clinic, and safety-net hospital. For each oncologist, we first enrolled 2 EUC patients age ≥65 with any stage solid tumor and recorded decision-making discussions. Oncologists were then randomized 1:1 to BC/WC-GeriOnc training vs EUC. We enrolled up to 5 additional patients per oncologist and recorded discussions. Patients were followed for 2 months with surveys and a one-on-one semi-structured interview. Primary outcomes were feasibility of patient recruitment/retention and oncologist-reported feasibility of using BC/WC-GeriOnc (surveys and interview). Secondary outcomes were intervention adherence, fidelity, and oncologist- and patient-reported acceptability and appropriateness. Exploratory outcomes included patient-reported SDM, decisional conflict, and regret. We used descriptive statistics to summarize results. Results: Among 43 patients (15 intervention, 28 EUC), median age was 71 (IQR 68-77). The most common cancers were gastrointestinal (30%), thoracic (26%), breast (19%), and genitourinary (19%). Treatment was palliative in 58%. Patient recruitment rate was 70%. Retention was 98% post decision, 93% at 1 month, 86% at 2 months, and 73% at the patient interview. Mean oncologist feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness scores were each 4 out of 5, which corresponds to “agree.” Intervention adherence (93%) and fidelity were high (median score 14 out of 15, IQR 11-15). Oncologists reported that the tool improved communication: “It really kind of crystalized things in my mind and helped me communicate better.” Patients found that the tool clarified options, encouraged deliberation, and supported oncologist communication. Mean patient-reported SDM score was 85.6 (out of 100-best, SD 15) in the intervention arm and 77.5 (SD 22) in EUC (Cohen’s d 0.43). In the intervention arm, 15% of patients had high decisional conflict after the decision was made (score >37.5/100) versus 21% in EUC. At 2 months, 22% in the intervention arm had high decision regret (score >25/100) compared with 45% in EUC. Conclusions: It was feasible and acceptable for oncologists to use BC/WC-GeriOnc to support SDM for older adults with cancer. Promising patient-reported SDM and decisional outcomes support testing the tool in a full-scale efficacy trial. Clinical trial information: NCT05374304 .

Numerical versus graphical aids for decision-making in a multi-cue signal identification task

Decision aids are commonly used in tactical decision-making environments to help humans integrate base-rate and multi-cue information. However, it is important that users appropriately trust and rely on aids. Decision aids can be presented in many ways, but the literature lacks clarity over the conditions surrounding their effectiveness. This research aims to determine whether a numerical or graphical aid more effectively supports human performance, and explores the relationships between aid presentation, trust, and workload. Participants (N = 30) completed a signal-identification task that required integration of readings from a set of three dynamic gauges. Participants experienced three conditions: unaided, using a numerical aid, and using a graphical aid. The aids combined gauge and base-rate information in a statistically-optimal fashion. Participants also indicated how much they trusted the system and how hard they worked during the task. Analyses explored the impact of aid condition on sensitivity, response bias, response time, trust, and workload. Both the numerical and graphical aids produced significant increases in sensitivity and trust, and significant decreases in workload in comparison to the unaided condition. The difference in response time between the graphical and unaided conditions approached significance, with participants responding faster using the graphical aid without decrements in sensitivity. Significant interactions between aid and signal type indicated that both aided conditions promoted faster responding to non-hostile signals, with larger mean differences in the graphical aid condition. Practically, graphical aids in which suggestions are more salient to users may promote faster responding in tactical environments, with negligible cost of accuracy.

Enhanced thermal study in hybrid nanofluid flow in a channel motivated by graphene/Fe3O4 and Newtonian heating

The significance of advanced hybrid type nanofluids cannot be avoided because of their multiple heat transport applications. These are not only in applied thermal, mechanical, chemical engineering but also use as coolant for nuclear reactors, paint, medical sciences and manufacturing of various home products. The dynamical study of fluid characteristics inside a channel with slowly expanding/contracting walls is a fascinating research topic. Therefore, the key aims of this research are to formulate a hybrid nanoliquid model using graphene and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Further, physical effects of practical interest like Joule heating, magnetic field are merged in the model. After that, numerical tool used to solve it and then demonstrated the results via graphical aid. The results shown that the when the nanoparticles amount taken from 0.01 % to 0.06 % then the density changes from 1.00042 to 1.00252 (nanofluid), 1.00067 to 1.00277 (hybrid) and 1.00025 to 1.0015 (nano), 1.00125 to 1.0025 (hybrid). In similar way, thermal conductance boosted from 1.00025 to 1.0015 (nano) and 1.00085 to 1.0021 (hybrid). For elongating walls (α=2.0,4.0,6.0,8.0), the velocity increased and examined maximum at the center. The absorber walls (S=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4) highly controlled the fluid motion and the particles at η=−1.0 and η=1.0 accelerates inconsequentially. The high energy dissipation, thermal radiations (Rd=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) and Re1=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 augmented the temperature mechanism in nano, hybrid and simple fluids.

Paper Thin? The Evidence for 12th-Century Gothic Design Drawings

No Gothic design drawings on paper or parchment have survived from the 12th century, and only a few have survived from the 13th century. For this reason, most recent scholars tend to concur at least broadly with Robert Branner, who argued in an influential 1963 article that such drawings were first produced only after 1200. This conclusion deserves critical re-examination, however, for two principal reasons. First, the continuity of the Gothic architectural tradition in both time and space strongly suggests that early Gothic builders used similar techniques to those used by their late Gothic successors. From this perspective, the lack of surviving design drawings from before 1200 seems likely to reflect their disappearance over time, rather than their not being used in the crucial period when the conventions of Gothic design and construction were first coming into focus. A second argument for the use of drawings in the 12th century comes from consideration of early Gothic buildings, whose complex and carefully calibrated forms would be literally inconceivable without such graphic aids. Churches such as Saint-Denis Abbey and Notre-Dame in Paris, for example, already display a level of geometrical sophistication and coherence that argues strongly for the use of scaled drawings in their original conception.

Efficient prediction of evaporation using ensemble feature selection techniques

For the timely planning and management of water resources, evaporation prediction must be estimated properly, especially in regions that are prone to drought and where evaporation directly affects the pest population. Changes in meteorological variables such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, rainfall have a great impact on the evaporation process. In order to forecast the variable, ensemble feature selection techniques along with various machine learning techniques were investigated. Meteorological weekly weather data were collected from the ICRISAT location over a period from 1974 to 2021. The reliability of these developed models was based on statistical approaches namely Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Square Error, Coefficient of Determination, Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient, and Willmott’s Index of agreement along with several graphical aids. The results indicate that lasso regression outperforms all other machine learning approaches and the results are validated using current data (2020-2021). For a better understanding of the results, these validated results were also compared with results obtained from the established linear regression method and artificial neural network. It was further found that lasso regression shows an improved performance (R2 = 0.929) over linear regression (R2 = 0.871) and artificial neural network (R2 = 0.889).

What are trainees watching? Assessing the educational quality of online laparoscopic cholecystectomy training videos using the LAP-VEGaS guidelines

BackgroundLaparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most common laparoscopic procedure performed in the US and a key component of general surgery training. Surgical trainees frequently access YouTube for educational walkthroughs of surgical procedures. This study aims to evaluate the educational quality of YouTube video walkthroughs on laparoscopic cholecystectomy by using the LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational GuidelineS (LAP-VEGaS) video assessment tool. MethodsA YouTube search was conducted using “laparoscopic cholecystectomy.” Results were sorted by relevance, and the top 100 videos were gathered. Videos with patient education or concomitant procedures were excluded. Included videos were categorized as Physician (produced by an individual physician), Academic (produced by a university or medical school), Commercial (produced by a surgical company), and Society (produced by a professional surgical society) and were rated by 3 investigators using the LAP-VEGaS video assessment tool (0–18). ResultsIn all, 33 videos met the selection criteria. The average LAP-VEGaS score was 7.96 ± 3.95, and inter-rater reliability was .86. Academic videos demonstrated a significantly higher mean LAP-VEGaS score than Commercial (10.69 ± 3.54 vs 5.25 ± 2.38, P = .033). Most academic videos failed to provide formal case presentations (63%), patient positioning (50%), intraoperative findings (50%), graphic aids (63%), and operative time (75%). ConclusionThis is the first study to evaluate the quality of YouTube video walkthroughs on LC using the LAP-VEGaS tool. Despite demonstrating higher LAP-VEGaS scores than other categories, video walkthroughs provided by academic institutions still lack several essential educational criteria for this procedure, highlighting areas of improvement for educators.

Evaluation of the educational quality of publicly available online videos on laparoscopic jejunostomy by utilizing the LAP-VEGaS guidelines.

Despite its common nature, there is no data on the educational quality of publicly available laparoscopic jejunostomy training videos. The LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational GuidelineS (LAP-VEGaS) video assessment tool, released in 2020, has been developed to ensure that teaching videos are of appropriate quality. This study applies the LAP-VEGaS tool to currently available laparoscopic jejunostomy videos. A retrospective review of YouTube® videos was conducted for "laparoscopic jejunostomy." Included videos were rated by three independent investigators using LAP-VEGaS video assessment tool (0-18). Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to evaluate differences in LAP-VEGaS scores between video categories and date of publication relative to 2020. Spearman's correlation test was performed to measure association between scores and length, number of views and likes. 27 unique videos met selection criteria. Academic and physician video walkthroughs did not demonstrate a significant difference in median scores (9.33 IQR 6.33, 14.33 vs. 7.67 IQR 4, 12.67, p = 0.3951). Videos published after 2020 demonstrated higher median scores than those published before 2020 (13 IQR 7.5, 14.67 vs. 5 IQR 3, 9.67, p = 0.0081). A majority of videos failed to provide patient position (52%), intraoperative findings (56%), operative time (63%), graphic aids (74%), and audio/written commentary (52%). A positive association was demonstrated between scores and number of likes (rs = 0.59, p = 0.0011) and video length (rs = 0.39, p = 0.0421), but not number of views (rs = 0.17, p = 0.3991). The majority of available YouTube® videos on laparoscopic jejunostomy fail to meet the basic educational needs of surgical trainees, and there is no difference between those produced by academic centers or independent physicians. However, there has been improvement in video quality following the release of the scoring tool. Standardization of laparoscopic jejunostomy training videos with the LAP-VEGaS score can ensure that videos are of appropriate educational value with logical structure.

Heat transport mechanism in glycerin-titania nanofluid over a permeable slanted surface by considering nanoparticles aggregation and Cattaneo Christov thermal flux.

The dynamics of superior heat transport fluids are of much interest and dominant over traditional fluids. Applications of such fluids can be found in advanced medical sciences, to maintain the building temperature, environmental sciences, chemical engineering, food engineering, and other applied research areas where enhanced heat transfer is required. The major aim of this research is to report the thermal performance of the Glycerin-titania nanofluid using a thermal conductivity model comprising the effects of nanoparticles aggregation, and CCTF over a permeable slanted surface. The enhanced heat transport model was then analyzed numerically via RK scheme and furnished the outcomes with graphical aid under the variations of physical parameters. It is examined that the addition of CCTF (A1) in the model potentially contributes to thermal performance of aggregated nanofluid. The temperature enhances for injecting fluid from the surface and reduces due to strong suction. Further, the fluid particles attained maximum velocity for at the surface and it shows asymptotic behavior far from the working domain.

Promoting Prognostic Understanding and Health Equity for Patients With Advanced Liver Disease: Using “Best Case/Worst Case”

Promoting Prognostic Understanding and Health Equity for Patients With Advanced Liver Disease: Using “Best Case/Worst Case”

Global Simulation Envelopes for Diagnostic Plots in Regression Models

Residual plots are often used to interrogate regression model assumptions, but interpreting them requires an understanding of how much sampling variation to expect when assumptions are satisfied. In this article, we propose constructing global envelopes around data (or around trends fitted to data) on residual plots, exploiting recent advances that enable construction of global envelopes around functions by simulation. While the proposed tools are primarily intended as a graphical aid, they can be interpreted as formal tests of model assumptions, which enables the study of their properties via simulation experiments. We considered three model scenarios—fitting a linear model, generalized linear model or generalized linear mixed model—and explored the power of global simulation envelope tests constructed around data on quantile-quantile plots, or around trend lines on residual versus fits plots or scale-location plots. Global envelope tests compared favorably to commonly used tests of assumptions at detecting violations of distributional and linearity assumptions. Freely available R software (ecostats::plotenvelope) enables application of these tools to any fitted model that has methods for the simulate, residuals and predict functions.

Educational Quality of YouTube Cholesteatoma Surgery Videos: Areas for Improvement.

Otolaryngology surgical education continues to evolve where trainees increasingly use videos to learn technical skills. Trainees commonly use YouTube, but no study to date has evaluated the educational quality (EQ) of otologic surgical videos on YouTube. We aim to assess the EQ of cholesteatoma surgical videos. Cholesteatoma surgical videos were queried using YouTube search terms, assessed using LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational GuidelineS (LAP-VEGaS), a validated assessment tool for publication, and categorized into low (0-6), medium (7-12), and high (13-18) EQ groups. In total, 74 videos were identified (mean LAP-VEGaS score = 9.6 ± 4.0) and 44.6% had medium EQ. Videos commonly lacked graphic aids to highlight anatomy (71.6%) and postprocedural outcomes (68.9%). LAP-VEGaS scores were greater in videos originating from US surgeons compared to non-US surgeons (12.4 ± 3.4 vs 8.0 ± 3.5; P < .001). Our study highlights that otolaryngology trainees may experience difficulty finding high-EQ cholesteatoma surgery videos on YouTube. Areas for improved EQ content are discussed.Level of evidence: IV

The improvement of the system of additional professional training of teaching staff concerning the methods of teaching under the condition of bilingual approach at the medical university

Introduction. The relevance of research subject is defined by qualitative changes concerning methodical retraining of teachers at the postgraduate level in the light of requirements of UNESKO, WHO and statements of conception development relating to conditions improvement for attracting students from abroad. The practice of teaching academic disciplines shows the absence of bilingual education programs. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on the basis of Altai State Medical University during one academic year, the time-volume was 252 h, the total number of listeners – 40. The lectures and practical classes were performed in online and distant forms by means of educational virtual platform «Moodle». The main statistic calculation was conducted by means of element analysis of the data obtained. The calculation was performed to assess individual achievements concerning the completeness of task – suggested performance. The results of the study. A high level of quality related to the conduction of tasks using English and Russian languages were presented: 15 instructors – excellent, 15 – good, 10 – satisfactory. Diagnostic values allow to conclude that the implementation of the program and 2 teaching aids results in qualitative improvement of the training results in methods of teaching in relation to the concrete scientific domain as well as to the changing in language and speech skills used for organization and management of learning-teaching process under the circumstances of bilingual approach. Conclusions. The authors came to the conclusion that the program based on the interdisciplinary integration and the training aids (theoretical and practical ones) developed according to the principle of bilinguism allow to improve simultaneously the level of mastering foreign competence under the circumstances related to real situations. The authors proved the effectivity of technique directed to the improvement of «essay» writing by which the skills of problem decision, the choice of adequate graphic aids, the formulation of tasks for students by means of English language, critical analyzing the issues have been developed.

Optimization of Surface Quality and Power Consumption in Machining Hardened AISI 4340 Steel

Hard turning has become an attractive method of machining for most manufacturers in the last few years due to its low cost and superior surface quality compared to grinding. In this experimental study, the machinability of hardened steel under dry machining on a CNC lathe is undertaken to optimize the cutting parameters for minimum surface roughness and energy consumption with the cutting speed (320, 450, and 575), tool type (coated and uncoated), and feed rate (0.1, 0.18, and 0.26) as the input parameters. The Taguchi method, based on the L18 orthogonal array, the variance analysis, the signal-to-noise ratios, and the response surface methodology have been used to optimize surface roughness (Ra) and cutting power (Cp). Optimum cutting parameters and levels were determined, and the relationship between cutting parameters and output variables was analyzed with the aid of two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics. The results show that the most effective parameter on the surface roughness was the tool type (78%), while the most effective parameter on energy consumption was the cutting speed (90%). The combination of low feed rate and high cutting speed is necessary for minimizing the surface roughness. Besides, the impact of two-factor interactions of the feed rate-cutting speed and depth of cut-cutting speed appears to be substantial. The linear regression models were validated using confirmation tests. Finally, regression coefficients were determined as a mathematical model, and it was observed that this estimated model yielded results that were very similar to those achieved via real experiment (correlation values: 97.64% for surface roughness and 98.72% for energy consumption).

Effect of universal test and treat on retention and mortality among people living with HIV-infection in Uganda: An interrupted time series analysis.

BackgroundFew studies have analysed the effect of HIV universal test and treat (UTT) on retention and mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in routine care. We examined six-month retention and mortality at 11 health facilities (HFs) run by a large NGO, The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), before and after UTT.MethodsWe used a quasi-experimental study using patient data extracted from 11 TASO HFs. Two periods, one before UTT (2015–2016) and the other during UTT (2017–2018) were compared. The primary outcome was six-month retention defined as the proportion of PLHIV who were alive and in care at six months from enrolment. The secondary outcome was six-month mortality defined as the proportion of PLHIV who died within six months from enrolment. We performed an interrupted time series analysis using graphical aids to study trends in six-month retention and mortality and a segmented regression to evaluate the effect of UTT. We used a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for facility-level clustering.ResultsOf the 20,171 PLHIV registered between 2015 and 2018 and included in the analysis, 12,757 (63.2%) were enrolled during the UTT period. 5256/7414 (70.9%) of the pre-UTT period compared to 12239/12757 (95.9%) of the UTT were initiated on ART treatment with 6 months from enrolment. The median time from enrolment to initiating ART was 14 (interquartile range (IQR): 0–31) days for the pre-UTT compared to 0 (IQR: 0–0) days for the UTT period. The median age at enrolment was 32.5 years for the pre-UTT and 35.0 years for the UTT period. Overall, the six-month retention just after scale-up of UTT, increased by 9.2 percentage points (p = 0.002) from the baseline value of 82.6% (95% CI: 77.6%-87.5%) but it eventually decreased at a rate 1.0 percentage point (p = 0.014) for cohorts recruited each month after UTT. The baseline six-month mortality was 3.3% (95% CI: 2.4%-4.2%) and this decreased by 1.6 percentage points (p = 0.003) immediately after UTT. The six-month mortality continued decreasing at a rate of 0.1 percentage points (p = 0.002) for cohorts enrolled each month after UTT. Retention differed between some health facilities with Rukungiri HF having the highest and Soroti the lowest retention. Retention was slightly higher among males and younger people. Mortality was highest among people aged 50 years and more. The effect of UTT on retention and mortality was similar across sex and age groups.ConclusionOverall, UTT significantly led to an immediate increase in retention and decrease in mortality among PLHIV enrolled in HIV care from 11 HFs run by TASO in Uganda. However, retention (and mortality) significantly decreased for cohorts enrolled each month after UTT. Retention was highest in Rukungiri and lowest in Soroti HFs and slightly higher in males and younger people. Mortality was highest in older patients and lowest in adolescents. We recommend for innovative interventions to improve the overall retention particularly in facilities reporting low retention in order to achieve the UNAIDS 2030 target of 95-95-95.

Reconsidering Transitional Justice

Abstract The transitional justice literature has, for decades, sought to understand and advocate for mechanisms through which a society may transition from a period of autocracy and mass atrocity into one of democracy, peace and stability. However, this field has left certain geographic regions under-examined — including, for example, events taking place in 20th-century China. Seeking to augment the literature’s consideration of transitional justice, this article employs the case study method to examine two pivotal events in China’s recent history: the 1949 Communist Revolution and the Gang of Four Trials in 1979. It is argued that incorporating these examples into the literature could supplement our understanding of transitional justice and that, by broadening the lens on this concept, events that have long existed on the margins could be internalized to enrich the field’s discussion. In order to accomplish this, the article puts forward a new framework through which transitional justice examples may be analysed — employing a graphical aid to visually designate both the type of justice sought and the degree of transition achieved.

Impacts of various shaped Cu-nanomaterial on the heat transfer over a bilateral stretchable surface: Numerical investigation

The heat transport in the nanofluids attained much interest of the researchers and engineers due to broad uses in medical sciences, paint industries, aerodynamics, wheel alignment and manufacturing of aircraft parts. Therefore, keeping in mind the paramount significance of the heat transfer, the study of Cu-nanomaterials based nanofluid is conducted. The governing nanofluid model transformed in dimensionless version via similarity transformations. For numerical simulation of the dynamics of Cu-H2O, RK technique with shooting algorithm is employed and presented behavior of the fluid motion, temperature, wall shear stresses and local thermal performance rate via graphical aid. It is noted that the heat transfer augmented promptly by increasing [Formula: see text] and volumetric fraction of Cu nanomaterial. Further, graphical and tabular comparison is also provided under certain assumptions which authenticate the study.

Understanding the geography of trauma: Combining spatial analysis and funnel plots to create comprehensive spatial injury profiles

Understanding geographic patterns of injury is essential to operating an effective trauma system and targeting injury prevention. Choropleth maps are helpful in showing spatial relationships but are unable to provide estimates of spread or degrees of confidence. Funnel plots overcome this issue and are a recommended graphical aid for comparisons that allow quantification of precision. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the complementary roles of choropleth maps and funnel plots in providing a thorough representation of geographic trauma data. This is a retrospective analysis of emergency medical service transport data of adult patients in Alabama from July 2015 to June 2020. Choropleth maps of case volume and observed-to-expected ratios of incidence were created using US Census Bureau data. Funnel plots were created to relate incidence rate to county population. Subgroup analyses included patients with critical physiology, penetrating, blunt, and burn injuries. We identified 65,247 trauma incidents during the study period. The overall statewide incidence rate was 133 per 10,000 persons. The highest number of incidents occurred in the most populous counties (Jefferson, 10,768; Mobile, 5,642). Choropleth maps for overall incidence and subgroups highlighted that spatial distribution of overall case volume and observed-to-expected ratios are not always congruent. Funnel plots identified possible and probable outliers, and revealed skewed or otherwise unique patterns among injury subgroups. This study demonstrates the complementarity of choropleth maps and funnel plots in describing trauma patterns. Comprehensive geospatial analyses may help guide a data-driven approach to trauma system optimization and injury prevention. Combining maps of case counts, incidence, and funnel plots helps to not only identify geographic trends in data but also quantify outliers and display how far results fall outside the expected range. The combination of these tools provides a more comprehensive geospatial analysis than either tool could provide on its own. Prognostic and Epidemiologic; Level IV.

That tiny spur no one noticed: Unexpected results found when digitising audio recordings

When digitising an analogue audio recording, audio archivists adhere strictly to the recommendations compiled by bodies specialised in audio preservation; entrust the original sound documents to the hands of well-trained preservation engineers; use the best, optimally calibrated, transfer equipment; and listen carefully to the result of the transfer. To gauge the quality of the work in progress, archivists rely on a number of graphic aids. Perhaps understandably, these visual tools are usually focused within the boundaries of the audio signal; however, by extending the fields and methods of measurement, it is possible to make some interesting — and sometimes even alarming — discoveries. As this case study demonstrates, no one can be 100 per cent insulated against this.